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Title: The Orbis Pictus

Author: John Amos Comenius

Editor: Charles William Bardeen

Translator: Charles Hoole

Release Date: March 9, 2009 [EBook #28299]

Language: English

Character set encoding: UTF-8

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In the Orbis Pictus text, apparent errors in punctuation and typography (such as Italic type where Roman is expected) were unchanged except in chapter headers. Other errors, whether corrected or not, are listed at the end of the e-text. Note that “Dutch” generally means “German”.

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The

ORBIS PICTUS

of

JOHN AMOS COMENIUS.

This work is, indeed, the first children’s picture book. --ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA, 9TH EDITION, vi. 182.

[Publisher’s Device: School Bulletin Publications 1874]

SYRACUSE, N.Y.: C. W. BARDEEN, PUBLISHER, 1887.

Copyright, 1887, by C. W. BARDEEN.

It may not be generally known that Comenius was once solicited to become President of Harvard College. The following is a quotation from Vol. II, p. 14, of Cotton Mather’s MAGNALIA:

“That brave old man, Johannes Amos Commenius, the fame of whose worth has been TRUMPETTED as far as more than three languages (whereof everyone is indebted unto his JANUA) could carry it, was indeed agreed withal, by one Mr. Winthrop in his travels through the LOW COUNTRIES, to come over to New England, and illuminate their Colledge and COUNTRY, in the quality of a President, which was now become vacant. But the solicitations of the Swedish Ambassador diverting him another way, that incomparable Moravian became not an American.”

This was on the resignation of President Dunster, in 1654--Note of Prof. PAYNE, Compayre’s History of Education, Boston, 1886, p. 125.

EDITOR’S PREFACE.

When it is remembered that this work is not only an educational classic of prime importance, but that it was the first picture-book ever made for children and was for a century the most popular text-book in Europe, and yet has been for many years unattainable on account of its rarity, the wonder is, not that it is reproduced now but that it has not been reproduced before. But the difficulty has been to find a satisfactory copy. Many as have been the editions, few copies have been preserved. It was a book children were fond of and wore out in turning the leaves over and over to see the pictures. Then as the old copper-plates became indistinct they were replaced by wood-engravings, of coarse execution, and often of changed treatment. Von Raumer complains that the edition of 1755 substitutes for the original cut of the Soul, (No. 43, as here given,) a picture of an eye, and in a table the figures I. I. II. I. I. II., and adds that it is difficult to recognize in this an expressive psychological symbol, and to explain it. In an edition I have, published in Vienna in 1779, this cut is omitted altogether, and indeed there are but 82 in place of the 157 found in earlier editions, the following, as numbered in this edition, being omitted:

1, the alphabet, 2, 36, 43, 45, 66, 68, 75, 76, 78-80, 87, 88, 92-122, 124, 126, 128, 130-141.

On the other hand, the Vienna edition contains a curious additional cut. It gives No. 4, the Heaven, practically as in this edition, but puts another cut under it in which the earth is revolving about the sun; and after the statement of Comenius, “Coelum rotatur, et ambit terram, in medio stantem” interpolates: “prout veteres crediderunt; recentiores enim defendunt motum terrae circa solem” [as the ancients used to think; for later authorities hold that the motion of the earth is about the sun.]

Two specimen pages from another edition are inserted in Payne’s Compayré’s History of Education (between pp. 126, 127). The cut is the representative of No. 103 in this edition, but those who compare them will see not only how much coarser is the execution of the wood-cut Prof. Payne has copied, but what liberties have been taken with the design. The only change in the Latin text, however, is from Designat Figuras rerum in the original, to Figuram rerum designat.

In this edition the cuts are unusually clear copies of the copper-plates of the first edition of 1658, from which we have also taken the Latin text. The text for the English translation is from the English edition of 1727, in which for the first time the English words were so arranged as to stand opposite their Latin equivalents.

The cuts have been reproduced with great care by the photographic process. I thought best not to permit them to be retouched, preferring occasional indistinctness to modern tampering with the originals that would make them less authentic.

The English text is unchanged from that of the 1727 edition, except in rare instances where substitutions have been made for single words not now permissible. The typography suggests rather than imitates the quaintness of the original, and the paper was carefully selected to produce so far as practicable the impression of the old hand-presses.

In short my aim has been to put within the reach of teachers at a moderate price a satisfactory reproduction of this important book; and if the sale of the Orbis Pictus seems to warrant it, I hope subsequently to print as a companion volume the Vestibulum and Janua of the same author, of which I have choice copies.

C. W. BARDEEN.

Syracuse, Sept. 28, 1887.

COMMENTS UPON THE ORBIS PICTUS.

During four years he here prosecuted his efforts in behalf of education with commendable success, and wrote, among other works, his celebrated Orbis Pictus, which has passed through a great many editions, and survived a multitude of imitations. --SMITH’S HISTORY OF EDUCATION, N.Y., 1842, p. 129.

The most eminent educator of the seventeenth century, however, was John Amos Comenius...... His Orbis Sensualium Pictus, published in 1657, enjoyed a still higher renown. The text was much the same with the Janua, being intended as a kind of elementary encyclopædia; but it differed from all previous text-books, in being illustrated with pictures, on copper and wood, of the various topics discussed in it. This book was universally popular. In those portions of Germany where the schools had been broken up by the “Thirty years’ war,” mothers taught their children from its pages. Corrected and amended by later editors, it continued for nearly two hundred years, to be a text-book of the German schools. --HISTORY AND PROGRESS OF EDUCATION, BY PHILOBIBLIUS, N.Y., 1860, p. 210.

The “Janua” would, therefore, have had but a short-lived popularity with teachers, and a still shorter with learners, if Comenius had not carried out his principle of appealing to the senses, and called in the artist. The result was the “Orbis Pictus,” a book which proved a favorite with young and old, and maintained its ground in many a school for more than a century.... I am sorry I cannot give a specimen of this celebrated book with its quaint pictures. The artist, of course, was wanting in the technical skill which is now commonly displayed even in the cheapest publications, but this renders his delineations none the less entertaining. As a picture of the life and manners of the seventeenthcentury, the work has great historical interest, which will, I hope, secure for it another English edition. --QUICK’S EDUCATIONAL REFORMERS, 1868; Syracuse edition, p. 79.

But the principle on which he most insisted is that the teaching of words and things must go together, hand in hand. When we consider how much time is spent over new languages, what waste of energy is lavished on mere preparation, how it takes so long to lay a foundation that there is no time to lay a building upon it, we must conclude that it is in the acceptance and development of this principle that the improvement of education will in the future consist. Any one who attempts to inculcate this great reform will find that its first principles are contained in the writings of Comenius. --ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, 9th edition, vii. 674.

The first edition of this celebrated book was published at Nuremberg in 1657; soon after a translation was made into English by Charles Hoole. The last English edition appeared in 1777, and this was reprinted in America in 1812. This was the first illustrated school-book, and was the first attempt at what now passes under the name of “object lessons.” --SHORT HISTORY OF EDUCATION, W. H. PAYNE, Syracuse, 1881, p. 103.

Of these, the “Janua” and the “Orbis” were translated into most European and some of the Oriental languages. It is evident that these practices of Comenius contain the germs of things afterwards connected with the names of Pestalozzi and Stow. It also may be safely assumed that many methods that are now in practical use, were then not unknown to earliest teachers. --GILL’S SYSTEMS OF EDUCATION, London, 1876, p. 13.

The more we reflect on the method of Comenius, the more we shall see it is replete with suggestiveness, and we shall feel surprised that so much wisdom can have lain in the path of schoolmasters for two hundred and fifty years, and that they have never stooped to avail themselves of its treasures. --BROWNING’S INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL THEORIES, 1882, New York edition, p. 67.

The “Orbis Pictus,” the first practical application of the intuitive method, had an extraordinary success, and has served as a model for the innumerable illustrated books which for three centuries have invaded the schools. --COMPAYRE’S HISTORY OF PEDAGOGY, Payne’s translation, Boston, 1886, p. 127.

He remained at Patak four years, which were characterized by surprising literary activity. During this short period he produced no less than fifteen different works, among them his “World Illustrated” (Orbis Pictus), the most famous of all his writings. It admirably applied the principle that words and things should be learned together.... The “World Illustrated” had an enormous circulation, and remained for a long time the most popular text-book in Europe. --PAINTER’S HISTORY OF EDUCATION, N.Y., 1886, p. 206.

Or, si ce livre n’est qu’un équivalent se la véritable intuition; si, ensuite, le contenu du tout paraît fort défectueux, au point de vue de la science de nos jours; si, enfin, un effort exagéré pour l’intégrité de la conception de l’enfant a créé, pour les choses modernes, trop de dénominations latines qui paraissent douteuses, l’Orbis pictus était pourtant, pour son temps, une oeuvre très originale et très spirituelle, qui fit faire un grand progrès à la pédagogie et servit longtemps de livre d’école utile et de modèle à d’innombrables livres d’images, souvent pires. --HISTOIRE D’ ÉDUCATION, FREDERICK DITTES, Redolfi’s French translation, Paris, 1880, p. 178.

Here Comenius wrote, among others, his second celebrated work the “Orbis Pictus.” He was not, however, able to finish it in Hungary for want of a skilful engraver on copper. For such a one he carried it to Michael Endter, the bookseller at Nuremberg, but the engraving delayed the publication of the book for three years more. In 1657 Comenius expressed the hope that it would appear during the next autumn. With what great approbation the work was received at its first appearance, is shown by the fact that within two years, in 1659, Endter had published a second enlarged edition. --KARL VON RAUMER, translated in Barnard’s Journal of Education, v. 260.

The “Janua” had an enormous sale, and was published in many languages, but the editions and sale of the “Orbis Pictus” far exceeded those of the “Janua,” and, indeed, for some time it was the most popular text-book in Europe, and deservedly so. --LAURIE’S JOHN AMOS COMENIUS, Boston edition, p. 185.

Joh. Amos Comenii

ORBIS SENSUALIUM PICTUS:

hoc est

Omnium principalium in Mundo Rerum, & in Vita Actionum,

PICTURA & NOMENCLATURA.

Joh. Amos Comenius’s

VISIBLE WORLD:

or, a

NOMENCLATURE, AND PICTURES

of all the

CHIEF THINGS that are in the WORLD, and of MENS EMPLOYMENTS therein;

In above 150 COPPER CUTS.

Written

By the Author in Latin and High Dutch, being one of his last ESSAYS; and the most suitable to Childrens Capacity of any he hath hitherto made.

Translated into English By CHARLES HOOLE, M.A. For the Use of Young Latin Scholars.

The ELEVENTH EDITION Corrected, and the English made to answer Word for Word to the Latin.

Nihil est in intellectu, quod non prius fuit in sensu. Arist.

London; Printed for, and sold by John and Benj. Sprint, at the Bell in Little Britain, 1728.

Gen. ii. 19, 20.

The Lord God brought unto Adam every Beast of the Field, and every Fowl of the Air, to see what he would call them. And Adam gave Names to all Cattle, and to the Fowl of the Air, and to every Beast of the Field.

Adduxit Dominus Deus ad Adam cuncta Animantia Terræ, & universa volatilia Cœli, ut videret quomodo vocaret illa. Appellavitque Adam Nominibus suis cuncta Animantia, & universa volatilia Cœli, & omnes Bestias Agri.

I. A. Comenii opera Didactica par. 1. p. 6, Amst. 1657. fol.

Didacticæ nostræ prora & puppis esto: Investigare, & invenire modum, quo Docentes minus doceant, Discentes vero plus discant: Scholæ minus habeant Strepitus, nauseæ, vani laboris; plus autem otii, deliciarum, solidique profectus: Respublica Christiana minus tenebrarum confusionis dissidiorum; plus lucis, ordinis, pacis & tranquilitatis.

THE AUTHOR’S PREFACE TO THE READER.

Instruction is the means to expel Rudeness, with which young wits ought to be well furnished in Schools: But so, as that the teaching be 1. True, 2. Full, 3. Clear, and 4. Solid.

1. It will be true, if nothing be taught but such as is beneficial to ones life; lest there be a cause of complaining afterwards. We know not necessary things, because we have not learned things necessary.

2. It will be full, if the mind be polished for wisdom, the tongue for eloquence, and the hands for a neat way of living. This will be that grace of one’s life, to be wise, to act, to speak.

3, 4. It will be clear, and by that, firm and solid, if whatever is taught and learned, be not obscure, or confused, but apparent, distinct, and articulate, as the fingers on the hands.

The ground of this business, is, that sensual objects may be rightly presented to the senses, for fear they may not be received. I say, and say it again aloud, that this last is the foundation of all the rest: because we can neither act nor speak wisely, unless we first rightly understand all the things which are to be done, and whereof we are to speak. Now there is nothing in the understanding, which was not before in the sense. And therefore to exercise the senses well about the right perceiving the differences of things, will be to lay the grounds for all wisdom, and all wise discourse, and all discreet actions in ones course of life. Which, because it is commonly neglected in schools, and the things which are to be learned are offered to scholars, without being understood or being rightly presented to the senses, it cometh to pass, that the work of teaching and learning goeth heavily onward, and affordeth little benefit.

See here then a new help for schools, A Picture and Nomenclature of all the chief things in the world, and of men’s actions in their way of living: Which, that you, good Masters, may not be loath to run over with your scholars, I will tell you, in short, what good you may expect from it.

It is a little Book, as you see, of no great bulk, yet a brief of the whole world, and a whole language: full of Pictures, Nomenclatures, and Descriptions of things.

I. The Pictures are the representation of all visible things, (to which also things invisible are reduced after their fashion) of the whole world. And that in that very order of things, in which they are described in the Janua Latinæ Linguæ; and with that fulness, that nothing very necessary or of great concernment is omitted.

II. The Nomenclatures are the Inscriptions, or Titles set every one over their own Pictures, expressing the whole thing by its own general term.

III. The Descriptions are the explications of the parts of the Picture, so expressed by their own proper terms, as that same figure which is added to every piece of the picture, and the term of it, always sheweth what things belongeth one to another.

Which such Book, and in such a dress may (I hope) serve,

I. To entice witty children to it, that they may not conceit a torment to be in the school, but dainty fare. For it is apparent, that children (even from their infancy almost) are delighted with Pictures, and willingly please their eyes with these lights: And it will be very well worth the pains to have once brought it to pass, that scare-crows may be taken away out of Wisdom’s Gardens.

II. This same little Book will serve to stir up the Attention, which is to be fastened upon things, and even to be sharpened more and more: which is also a great matter. For the Senses (being the main guides of childhood, because therein the mind doth not as yet raise up itself to an abstracted contemplation of things) evermore seek their own objects, and if they be away, they grow dull, and wry themselves hither and thither out of a weariness of themselves: but when their objects are present, they grow merry, wax lively, and willingly suffer themselves to be fastened upon them, till the thing be sufficiently discerned. This Book then will do a good piece of service in taking (especially flickering) wits, and preparing them for deeper studies.

III. Whence a third good will follow; that children being won hereunto, and drawn over with this way of heeding, may be furnished with the knowledge of the prime things that are in the world, by sport and merry pastime. In a word, this Book will serve for the more pleasing using of the Vestibulum and Janua Linguarum, for which end it was even at the first chiefly intended. Yet if it like any, that it be bound up in their native tongues also, it promiseth three good thing of itself.

I. First it will afford a device for learning to read more easily than hitherto, especially having a symbolical alphabet set before it, to wit, the characters of the several letters, with the image of that creature, whose voice that letter goeth about to imitate, pictur’d by it. For the young Abc scholar will easily remember the force of every character by the very looking upon the creature, till the imagination being strengthened by use, can readily afford all things; and then having looked over a table of the chief syllables also (which yet was not thought necessary to be added to this book) he may proceed to the viewing of the Pictures, and the inscriptions set over ’em. Where again the very looking upon the thing pictured suggesting the name of the thing, will tell him how the title of the picture is to be read. And thus the whole book being gone over by the bare titles of the pictures, reading cannot but be learned; and indeed too, which thing is to be noted, without using any ordinary tedious spelling, that most troublesome torture of wits, which may wholly be avoided by this method. For the often reading over the Book, by those larger descriptions of things, and which are set after the Pictures, will be able perfectly to beget a habit of reading.

II. The same book being used in English, in English Schools, will serve for the perfect learning of the whole English tongue, and that from the bottom; because by the aforesaid descriptions of things, the words and phrases of the whole language are found set orderly in their own places. And a short English Grammar might be added at the end, clearly resolving the speech already understood into its parts; shewing the declining of the several words, and reducing those that are joined together under certain rules.

III. Thence a new benefit cometh, that that very English Translation may serve for the more ready and pleasant learning of the Latin tongue: as one may see in this Edition, the whole book being so translated, that every where one word answereth to the word over against it, and the book is in all things the same, only in two idioms, as a man clad in a double garment. And there might be also some observations and advertisements added in the end, touching those things only, wherein the use of the Latin tongue differeth from the English. For where there is no difference, there needeth no advertisement to be given. But, because the first tasks of learners ought to be little and single, we have filled this first book of training one up to see a thing of himself, with nothing but rudiments, that is, with the chief of things and words, or with the grounds of the whole world, and the whole language, and of all our understanding about things. If a more perfect description of things, and a fuller knowledge of a language, and a clearer light of the understanding be sought after (as they ought to be) they are to be found somewhere whither there will now be an easy passage by this our little Encyclopædia of things subject to the senses. Something remaineth to be said touching the more chearful use of this book.

I. Let it be given to children into their hands to delight themselves withal as they please, with the sight of the pictures, and making them as familiar to themselves as may be, and that even at home before they be put to school.

II. Then let them be examined ever and anon (especially now in the school) what this thing or that thing is, and is called, so that they may see nothing which they know not how to name, and that they can name nothing which they cannot shew.

III. And let the things named them be shewed, not only in the Picture, but also in themselves; for example, the parts of the body, clothes, books, the house, utensils, &c.

IV. Let them be suffered also to imitate the Pictures by hand, if they will, nay rather, let them be encouraged, that they may be willing: first, thus to quicken the attention also towards the things; and to observe the proportion of the parts one towards another; and lastly to practise the nimbleness of the hand, which is good for many things.

V. If anything here mentioned, cannot be presented to the eye, it will be to no purpose at all to offer them by themselves to the scholars; as colours, relishes, &c., which cannot here be pictured out with ink. For which reason it were to be wished, that things rare and not easy to be met withal at home, might be kept ready in every great school, that they may be shewed also, as often as any words are to be made of them, to the scholars.

Thus at last this school would indeed become a school of things obvious to the senses, and an entrance to the school intellectual. But enough: Let us come to the thing it self.

THE TRANSLATOR, TO ALL JUDICIOUS AND INDUSTRIOUS SCHOOL-MASTERS.

Gentlemen.

There are a few of you (I think) but have seen, and with great willingness made use of (or at least perused,) many of the Books of this well-deserving Author Mr. John Comenius, which for their profitableness to the speedy attainment of a language, have been translated in several countries, out of Latin into their own native tongue.

Now the general verdict (after trial made) that hath passed, touching those formerly extant, is this, that they are indeed of singular use, and very advantageous to those of more discretion, (especially to such as already have a smattering of Latin) to help their memories to retain what they have scatteringly gotten here and there, to furnish them with many words, which (perhaps) they had not formerly read, or so well observed; but to young children (whom we have chiefly to instruct) as those that are ignorant altogether of things and words, and prove rather a meer toil and burthen, than a delight and furtherance.

For to pack up many words in memory, of things not conceived in the mind, is to fill the head with empty imaginations, and to make the learner more to admire the multitude and variety (and thereby, to become discouraged,) than to care to treasure them up, in hopes to gain more knowledge of what they mean.

He hath therefore in some of his latter works seemed to move retrograde, and striven to come nearer the reach of tender wits: and in this present Book, he hath, according to my judgment, descended to the very bottom of what is to be taught, and proceeded (as nature it self doth) in an orderly way; first to exercise the senses well, by representing their objects to them, and then to fasten upon the intellect by impressing the first notions of things upon it, and linking them on to another by a rational discourse. Whereas indeed, we, generally missing this way, do teach children as we do parrots, to speak they know not what, nay which is worse, we, taking the way of teaching little ones by Grammar only at the first, do puzzle their imaginations with abstractive terms and secondary intentions, which till they be somewhat acquainted with things, and the words belonging to them, in the language which they learn, they cannot apprehend what they mean. And this I guess to be the reason, why many great persons do resolve sometimes not to put a child to school till he be at least eleven or twelve years of age, presuming that he having then taken notice of most things, will sooner get the knowledge of the words which are applyed to them in any language. But the gross misdemeanor of such children for the most part, have taught many parents to be hasty enough to send their own to school, if not that they may learn, yet (at least) that they might be kept out of harm’s way; and yet if they do not profit for the time they have been at school, (no respect at all being had for their years) the Master shall be sure enough to bear the blame.

So that a School-master had need to bend his wits to come within the compass of a child’s capacity of six or seven years of age (seeing we have now such commonly brought to our Grammar-schools to learn the Latin Tongue) and to make that they may learn with as much delight and willingness, as himself would teach with dexterity and ease. And at present I know no better help to forward his young scholars than this little Book, which was for this purpose contrived by the Author in the German and Latin Tongues.

What profitable use may be had thereof, respecting chiefly that his own country and language, he himself hath told you in his preface; but what use we may here make of it in our Grammar-schools, as it is now translated into English, I shall partly declare; leaving all other men, according to my wont, to their own discretion and liberty, to use or refuse it, as they please. So soon then as a child can read English perfectly, and is brought to us to school to learn Latin, I would have him together with his Accidence, to be provided of this Book, in which he may at least once a day (beside his Accidence) be thus exercised.

I. Let him look over the pictures with their general titles and inscriptions, till he be able to turn readily to any one of them, and to tell its name either in English or Latin. By this means he shall have the method of the Book in his head; and be easily furnished with the knowledge of most things; and instructed how to call them, when at any time he meeteth with them elsewhere, in their real forms.

II. Let him read the description at large: First in English, and afterward in Latin, till he can readily read, and distinctly pronounce the words in both Languages, ever minding how they are spelled. And withal, let him take notice of the figures inserted, and to what part of the picture they direct by their like till he be well able to find out every particular thing of himself, and to name it on a sudden, either in English or Latin. Thus he shall not only gain the most primitive words, but be understandingly grounded in Orthography, which is a thing too generally neglected by us; partly because our English schools think that children should learn it at the Latin, and our Latin schools suppose they have already learn’d it at the English; partly, because our common Grammar is too much defective in this part, and scholars so little exercised therein, that they pass from schools to the Universities and return from thence (some of them) more unable to write true English, than either Latin or Greek. Not to speak of our ordinary Tradesmen, many of whom write such false English, that none but themselves can interpret what they scribble in their bills and shop-books.

III. Then let him get the Titles and Descriptions by heart, which he will more easily do, by reason of these impressions which the viewing of the pictures hath already made in his memory. And now let him also learn, 1. To construe, or give the words one by one, as they answer one another in Latin and English. 2. To Parse, according to the rules, (which I presume by this time) he hath learn’d in the first part of his Accidence; where I would have him tell what part of Speech any word is, and then what accidents belong to it; but especially to decline the nouns and conjugate the verbs according to the Examples in his Rudiments; and this doing will enable him to know the end and use of his Accidence. As for the Rules of Genders of Nouns, and the Præter-perfect-tenses and Supines of Verbs, and those of Concordance and Construction in the latter part of the Accidence, I would not have a child much troubled with them, till by the help of this Book he can perfectly practise so much of Etymology, as concerns the first part of his Accidence only. For that, and this book together, being thoroughly learn’d by at least thrice going them over, will much prepare children to go chearfully forward in their Grammar and School-Authors, especially, if whilst they are employed herein, they be taught also to write a fair and legible hand.

There is one thing to be given notice of, which I wish could have been remedied in this Translation; that the Book being writ in high-Dutch doth express many things in reference to that Country and Speech, which cannot without alteration of some Pictures as well as words be expressed in ours: for the Symbolical Alphabet is fitted for German children rather than for ours. And whereas the words of that Language go orderly one for one with the Latin, our English propriety of Speech will not admit the like. Therefore it will behove those Masters that intend to make use of this Book, to construe it verbatim to their young Scholars, who will quickly learn to do it of themselves, after they be once acquainted with the first words of Nouns, and Verbs, and their manner of variation.

Such a work as this, I observe to have been formerly much desired by some experienced Teachers, and I my self had some years since (whilst my own Child lived) begun the like, having found it most agreeable to the best witted Children, who are most taken up with Pictures from their Infancy, because by them the knowledge of things which they seem to represent (and whereof Children are as yet ignorant) are most easily conveyed to the Understanding. But for as much as the work is now done, though in some things not so completely as it were to be wished, I rejoyce in the use of it, and desist in my own undertakings for the present. And because any good thing is the better, being the more communicated; I have herein imitated a Child who is forward to impart to others what himself has well liked. You then that have the care of little Children, do not much trouble their thoughts and clog their memories with bare Grammar Rudiments, which to them are harsh in getting, and fluid in retaining; because indeed to them they signifie nothing, but a mere swimming notion of a general term, which they know not what it meaneth, till they comprehend particulars, but by this or the like subsidiary, inform them, first with some knowledge of things and words wherewith to express them, and then their Rules of speaking will be better understood and more firmly kept in mind. Else how should a Child conceive what a Rule meaneth, when he neither knoweth what the Latin word importeth, nor what manner of thing it is which is signified to him in his own native Language, which is given him thereby to understand the Rule? For Rules consisting of generalities, are delivered (as I may say) at a third hand, presuming first the things, and then the words to be already apprehended touching which they are made. I might indeed enlarge upon this Subject, it being the very Basis of our Profession, to search into the way of Childrens taking hold by little and little of what we teach them, that so we may apply ourselves to their reach: But I leave the observation thereof to your own daily exercise, and experience got thereby.

And I pray God, the fountain and giver of all wisdom, that hath bestowed upon us this gift of Teaching, so to inspire and direct us by his Grace, that we may train up Children in his Fear and in the knowledge of his Son Jesus Christ our Lord; and then no doubt our teaching and their learning of other things subordinate to these, will by the assistance of his blessed Spirit make them able and willing to do him faithful Service both in Church and Commonwealth, as long as they live here, that so they may be eternally blessed with him hereafter. This, I beseech you, beg for me and mine, as I shall daily do for you and yours, at the throne of God’s heavenly grace; and remain while I live

Ready to serve you, as I truly love and honour you, and labour willingly in the same Profession with you,

CHARLES HOOLE.

From my School, in

Lothbury, London, Jan. 25, 1658.

N.B. Those Heads or Descriptions which concern things beyond the present apprehension of Children’s wits, as, those of Geography, Astronomy, or the like, I would have omitted, till the rest be learned, and a Child be better able to understand them.

The Judgment of Mr. Hezekiah Woodward, sometimes an eminent Schoolmaster in LONDON, touching a work of this Nature; in his Gate to Science, chap. 2.

Certainly the use of Images or Representations is great: If we could make our words as legible to Children as Pictures are, their information therefrom would be quickned and surer. But so we cannot do, though we must do what we can. And if we had Books, wherein are the Pictures of all Creatures, Herbs, Beasts, Fish, Fowls, they would stand us in great stead. For Pictures are the most intelligible Books that Children can look upon. They come closest to Nature, nay, saith Scaliger, Art exceeds her.

AN ADVERTISEMENT CONCERNING THIS EDITION.

As there are some considerable Alterations in the present Edition of this Book from the former, it may be expected an Account should be given of the Reasons for them. ’Tis certain from the Author’s Words, that when it was first published, which was in Latin and Hungary, or in Latin and High-Dutch; every where one word answer’d to another over-against it: This might have been observ’d in our English Translation, which wou’d have fully answer’d the design of COMENIUS, and have made the Book much more useful: But Mr. Hoole, (whether out of too much scrupulousness to disturb the Words in some places from the order they were in, or not sufficiently considering the Inconveniences of having the Latin and English so far asunder) has made them so much disagree, that a Boy has sometimes to seek 7 or 8 lines off for the corresponding Word; which is no small trouble to Young Learners who are at first equally unacquainted with all Words, in a Language they are strangers to, except it be such as have Figures of Reference, or are very like in sound; and thus may perhaps, innocently enough join an Adverb in one Tongue, to a Noun in the other; whence may appear the Necessity of the Translation’s being exactly literal, and the two Languages fairly answering one another, Line for Line.

If it be objected, such a thing cou’d not be done (considering the difference of the Idioms) without transplacing Words here and there, and putting them into an order which may not perhaps be exactly classical; it ought to be observed, this is design’d for Boys chiefly, or those who are just entering upon the Latin Tongue, to whom every thing ought to be made as plain and familiar as possible, who are not, at their first beginning, to be taught the elegant placing of Latin, nor from such short Sentences as these, but from Discourses where the Periods have a fuller Close. Besides, this way has already taken (according to the Advice of very good Judges,) in some other School-Books of Mr. Hoole’s translating, and found to succeed abundantly well.

Such Condescensions as these, to the capacities of young Learners are certainly very reasonable, and wou’d be most agreeable to the Intentions of the Ingenious and worthy Author, and his design to suit whatever he taught, to their manner of apprehending it. Whose Excellency in the art of Education made him so famous all over Europe, as to be solicited by several States and Princes to go and reform the Method of their Schools; and whose works carried that Esteem, that in his own Life-time some part of them were not only translated into 12 of the usual Languages of Europe, but also into the Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and Mogolic (the common Tongue of all that part of the East-Indies) and since his death, into the Hebrew, and some others. Nor did they want their due Encouragement here in England, some Years ago; ’till by an indiscreet use of them, and want of a thorow acquaintance with his Method, or unwillingness to part from their old road, they began to be almost quite left off: Yet it were heartily to be wish’d, some Persons of Judgment and Interest, whose Example might have an influence upon others, and bring them into Reputation again, wou’d revive the COMENIAN METHOD, which is no other, than to make our Scholars learn with Delight and chearfulness, and to convey a solid and useful Knowledge of Things, with that of Languages, in an easy, natural and familiar way. Didactic Works (as they are now collected into one volume) for a speedy attaining the Knowledge of Things and Words, join’d with the Discourses of Mr. Lock[A] and 2 or 3 more out of our own Nation, for forming the Mind and settling good Habits, may doubtless be look’d upon to contain the most reasonable, orderly, and completed System of the Art of Education, that can be met with.

[Footnote A: Mr. Lock’s Essay upon Education.

Dr. Tabor’s Christian Schoolmaster.

Dr. Ob. Walker of Education.

Mr. Monro’s Essay on Education.

--His just Measures of the pious Institutions of Youth, &c.]

Yet, alas! how few are there, who follow the way they have pointed out? tho’ every one who seriously considers it, must be convinc’d of the Advantage; and the generality of Schools go on in the same old dull road, wherein a great part of Children’s time is lost in a tiresome heaping up a Pack of dry and unprofitable, or pernicious Notions (for surely little better can be said of a great part of that Heathenish stuff they are tormented with; like the feeding them with hard Nuts, which when they have almost broke their teeth with cracking, they find either deaf or to contain but very rotten and unwholesome Kernels) whilst Things really perfected of the understanding, and useful in every state of Life, are left unregarded, to the Reproach of our Nation, where all other Arts are improved and flourish well, only this of Education of Youth is at a stand; as if that, the good or ill management of which is of the utmost consequence to all, were a thing not worth any Endeavors to improve it, or was already so perfect and well executed that it needed none, when many of the greatest Wisdom and Judgment in several Nations, have with a just indignation endeavor’d to expose it, and to establish a more easy and useful way in its room.

’Tis not easy to say little on so important a subject, but thus much may suffice for the present purpose. The Book has merit enough to recommend it self to those who know how to make a right use of it. It was reckon’d one of the Author’s best performances; and besides the many Impressions and Translations it has had in parts beyond Sea, has been several times reprinted here. It was endeavor’d no needless Alterations shou’d be admitted in this Edition, and as little of any as cou’d consist with the design of making it plain and useful; to shun the offence it might give to some; and only the Roman and Italic Character alternately made use of, where transplacing of Words cou’d be avoided.

J. H.

London, July 13, 1727.

Orbis Sensualium Pictus,

A World of Things Obvious to the Senses drawn in Pictures.

I.

Invitation. Invitatio.

[Illustration]

The Master and the Boy. Magister & Puer.

M. Come, Boy, learn to be wise. M. Veni, Puer, disce sapere.

P. What doth this mean, to be wise? P. Quid hoc est, Sapere?

M. To understand rightly, to do rightly, and to speak out rightly all that are necessary. M. Intelligere recte, agere recte, et eloqui recte omnia necessaria.

P. Who will teach me this? P. Quis docebit me hoc?

M. I, by God’s help. M. Ego, cum DEO.

P. How? P. Quomodo?

M. I will guide thee thorow all. M. Ducam te per omnia.

I will shew thee all. Ostendam tibi omnia.

I will name thee all. Nominabo tibi omnia.

P. See, here I am; lead me in the name of God. P. En, adsum; duc me in nomine DEI.

M. Before all things, thou oughtest to learn the plain sounds, of which man’s speech consisteth; M. Ante omnia, debes discere simplices Sonos ex quibus Sermo humanus constat; which living creatures know how to make, and thy Tongue knoweth how to imitate, and thy hand can picture out. quos Animalia sciunt formare, & tua Lingua scit imitari, & tua Manus potest pingere.

Afterwards we will go into the World, and we will view all things. Postea ibimus Mundum, & spectabimus omnia.

Here thou hast a lively and Vocal Alphabet. Hic habes vivum et vocale Alphabetum.

[Illustrations]

[Transcriber’s Note: Each item has a separate small illustration. Note that the letters of the alphabet refer to the sound, not to the English or Latin word.]

Cornix cornicatur, à à The Crow crieth. A a

Agnus balat, b è è è The Lamb blaiteth. B b

Cicàda stridet, cì cì The Grasshopper chirpeth. C c

Upupa dicit, du du The Whooppoo saith. D d

Infans ejulat, è è è The Infant crieth. E e

Ventus flat, fi fi The Wind bloweth. F f

Anser gingrit, ga ga The Goose gagleth. G g

Os halat, hà’h hà’h The Mouth breatheth. H h

Mus mintrit, ì ì ì The Mouse chirpeth. I i

Anas tetrinnit, kha, kha The Duck quaketh. K k

Lupus ululat, lu ulu The Wolf howleth. L

Ursus murmurat, mum mum The Bear grumbleth. M m

Felis clamat, nau nau The Cat crieth. N n

Auriga clamat, ò ò ò The Carter crieth. O o

Pullus pipit, pi pi The Chicken peepeth. P p

Cúculus cuculat, kuk ku The cuckow singeth. Q q

Canis ringitur, err The dog grinneth. R r

Serpens sibilat, si The Serpent hisseth. S s

Graculus clamat, tac tac The Jay crieth. T t

Bubo ululat, ù ù The Owl hooteth. U u

Lepus vagit, va The Hare squeaketh. W w

Rana coaxat, coax The Frog croaketh. X x

Asinus rudit, y y y The Asse brayeth. Y y

Tabanus dicit, ds ds The Breeze or Horse-flie saith. Z z

II.

God. Deus.

God is of himself from everlasting to everlasting. Deus est ex seipso, ab æterno in æternum.

A most perfect and a most blessed Being. Perfectissimum & beatissimum Ens.

In his Essence Spiritual, and One. Essentiâ Spiritualis & unus.

In his Personality, Three. Hypostasi Trinus.

In his Will, Holy, Just, Merciful and True. Voluntate, Sanctus, Justus, Clemens, Verax.

In his Power very great. Potentiâ maximus.

In his Goodness, very good. Bonitate Optimus.

In his Wisdom, unmeasurable. Sapientiâ, immensus.

A Light inaccessible; and yet all in all. Lux inaccessa; & tamen omnia in omnibus.

Every where, and no where. Ubique & nullibi.

The chiefest Good, and the only and inexhausted Fountain of all good things. Summum Bonum, et solus et inexhaustus Fons omnium Bonorum.

As the Creator, so the Governour and Preserver of all things, which we call the World. Ut Creator, ita Gubernator et Conservator omnium rerum, quas vocamus Mundum.

III.

The World. Mundus.

The Heaven, 1. hath Fire, and Stars. Cœlum, 1. habet Ignem & Stellas.

The Clouds, 2. hang in the Air. Nubes, 2. pendent in Aere.

Birds, 3. fly under the Clouds. Aves, 3. volant sub nubibus.

Fishes, 4. swim in the Water. Pisces, 4. natant in Aqua.

The Earth hath Hills, 5. Woods, 6. Fields, 7. Beasts, 8. and Men, 9. Terra habet Montes, 5. Sylvas, 6. Campos, 7. Animalia, 8. Homines, 9.

Thus the greatest Bodies of the World, the four Elements, are full of their own Inhabitants. Ita maxima Corpora Mundi, quatuor Elementa, sunt plena Habitatoribus suis.

IV.

The Heaven. Cœlum.

The Heaven, 1. is wheeled about, and encompasseth the Earth, 2. standing in the middle. Cœlum, 1. rotatur, & ambit Terram, 2. stantem in medio.

The Sun, 3. wheresoever it is, shineth perpetually, howsoever dark Clouds, 4. may take it from us; Sol, 3. ubi ubi est, fulget perpetuo, ut ut densa Nubila, 4. eripiant eum a nobis; and causeth by his Rays, 5. Light, and the Light, Day. facitque suis Radiis, 5. Lucem, Lux Diem.

On the other side, over against it, is Darkness, 6. and thence Night. Ex opposito, sunt Tenebræ, 6. inde Nox.

In the Night shineth the Moon, 7. and the Stars, 8. glister and twinkle. Nocte splendet Luna, 7. & Stellæ, 8. micant, scintillant.

In the Evening, 9. is Twilight: Vesperi, 9. est Crepusculum:

In the Morning, 10. the breaking, and dawning of the Day. Manè Aurora, 10. & Diluculum.

V.

Fire. Ignis.

The Fire gloweth, burneth and consumeth to ashes. Ignis ardet, urit, cremat.

A spark of it struck out of a Flint (or Firestone), 2. by means of a Steel, 1. and taken by Tynder in a Tynder-box, 3. lighteth a Match, 4. Scintilla ejus elisa e Silice, (Pyrite) 2. Ope Chalybis, 1. et excepta a Fomite in Suscitabulo, 3. accendit Sulphuratum, 4. and after that a Candle, 5. or stick, 6. and causeth a flame, 7. or blaze, 8. which catcheth hold of the Houses. et inde Candelam, 5. vel Lignum, 6. et excitat Flammam, 7. vel Incendium, 8. quod corripit Ædificia.

Smoak, 9. ascendeth therefrom, which, sticking to the Chimney, 10. turneth into Soot. Fumus, 9. ascendit inde, qui, adhærans Camino, 10. abit in Fuliginem.

Of a Fire-brand, (or burning stick) is made a Brand, 11. (or quenched stick). Ex Torre, (ligno ardente,) fit Titio, 11. (lignum extinctum.)

Of a hot Coal (red hot piece of a Fire-brand) is made a Coal, 12. (or a dead Cinder). Ex Pruna, (candente particulâ Torris,) fit Carbo, 12. (Particula mortua.)

That which remaineth, is at last Ashes, 13. and Embers (or hot Ashes). Quod remanet, tandem est Cinis, 13. & Favilla (ardens Cinis.)

VI.

The Air. Aër.

A cool Air, 1. breatheth gently. Aura, 1. spirat leniter.

A Storm, 3. throweth down Trees. Procella, 3. sternit Arbores.

The Wind, 2. bloweth strongly. Ventus, 2. flat valide.

A Whirl-wind, 4. turneth it self in a round compass. Turbo, 4. agit se in gyrum.

A Wind under Ground, 5. causeth an Earthquake. Ventus subterraneus, 5. excitat Terræ motum.

An Earthquake causeth gapings of the Earth, (and falls of Houses.) 6. Terræ motus facit Labes (& ruinas.) 6.

VII.

The Water. Aqua.

The Water springeth out of a Fountain, 1. floweth downwards in a Brook, 2. runneth in a Beck, 3. Aqua scatet è Fonte, 1. defluit in Torrente, 2. manat in Rivo, 3. standeth in a Pond, 4. glideth in a Stream, 5. is whirled about in a Whirl-pit, 6. and causeth Fens, 7. stat in Stagno, 4. fluit in Flumine, 5. gyratur in Vortice, 6. & facit Paludes, 7.

The River hath Banks, 8. Flumen habet Ripas.

The Sea maketh Shores, 9. Bays, 10. Capes, 11. Islands, 12. Almost Islands, 13. Mare facit Littora, 9. Sìnus, 10. Promontoria, 11. Insulas, 12. Peninsulas, 13. Necks of Land, 14. Straights, 15. and hath in it Rocks, 16. Isthmos, 14. Freta, 15. & habet Scopulos, 16.

VIII.

The Clouds. Nubes.

A Vapour, 1. ascendeth from the Water. Vapor, 1. ascendit ex Aquâ.

From it a Cloud, 2. is made, and a white Mist, 3. near the Earth. Inde Nubes, 2. fit, et Nebula, 3. prope terram.

Rain, 4. and a small Shower distilleth out of a Cloud, drop by drop. Pluvia, 4. et Imber, stillat e Nube, guttatim.

Which being frozen, is Hail, 5. half frozen is Snow, 6. being warm is Mel-dew. Quæ gelata, Grando, 5. semigelata, Nix, 6. calefacta, Rubigo est.

In a rainy Cloud, set over against the Sun the Rainbow, 7. appeareth. In nube pluviosâ, oppositâ soli Iris, 7. apparet.

A drop falling into the water maketh a Bubble, 8. many Bubbles make froth, 9. Gutta incidens in aquam, facit Bullam, 8. multæ Bullæ faciunt spumam, 9.

Frozen Water is called Ice, 10. Dew congealed, is called a white Frost. Aqua congelata Glacies, 10. Ros congelatus, dicitur Pruina.

Thunder is made of a brimstone-like vapour, which breaking out of a Cloud, with Lightning, 11. thundereth and striketh with lightning. Tonitru fit ex Vapore sulphureo, quod erumpens è Nube cum Fulgure, 11. tonat & fulminat.

IX.

The Earth. Terra.

In the Earth are high Mountains, 1. Deep Vallies, 2. Hills rising, 3. In Terra sunt Alti Montes, 1. Profundæ valles, 2. Elevati Colles, 3. Hollow Caves, 4. Plain Fields, 5. Shady Woods, 6. cavæ Speluncæ, 4. Plani campi, 5. Opacæ Sylvæ, 6.

X.

The Fruits of the Earth. Terræ Fœtus.

A meadow, 1. yieldeth grass with Flowers and Herbs, which being cut down, are made Hay, 2. Pratum, 1. fert Gramina, cum Floribus & Herbis quæ defecta fiunt Fænum, 2.

A Field, 3. yieldeth Corn, and Pot-herbs, 4. Arvum, 3. fert Fruges, & Olera, 4.

Mushrooms, 5. Straw-berries, 6. Myrtle-trees, &c. come up in Woods. Fungi, 5. Fraga, 6. Myrtilli, &c. Proveniunt in Sylvis.

Metals, Stones, and Minerals grow under the earth. Metalla, Lapides, Mineralia, nascuntur sub terra.

XI.

Metals. Metalla.

Lead, 1. is soft, and heavy. Plumbum, 1. est molle & grave.

Iron, 2. is hard, and Steel, 3. harder. Ferrum, 2. est durum, & Calybs, 3. durior.

They make Tankards (or Cans), 4. of Tin. Kettles, 5. of Copper, Candlesticks, 6. of Latin, Faciunt Cantharos, 4. e Stanno. Ahena, 5, e Cupro, Candelabra, 6. ex Orichalco, Dollers, 7. of Silver, Ducats and Crown-pieces, 8. of Gold. Thaleros, 7. ex Argento, Scutatos et Coronatos, 8. Ex, Auro.

Quick-silver is always liquid, and eateth thorow Metals. Argentum Vivum, semper liquet, & corrodit Metalla.

XII.

Stones. Lapides.

Sand, 1. and Gravel, 2. is Stone broken into bits. Arena, 1. & Sabulum, 2. est Lapis comminutus.

A great Stone, 3. is a piece of a Rock (or Crag) 4. Saxum, 3. est pars Petræ (Cautis) 4.

A Whetstone, 5. a Flint, 6. a Marble, 7. &c. are ordinary Stones. Cos, 5. Silex, 6. Marmor, 7. &c. sunt obscuri Lapides.

A Load-stone, 8. draweth Iron to it. Magnes, 8. adtrahit ferrum.

Jewels, 9. are clear Stones, as Gemmæ, 9. sunt pellucidi Lapilli,

The Diamond white ut Adamas candidus,

The Ruby red, Rubinus rubeus,

The Sapphire blue, Sapphirus cæruleus,

The Emerald green, Smaragdus viridis,

The Jacinth yellow, &c. Hyacynthus luteus, &c.

And they glister being cut into corners. et micant angulati.

Pearls and Unions, 10. grow in Shell-fish. Margaritæ & Uniones, 10. crescunt in Conchis.

Corals, 11. in a Sea-shrub. Corallia, 11. in Marinâ arbusculâ.

Amber, 12. is gathered from the Sea. Succinum, 12. colligitur è mari.

Glass, 13, is like Chrystal. Vitrum, 13. simile est Chrystallo.

XIII.

Tree. Arbor.

A Plant, 1. groweth from a Seed. Planta, 1. procrescit e Semine.

A plant waxeth to a Shoot, 2. Planta abit in Fruticem, 2.

A Shoot to a Tree, 3. Frutex in Arborem, 3.

The Root, 4. beareth up the Tree. Radix, 4. Sustentat arborem.

The Body or Stem, 5. riseth from the Root. Stirps (Stemma) 5. Surgit e radice.

The Stem divideth it self into Boughs, 6. and green Branches, 7. made of Leaves, 8. Stirps se dividit in Ramos, 6. & Frondes, 7. factas e Foliis, 8.

The top, 9. is in the height. Cacumen, 9. est in summo.

The Stock, 10. is close to the roots. Truncus, 10. adhærat radicibus.

A Log, 11. is the body fell’d down without Boughs; having Bark and Rind, 12. Pith and Heart, 13. Caudex, 11. est Stipes dejectus, sine ramis; habens Corticem & Librum, 12. pulpam & medullam, 13.

Bird-lime, 14. groweth upon the boughs, which also sweat Gumm, Rosin, Pitch, &c. Viscum, 14. adnascitur ramis, qui etiam sudant, Gummi, Resinam, Picem, &c.

XIV.

Fruits of Trees. Fructus Arborum.

Fruits that have no shells are pull’d from fruit-bearing trees. Poma decerpuntur, a fructiferis arboribus.

The Apple, 1. is round. Malum, 1. est rotundum.

The Pear, 2. and Fig, 3. are something long. Pyrum, 2. & Ficus, 3. sunt oblonga.

The Cherry, 4. hangeth by a long start. Cerasum, 4. pendet longo Pediolo.

The Plumb, 5. and Peach, 6. by a shorter. Prunum, 5. & Persicum, 6. breviori.

The Mulberry, 7. by a very short one. Morum, 7. brevissimo.

The Wall-nut, 8. the Hazel-nut, 9. and Chest-nut, 10. are wrapped in a husk and a Shell. Nux Juglans, 8. Avellana, 9. & Castanea, 10. involuta sunt Cortici & Putamini.

Barren trees are 11. The Firr, the Alder, The Birch, the Cypress, The Beech, the Ash, Steriles arbores sunt 11. Abies, Alnus, Betula, Cupressus, Fagus, Fraxinus, The Sallow, the Linden-tree, &c., but most of them affording shade. Salix, Tilia, &c. sed pleræque umbriferæ.

But the Juniper, 12. and Bay-tree, 13. yield Berries. At Juniperus, 12. & Laurus, 13. ferunt Baccas.

The Pine, 14. Pine-apples. Pinus, 14. Strobilos.

The Oak, 15. Acorns and Galls. Quercus, 15. Glandes & Gallas.

XV.

Flowers. Flores.

Amongst the Flowers the most noted, Inter flores notissimi,

In the beginning of the Spring are the Violet, 1. the Crow-toes, 2. the Daffodil, 3. Primo vere, Viola, 1. Hyacinthus, 2. Narcissus, 3.

Then the Lillies, 4. white and yellow and blew, 5. and the Rose, 6. and the Clove-gilliflowers, 7. &c. Tum Lilia, 4. alba & lutea, & cœrulea, 5. tandem Rosa, 6. & Caryophillum, 7. &c.

Of these Garlands, 8. and Nosegays, 9. are tyed round with twigs. Ex his Serta, 8. & Serviæ, 9. vientur.

There are added also sweet herbs, 10. as Marjoram, Flower gentle, Rue, Lavender, Rosemary. Adduntur etiam Herbæ odoratæ, 10. ut Amaracus, Amaranthus, Ruta, Lavendula, Rosmarinus, (Libanotis). Hysop, Spike, Basil, Sage, Mints, &c. Hypossus, Nard, Ocymum, Salvia, Menta, &c.

Amongst Field-flowers, 11. the most noted are the May-lillie, Germander, the Blew-Bottle, Chamomel, &c. Inter Campestres Flores, 11. notissimi sunt Lilium Convallium, Chamædrys, Cyanus, Chamæmelum, &c.

And amongst Herbs, Trefoil. Wormwood, Sorrel, the Nettle, &c. Et Herbæ, Cytisus (Trifolium) Absinthium, Acetosa, Urtica, &c.

The Tulip, 12. is the grace of flowers, but affording no smell. Tulipa, 12. est decus Florum, sed expers odoris.

XVI.

Potherbs. Olera.

Pot-herbs grow in Gardens, as Lettice, 1. Colewort, 2. Onions, 3. Garlick, 4. Gourd, 5. Olera nascuntur in hortis, ut Lactuca, 1. Brassica, 2. Cepa, 3. Allium, 4. Cucurbita, 5. The Parsnep, 6. The Turnep, 7. The Radish, 8. Horse-radish, 9. Siser, 6. Rapa, 7. Raphanus minor, 8. Raphanus major, 9. Parsly, 10. Cucumbers, 11. and Pompions, 12. Petroselinum, 10. Cucumeres, 11. Pepones, 12.

XVII.

Corn. Fruges.

Some Corn grows upon a straw, parted by knots, Frumenta quædam crescunt super culmum, distinctum geniculis, as Wheat, 1. Rie, 2, Barley, 3. in which the Ear hath awnes, ut, Triticum, 1. Siligo, 2. Hordeum, 3. in quibus Spica habet Aristas, or else it is without awnes, and it nourisheth the Corn in the Husk. aut est mutica, fovetque grana in gluma.

Some instead of an ear, have a rizom (or plume) containing the corn by bunches, as Oats, 4. Millet, 5. Turkey-wheat, 6. Quædam pro Spica, habent Paniculam, continentem grana fasciatim, ut, Avena, 4. Milium, 5. Frumentum Saracenicum, 6.

Pulse have Cods, which enclose the corns in two Shales, Legumina habent Siliquas, quæ includunt grana valvulis, as Pease, 7. Beans, 8. Vetches, 9. and those that are less than these Lentils and Urles (or Tares). ut, Pisum, 7. Fabæ, 8. Vicia, 9. & minores his Lentes & Cicera.

XVIII.

Shrubs. Frutices.

A plant being greater, and harder than an herb, is called a Shrub: such as are Planta major & durior herba, dicitur Frutex: ut sunt

In Banks and Ponds, the Rush, 1. the Bulrush, 2. or Cane without knots In ripis & stagnis, Juncus, 1. Scirpus, 2. [Canna] enodis bearing Cats-tails, and the Reed, 3. which is knotty and hollow within. ferens Typhos, & Arundo, 3. nodosa et cava intus.

Elsewhere, 4. the Rose, the Bastard-Corinths, the Elder, the Juniper. Alibi, 4. Rosa, Ribes, Sambucus, Juniperus,

Also the Vine, 5. which putteth forth branches, 6. and these tendrels, 7. Item Vitis, 5. quæ emittit Palmites, 6. et hi Capreolos, 7. Vine-leaves, 8. and Bunches of grapes, 9. on the stock whereof hang Grapes, which contain Grape-stones. Pampinos, 8. et Racemos, 9. quorum Scapo pendent Uvæ, continentes Acinos.

XIX.

Living-Creatures: and First, Birds. Animalia: & primum, Aves

A living Creature liveth, perceiveth, moveth it self; is born, dieth, is nourished, and groweth: standeth, or sitteth, or lieth, or goeth. Animal vivit, sentit, movet se; nascitur, moritur, nutritur, & crescit; stat, aut sedet, aut cubat, aut graditur.

A Bird, (here the King’s Fisher, 1. making her nest in the Sea.) Avis, (hic Halcyon, 1. in mari nidulans.) is covered with Feathers, 2. flyeth with Wings, 3. hath two Pinions, 4. as many Feet, 5. a Tail, 6. and a Bill, 7. tegitur Plumis, 2. volat Pennis, 3. habet duas Alas, 4. totidem Pedes, 5. Caudam, 6. & Rostrum, 7.

The Shee, 8. layeth Eggs, 10. in a nest, 9. and sitting upon them, hatcheth young ones, 11. Fæmella, 8. ponit Ova, 10. in nido, 9. et incubans iis, excludit Pullos, 11.

An Egg is cover’d with a Shell, 12. under which is the White, 13. in this the Yolk, 14. Ovum tegitur testa, 12. sub qua est Albumen, 13. in hoc Vitellus, 14.

XX.

Tame Fowls. Aves Domesticæ.

The Cock, 1. (which croweth in the Morning.) hath a Comb, 2. and Spurs, 3. Gallus, 1. (qui cantat mane.) habet Cristam, 2. & Calcaria, 3. being gelded, he is called a Capon, and is crammed in a Coop, 4. castratus dicitur Capo & saginatur in Ornithotrophico, 4.

A Hen, 5. scrapeth the Dunghil, and picketh up Corns: Gallina, 5. ruspatur fimetum, & colligit grana: as also the Pigeons, 6. (which are brought up in a Pigeon-house, 7.) and the Turkey-cock, 8. with his Turkey-hen, 9. sicut & Columbæ, 6, (quæ educantur in Columbario, 7.) & Gallopavus, 8. cum sua Meleagride, 9.

The gay Peacock, 10. prideth in his Feathers. Formosus Pavo, 10. superbit pennis.

The Stork, 11. buildeth her nest on the top of the House. Ciconia, 11. nidificat in tecto.

The Swallow, 12. the Sparrow, 13. the Mag-pie, 14. the Jackdaw, 15. Hirundo, 12. Passer, 13. Pica, 14. Monedula, 15. and the Bat, 16. (or Flettermouse) use to flie about Houses. & Vespertilio, 16. (Mus alatus) volitant circa Domus.

XXI.

Singing-Birds. Oscines.

The Nightingal, 1. singeth the sweetlyest of all. Luscinia (Philomela), 1. cantat suavissime omnium.

The Lark, 2. singeth as she flyeth in the Air. Alauda, 2. cantillat volitans in aere;

The Quail, 3. sitting on the ground; Coturnix, 3. sedens humi;

others on the boughs of trees, 4. as the Canary-bird, the Chaffinch, the Goldfinch, Cæteræ, in ramis arborum, 4. ut Luteola peregrina. Fringilla, Carduelis, the Siskin, the Linnet, the little Titmouse, the Wood-wall, the Robin-red-breast, the Hedge-sparrow, &c. Acanthis, Linaria, parvus Parus, Galgulus, Rubecula, Curruca, &c.

The party colour’d Parret, 5. the Black-bird, 6. the Stare, 7. with the Mag-pie and the Jay, learn to frame men’s words. Discolor Psittacus, 5. Merula, 6. Sturnus, 7. cum Pica, & Monedula, discunt humanas voces formare

A great many are wont to be shut in Cages, 8. Pleræque solent includi Caveis, 8.

XXII.

Birds that haunt the Fields and Woods. Aves Campestres & Sylvestres

The Ostrich, 1. is the greatest Bird. Struthio, 1. ales est maximus.

The Wren, 2. is the least. Regulus, 2. (Trochilus) minimus.

The Owl, 3. is the most despicable. Noctua, 3. despicatissimus.

The Whoopoo, 4. is the most nasty, for it eateth dung. Upupa, 4. sordidissimus, vescitur enim stercoribus.

The Bird of Paradise, 5. is very rare. Manucodiata, 5. rarissimus.

The Pheasant, 6. the Bustard, 7. the deaf wild Peacock, 8. Phasianus, 6. Tarda (Otis), 7. surdus, Tetrao, 8. the Moor-hen, 9. the Partrige, 10. the Woodcock, 11. and the Thrush, 12. are counted Dainties. Attagen, 9. Perdix, 10. Gallinago (Rusticola), 11. & Turdus, 12, habentur in deliciis.

Among the rest, the best are, the watchful Crane, 13. the mournful Turtle, 14. Inter reliquas, potissimæ sunt, Grus 13. pervigil. Turtur, 14. gemens. the Cuckow, 15. the Stock-dove, the Speight, the Jay, the Crow, &c., 16. Cuculus, 15. Palumbes, Picus, Garrulus, Cornix, &c., 16.

XXIII.

Ravenous Birds. Aves Rapaces.

The Eagle, 1. the King of Birds looketh upon the Sun, Aquila, 1. Rex Avium, intuetur Solem.

The Vulture, 2. and the Raven, 3. feed upon Carrion. Vultur, 2. & Corvus, 3. pascuntur morticinis, [cadaveribus.]

The Kite, 4. pursueth Chickens. Milvus, 4. insectatur pullos gallinaceos.

The Falcon, 5. the Hobbie, 6. and the Hawk, 7. catch at little Birds. Falco, 5, Nisus, 6. & Accipiter, 7. captant aviculas.

The Gerfalcon, 8. catcheth Pigeons and greater Birds. Astur, 8. captat columbas & aves majores.

XXIV.

Water-Fowl. Aves Aquaticæ.

The white Swan, 1. the Goose, 2. and the Duck, 3. swim up and down. Oler, 1. candidus, Anser, 2. & Anas, 3. natant.

The Cormorant, 4. diveth. Mergus, 4. se mergit.

Add to these the water-hen, and the Pelican, &c., 10. Adde his Fulicam, Pelecanum, &c., 10.

The Osprey, 5. and the Sea-mew, 6. flying downwards use to catch Fish, but the Heron, 7. standing on the Banks. Haliæetus, 5. & Gavia, 6. devolantes, captant pisces, sed Ardea, 7. stans in ripis.

The Bittern, 8. putteth his Bill in the water, and belloweth like an Ox. Butio, 8. inferit rostrum aquæ, & mugit ut bos.

The Water-wagtail, 9. waggeth the tail. Motacilla, 9. motat caudam.

XXV.

Flying Vermin. Insecta volantia.

The Bee, 1. maketh honey which the Drone, 2. devoureth. Apis, 1. facit mel quod Fucus, 2. depascit

The Wasp, 3. and the Hornet, 4. molest with a sting; Vespa, 3. & Crabro, 4. infestant oculeo; and the Gad-Bee (or Breese), 5. especially Cattel; but the Fly, 6. and the Gnat, 7. us. & Oestrum (Asilus), 5. imprimis pecus. autem Musca, 6. & Culex, 7. nos.

The Cricket, 8. singeth. Gryllus, 8. cantillat.

The Butterfly, 9. is a winged Caterpillar. Papillio, 9. est alata Eruca.

The Beetle, 10. covereth her wings with Cases. Scarabæus, 10. tegit alas vaginis.

The Glow-worm, 11. shineth by night. Cicindela [Lampyris], 11. nitet noctu.

XXVI.

Four-Footed Beasts: and First those about the House. Quadrupeda: & primum Domestica.

The Dog, 1. with the Whelp, 2. is keeper of the House. Canis, 1. cum Catello, 2. est custos Domûs.

The Cat, 3. riddeth the House of Mice, 4. which also a Mouse-trap, 5. doth. Felis (Catus) 3. purgat domum à Muribus, 4. quod etiam Muscipula, 5. facit.

A Squirrel, 6. The Ape, 7. and the Monkey, 8. are kept at home for delight. Sciurus, 6. Simia, 7. & Cercopithecus, 8. habentur domi delectamento.

The Dormouse, 9. and other greater Mice, 10. as, the Weesel, the Marten, and the Ferret, trouble the House, Glis, 9. & cæteri Mures majores, 10. ut, Mustela, Martes, Viverra, infestant domum.

XXVII.

Herd-Cattle. Pecora.

The Bull, 1. the Cow, 2. and the Calf, 3. are covered with hair. Taurus, 1. Vacca, 2. & Vitulus, 3. teguntur pilis.

The Ram, the Weather, 4. the Ewe, 5. and the Lamb, 6. bear wool. Aries, Vervex, 4. Ovis, 5. cum Agno, 6. gestant lanam.

The He-goat, the Gelt-goat, 7. with the She-goat, 8. and Kid, 9. have shag-hair and beards. Hircus, Caper, 7. cum Capra, 8. & Hædo, 9. habent. Villos & aruncos.

The Hog, the Sow, 10. and the Pigs, 11. have bristles, but not horns; but also cloven feet as those others (have.) Porcus, Scrofa, 10. cum Porcellis, 11. habent Setas, at non Cornua; sed etiam Ungulas bisulcas ut illa.

XXVIII.

Labouring-Beasts. Jumenta.

The Ass, 1. and the Mule, 2. carry burthens. Asinus, 1. & Mulus, 2. gestant Onera.

The Horse, 3. (which a Mane, 4. graceth) carryeth us. Equus, 3. (quam Juba, 4. ornat) gestat nos ipsos.

The Camel, 5. carryeth the Merchant with his Ware. Camelus, 5. gestat Mercatorem cum mercibus suis.

The Elephant, 6. draweth his meat to him with his Trunk, 7. Elephas, (Barrus) 6. attrahit pabulum Proboscide, 7.

He hath two Teeth, 8. standing out, and is able to carry full thirty men. Habet duos dentes, 8. prominentes, & potest portare etiam triginta viros.

XXIX.

Wild-Cattle. Feræ Pecudes.

The Buff, 1. and the Buffal, 2. are wild Bulls. Urus, 1. & Bubalus, 2. sunt feri Boves.

The Elke, 3. being bigger than an Horse (whose back is impenetrable) hath knaggy horns as also the Hart, 4. Alces, 3. major equo (cujus tergus est impenetrabilis) habet ramosa cornua: ut & Cervus, 4.

but the Roe, 5. and the Hind-calf, almost none. Sed Caprea, 5. cum Hinnulo, ferè nulla.

The Stone-back, 6. huge great ones. Capricornus, 6. prægrandia;

The Wild-goat, 7. hath very little ones, by which she hangeth her self on a Rock. Rupicapra, 7. minuta, quibus suspendit se ad rupem.

The Unicorn, 8. hath but one, but that a precious one. Monoceros, 8. habet unum, sed pretiosum.

The Boar, 9. assaileth one with his tushes. Aper, 9. grassatur dentibus.

The Hare, 10. is fearful. Lepus, 10. pavet.

The Cony, 11. diggeth the Earth. Cuniculus, 11. perfodit terram;

As also the Mole, 12. which maketh hillocks. Ut & Talpa, 12. quæ facit grumos.

XXX.

Wild-Beasts. Feræ Bestiæ.

Wild Beasts have sharp paws, and teeth, and are flesh eaters. Bestiæ habent acutos ungues, & dentes, suntque carnivoræ,

As the Lyon, 1. the King of four-footed Beasts, having a mane; with the Lioness. Ut Leo, 1. Rex quadrupedum, jubatus; cum Leænâ.

The spotted Panther, 2. Maculosus, Pardo (Panthera) 2.

The Tyger, 3. the cruellest of all. Tygris, 3. immanissima omnium.

The Shaggy Bear, 4. Villosus Ursus, 4.

The ravenous Wolf, 5. Rapax Lupus, 5.

The quick sighted Ounce, 6. Lynx, 6. visu pollens,

The tayled fox, 7. the craftiest of all. Caudata Vulpes, 7. astutissima omnium.

The Hedge-hog, 8. is prickly. Erinaceus, 8. est aculeatus.

The Badger, 9. delighteth in holes. Melis, 9. gaudet latebris.

XXXI.

Serpents and Creeping things. Serpentes & Reptilia.

Snakes creep by winding themselves; Angues repunt sinuando se;

The Adder, 1. in the wood; Coluber, 1. in Sylvâ;

The Water-snake, 2. in the water; Natrix, (hydra) 2. in Aquâ;

The Viper, 3. amongst great stones. Vipera, 3. in saxis;

The Asp, 4. in the fields. Aspis, 4, in campis.

The Boa, (or Mild-snake) 5. in Houses. Boa, 5. in Domibus.

The Slow-worm, 6. is blind. Cæcilia, 6. est cœca.

The Lizzard, 7. and the Salamander, 8. (that liveth long in fire) have feet. Lacerta, 7. Salamandra, 8. (in igne vivax,) habent pedes.

The Dragon, 9. a winged Serpent, killeth with his Breath. Draco, 9. Serpens alatus, necat halitu.

The Basilisk, 10. with his Eyes; Basiliscus, 10. Oculis;

And the Scorpion, 11. with his poysonous tail. Scorpio, 11. venenatâ caudâ.

XXXII.

Crawling-Vermin. Insecta repentia.

Worms gnaw things. Vermes, rodunt res.

The Earth-worm, 1. the Earth. Lumbricus, 1. terram.

The Caterpillar, 2. the Plant. Eruca, 2. plantam.

The Grashopper, 3. the Fruits. Cicada, 3. Fruges.

The Mite, 4. the Corn. Circulio, 4. Frumenta.

The Timber-worm, 5. Wood. Teredo, (cossis) 5. Ligna.

The Moth, 6. a garment. Tinea, 6. vestem.

The Book-worm, 7. a Book. Blatta, 7. Librum.

Maggots, 8. Flesh and Cheese. Termites, 8. carnem & caseum.

Hand-worms, the Hair. Acari, Capillum.

The skipping Flea, 9. the Lowse, 10. and the stinking Wall-louse, 11. bite us. Saltans Pulex, 9. Pediculus, 10. fœtans Cimex, 11. mordent nos.

The Tike, 12. is a blood-sucker. Ricinus, 12. sanguisugus est.

The Silk-worm, 13. maketh silk. Bombyx, 13. facit sericum.

The Pismire, 14. is painful. Formica, 14. est laboriosa.

The Spider, 15. weaveth a Cobweb, nets for flies. Aranea, 15. texit Araneum, retia muscis.

The Snail, 16. carrieth about her Snail-horn. Cochlea, 16. circumfert testam.

XXXIII.

Creatures that live as well by Water as by Land. Amphibia.

Creatures that live by land and by water, are Viventia in terrâ & aquâ, sunt

The Crocodile, 1. a cruel and preying Beast of the River Nilus; Crocodilus, 1. immanis & prædatrix bestia Nili fluminis;

The Castor or Beaver, 2. having feet like a Goose, and a scaly tail to swim. Castor, (Fiber) 2. habens pedes anserinos & squameam Caudam ad natandum.

The Otter, 3. Lutra, 3.

The croaking Frog, 4. with the Toad. & coaxans Rana, 4. cum Bufone.

The Tortoise, 5. covered above and beneath with shells, as with a target. Testudo, 5. Operta & infra, testis, ceu scuto.

XXXIV.

River Fish and Pond Fish. Pisces Fluviatiles & Lacustres.

A Fish hath Fins, 1. with which it swimmeth, and Gills, 2. by which it taketh breath, Piscis habet Pinnas, 1. quibus natat; & Branchias, 2. quibus respirat; and Prickles instead of bones: besides the Male hath a Milt, and the Female a Row. & Spinas loco ossium: præterea, Mas Lactes, Fœmina Ova.

Some have Scales. as the Carp, 3. and the Luce or Pike, 4. Quidam habent Squamas, ut Carpio, 3. Lucius, (Lupus) 4.

Some are sleek as the Eel, 5. and the Lamprey, 6. Alii sunt glabri, ut, Anguilla, 5. Mustela, 6.

The Sturgeon, 7. having a sharp snout, groweth beyond the length of a Man. Accipenser (Sturio), 7. mucronatus, crescit ultra longitudinem viri.

The Sheath-fish, 8. having wide Cheeks, is bigger than he: Silurus, 8. bucculentus, major illo est:

But the greatest, is the Huson, 9. Sed maximus Antaseus (Huso,) 9.

Minews, 10. swimming by shoals, are the least. Apuæ, 10. natantes gregatim, sunt minutissimæ.

Others of this sort are the Perch, the Bley, the Barbel, Alii hujus generis sunt Perca, Alburnus, Mullus, (Barbus) the Esch, the Trout, the Gudgeon, and Trench, 11. Thymallus, Trutta, Gobius, Tinca, 11.

The Crab-fish, 12. is covered with a shell, and it hath Claws, and crawleth forwards and backwards. Cancer, 12. tegitur crusta, habetque chelas, & graditur porro & retrò.

The Horse-leech, 13. sucketh blood. Hirudo, 13. sugit sanguinem.

XXXV.

Sea-fish, and Shell-fish. Marini pisces & Conchæ.

The Whale, 1. is the greatest of the Sea-fish. Balæna, (Cetus) 1. maximus Piscium marinorum.

The Dolphin, 2. the swiftest. Delphinus, 2. velocissimus.

The Scate, 3. the most monstrous. Raia, 3. monstrosissimus.

Others are the Lamprel, 4. the Salmon, or the Lax, 5. Alii sunt Murænula, 4. Salmo, (Esox) 5.

There are also fish that flie, 6. Dantur etiam volatiles, 6.

Add Herrings, 7. which are brought pickled, and Place, 8. and Cods, 9. which are brought dry; Adde Haleces, 7. qui salsi, & Passeres, 8. cum Asellis, 9. qui adferuntur arefacti; and the Sea monsters, the Seal. 10. and the Sea-horse, &c. & monstra marina, Phocam, 10. Hippopotamum, &c.

Shell-fish, 11. have Shells. Concha, 11. habet testas,

The Oyster, 12. affordeth sweet meat. Ostrea, 12. dat sapidam carnem.

The Purple-fish, 13. purple; Murex, 13. purpuram;

The others, Pearls, 14. Alii, 14. Margaritas.

XXXVI.

Man. Homo.

Adam, 1. the first Man, was made by God after his own Image the sixth day of the Creation, of a lump of Earth. Adamus, 1. primus Homo, formatus est a Deo ad Imaginem suam sextâ die Creationis, e Gleba Terræ.

And Eve, 2. the first Woman, was made of the Rib of the Man. Et Eva, 2. prima mulier, formata est e costâ viri.

These, being tempted by the Devil under the shape of a Serpent, 3. when they had eaten of the fruit of the forbidden Tree, 4. Hi, seducti à Diabolo sub specie Serpentis, 3. cum comederent de fructu vetitæ arboris, 4. were condemned, 5. to misery and death, with all their posterity, and cast out of Paradise, 6. damnati sunt, 5. ad miseriam & mortem, cum omni posteritate sua, & ejecti e Paradiso 6.

XXXVII.

The Seven Ages of Man. Septem Ætates Hominis.

A Man is first an Infant, 1. then a Boy, 2. then a Youth, 3. then a Young-man, 4. inde Juvenis, 4. Homo est primum Infans, 1. deinde Puer, 2. tum Adolescens, 3. then a Man, 5. after that an Elderly-man, 6. and at last, a decrepid old man, 7. posteà Vir, 5. dehinc Senex, 6. tandem Silicernium, 7.

So also in the other Sex, there are, a Girl, 8. A Damosel, 9. a Maid, 10. Sic etiam in altero Sexu, sunt, Pupa, 8. Puella, 9. Virgo, 10. A Woman, 11. an elderly Woman, 12. and a decrepid old Woman, 13. Mulier, 11. Vetula, 12. Anus decrepita, 13.

XXXVIII.

The Outward Parts of a Man. Membra Hominis Externa.

The Head, 1. is above, the Feet, 20. below. Caput, 1. est supra, infra Pedes, 20. the fore part of the Neck (which ends at the Arm-holes, 2.) is the Throat, 3. the hinder part, the Crag, 4. Anterior pars Colli (quod desit in Axillas, 2.) est Jugulum, 3. posterior Cervix, 4.

The Breast, 5, is before; the back, 6, behind; Women have in it two Dugs, 7. with Nipples, Pectus, 5. est ante; Dorsum, 6. retro; Fœeminis sunt in illo binæ Mammæ, 7. cum Papillis.

Under the Breast is the Belly, 9. in the middle of it the Navel, 10. underneath the Groyn, 11. and the privities. Sub pectore est Venter, 9. in ejus medio, Umbelicus, 10. subtus Inguen, 11. & pudenda.

The Shoulder-blades, 12. are behind the back, on which the Shoulders depend, 13. Scapulæ, 12. sunt a tergo, â quibus pendent humeri, 13. on these the Arms, 14. with the Elbow, 15. and then on either side the Hands, the right, 8. and the left, 16. ab his Brachia, 14. cum Cubito, 15. inde ad utrumque Latus, Manus, Dextera, 8. & Sinistra, 16.

The Loyns are next the Shoulders, with the Hips, 18. and in the Breech, the Buttocks, 19. Lumbi, 17. excipiunt Humeros, cum Coxis, 18. & in Podice, (culo) Nates, 19.

These make the Foot; the Thigh, 21. then the Leg, 23. (the Knee, being betwixt them, 22.) Absolvunt Pedem; Femur, 21. tum Crus, 23. (Genu, 22. intermedio.) in which is the Calf, 24. with the Shin, 25. then the Ankles, 26. in quo Sura, 24. cum Tilia, 25. abhinc Tali, 26. the Heel, 27. and the Sole, 28. in the very end, the great Toe, 29. with four (other) Toes. Calx, (Calcaneum) 27. & Solum, 28. in extremo Hallux, 29. cum quatuor Digitis.

XXXIX.

The Head and the Hand. Caput & Manus.

In the Head are the Hair, 1. (which is combed with a Comb, 2.) two Ears, 3. the Temples, 4. and the Face, 5. In Capite sunt Capillus, 1. (qui pectitur Pectine, 2.) Aures, 3. binæ, & Tempora, 4. Facies, 5.

In the Face are the Fore-head, 6. both the Eyes, 7. the Nose, 8. (with two Nostrils) In facie sunt Frons, 6. Oculus, 7. uterque, Nasus, 8. (cum duabus Naribus) the Mouth, 9. the Cheeks, 10. and the Chin, 13. Os, 9. Genæ, (Malæ) 10. & Mentum, 13.

The Mouth is fenced with a Mustacho, 11. and Lips, 12. A Tongue and a Palate, and Teeth, 16. in the Cheek-bone. Os septum est Mystace, 11. & Labiis, 12. Lingua cum Palato, Dentibus, 16. in Maxilla.

A Man’s Chin is covered with a Beard, 14. Mentum virile tegitur Barba, 14. and the Eye (in which is the White and the Apple) with eye-lids, and an eye-brow, 15. Oculos vero (in quo Albugo & Pupilla) palpæbris, & supercilio, 15.

The Hand being closed is a Fist, 17. being open is a Palm, 18. in the midst, is the hollow, 19. of the Hand. Manus contracta, Pugnus, 17. est aperta, Palma, 18. in medio Vola, 19. the extremity is the Thumb, 20. with four Fingers, the Fore-finger, 21. the Middle-finger, 22. the Ring-finger, 23. and the Little-finger, 24. extremitas, Pollex, 20. cum quatuor Digitis, Indice, 21. Medio, 22. Annulari, 23. & Auriculari, 24.

In every one are three joynts, a. b. c. and as many knuckles, d. e. f. with a Nail, 25. In quolibet sunt articuli tres, a. b. c. & totidem Condyli, d. e. f. cum Ungue, 25.

XL.

The Flesh and Bowels. Caro & Viscera.

In the Body are the Skin with the Membranes, the Flesh with the Muscles, In Corpore sunt Cutis cum Membranis, Caro cum Musculis, the Chanels, the Gristles, the Bones and the Bowels. Canales, Cartilagines, Ossa & Viscera.

The Skin, 1. being pull’d off, the Flesh, 2. appeareth, not in a continual lump, but being distributed, as it were in stuft puddings, Cute, 1. detractâ, Caro, 2. apparet, non continuâ massâ, sed distributa, tanquam in farcimina, which they call Muscles, whereof there are reckoned four hundred and five, being the Chanels of the Spirits, to move the Members. quos vocant Musculos, quorum numerantur quadringenti quinque, canales Spirituum, ad movendum Membra.

The Bowels are the inward Members: Viscera sunt Membra interna:

As in the Head, the Brains, 3. being compassed about with a Skull, and the Skin which covereth the Skull. Ut in Capite, Cerebrum, 3. circumdatum Cranio, & Pericranio.

In the Breast, the Heart, 4. covered with a thin Skin about it, and the Lungs, 5. breathing to and fro. In Pectore, Cor, 4. obvolutum Pericardio, & Pulmo, 5. respirans.

In the Belly, the Stomach, 6. and the Guts, 7. covered with a Caul. In Ventre, Ventriculus, 6. & Intestina, 7. obducta Omento. The Liver, 8. and in the left side opposite against it, the Milt, 9. the two Kidneys, 10. and the Bladder, 11. Jecur, (Hepar) 8. & à sinistro oppositus ei Lien, 9. duo Renes, 10. cum Vesica, 11.

The Breast is divided from the Belly by a thick Membrane, which is called the Mid-riff, 12. Pectus dividitur à Ventre crassâ Membranâ, quæ vocatur Diaphragma, 12.

XLI.

The Chanels and Bones. Canales & Ossa.

The Chanels of the Body are the Veins, carrying the Blood from the Liver; Canales Corporis sunt Venæ deferentes Sanguinem ex Hepate;

The Arteries (carrying) Heart and Life from the Heat; Arteriæ, Calorem & Vitam è Corde;

The Nerves (carrying) Sense and Motion throughout the Body from the Brain. Nervi, Sensum et Motum, per Corpus a Cerebro.

You shall find these three, 1. everywhere joined together. Invenies hæc tria, 1. ubique sociata.

Besides, from the Mouth into the Stomach is the Gullet, 2. the way of the meat and drink; Porrò, ab Ore in Ventriculum Gula, 2. via cibi ac potus; and by it to the Lights, the Wezand, 5. for breathing; & juxta hanc, ad Pulmonem Guttur, 5. pro respiratione; from the Stomach to the Anus is a great Intestine, 3. to purge out the Ordure; à ventriculo ad Anum Colon, 3. ad excernendum Stercus; from the Liver to the Bladder, the Ureter, 4. for making water. ab Hepate ad Vesicam, Ureter, 4. reddendæ urinæ.

The Bones are in the Head, the Skull, 6. the two Cheek-bones, 7. with thirty-two Teeth, 8. Ossa sunt in Capite, Calvaria, 6. duæ Maxillæ, 7. cum XXXII. Dentibus, 8.

Then the Back-bone, 9. the Pillar of the Body, consisting of thirty-four turning Joints, that the Body may bend it self. Tum, Spina dorsi, 9. columna Corporis, constans ex XXXIV. Vertebris, ut Corpus queat flectere se

The Ribs, 10. whereof there are twenty-four. Costæ, 10. quarum viginti quatuor.

The Breast-bone, 11. the two Shoulder-blades, 12. the Buttock-bone, 13. the bigger Bone in the Arm, 15. and the lesser Bone in the Arm. Os Pectoris, 11. duæ Scapulæ, 12. Os sessibuli, 13. Lacerti, 15. & Ulna.

The Thigh-bone, 14. the foremost, 16. and the hindmost Bone, in the Leg, 17. Tibia, 14. Fibula, 16. anterior, & posterior, 17.

The Bones of the Hand, 18. are thirty-four, and of the Foot, 19. thirty. Ossa Manûs, 18. sunt triginta quatuor, Pedis, 19. triginta.

The Marrow is in the Bones. Medulla est in Ossibus,

XLII.

The Outward and Inward Senses. Sensus externi & interni.

There are five outward Senses; Sunt quinque externi Sensus;

The Eye, 1. seeth Colours, what is white or black, green or blew, red or yellow. Oculus, 1. videt Colores, quid album vel atrum, viride vel cœruleum, rubrum aut luteum, sit.

The Ear, 2. heareth Sounds, both natural, Voices and Words; and artificial, Musical Tunes. Auris, 2. audit Sonos, tum naturales, Voces & Verba; tum artificiales, Tonos Musicos.

The Nose, 3. scenteth smells and stinks. Nasus, 3, olfacit odores & fœtores.

The Tongue, 4. with the roof of the Mouth tastes Savours, what is sweet or bitter, keen or biting, sower or harsh. Lingua, 4. cum Palato gustat Sapores, quid dulce aut amarum, acre aut acidum, acerbum aut austerum.

The Hand, 5. by touching discerneth the quantity and quality of things; Manus, 5. tangendo dignoscit quantitatem, & qualitatem rerum; the hot and cold, the moist and dry, the hard and soft, the smooth and rough, the heavy and light. calidum & frigidum, humidum & siccum, durum & molle, læve & asperum, grave & leve.

The inward Senses are three. Sensus interni sunt tres.

The Common Sense, 7. under the forepart of the head, apprehendeth things taken from the outward Senses. Sensus Communis, 7. sub sincipite apprehendit res perceptas a Sensibus externis.

The Phantasie, 6. under the crown of the head judgeth of those things, thinketh and dreameth, Phantasia, 6. sub vertice, dijudicat res istas, cogitat, somniat.

The Memory, 8. under the hinder part of the head, layeth up every thing and fetcheth them out: it loseth some, and this is forgetfulness. Memoria, 8. sub occipitio, recondit singula & depromit: deperdit quædam, & hoc est oblivio.

Sleep, is the rest of the Senses. Somnus, est requies Sensuum.

XLIII.

The Soul of Man. Anima hominis.

The Soul is the Life of the Body, one in the whole. Anima est vita corporis, una in toto.

Only Vegetative in Plants; Tantùm Vegetativa in Plantis;

Withal Sensitive in Animals; Simul Sensitiva in Animalibus;

And also rational in Men. Etiam Rationalis in Homine.

This consisteth in three things; Hæc consistet in tribus:

In the Understanding, whereby it judgeth and understandeth a thing good and evil, or true, or apparent. In Mente (Intellectu) quâ cognoscit, & intelligit, bonum ac malum, vel verum, vel apparens.

In the Will, whereby it chooseth, and desireth, or rejecteth, and misliketh a thing known. In Voluntate, quâ eligit, & concupiscit, aut rejicit, & aversatur cognitum.

In the Mind, whereby it pursueth the Good chosen or avoideth the Evil rejected. In Animo, quo prosequitur Bonum electum, vel fugit Malum rejectum.

Hence is Hope and Fear in the desire, and dislike. Hinc Spes & Timor, in cupidine, & aversatione:

Hence is Love and Joy, in the Fruition: Hinc Amor & Gaudium, in fruitione:

But Anger and Grief, in suffering. Sed Ira ac Dolor, in passione.

The true judgment of a thing is Knowledge; the false, is Error, Opinion and Suspicion. Vera cognitio rei, est Scientia; falsa, Error, Opinio, Suspicio.

XLIV.

Deformed and Monstrous People. Deformes & Monstrosi.

Monstrous and deformed People are those which differ in the Body from the ordinary shape, Monstrosi, & deformes sunt abeuntes corpore à communi formâ, as the huge Gyant, 1. the little Dwarf, 2. One with two Bodies, 3. One with two Heads, 4. and such like Monsters. ut sunt, immanis Gigas, nanus (Pumilio), 2. Bicorpor, 3. Biceps, 4. & id genus monstra.

Amongst these are reckoned, The jolt-headed, 5. The great nosed, 6. The blubber-lipped, 7. His accensentur, Capito, 5. Naso, 6. Labeo, 7. The blub-cheeked, 8. The goggle-eyed, 9. The wry-necked, 10. The great-throated, 11. Bucco, 8. Strabo, 9. Obstipus, 10. Strumosus, 11. The Crump-backed, 12. The Crump-footed, 13. The steeple-crowned, 15. add to these The Bald-pated, 14. Gibbosus, 12. Loripes, 13. Cilo, 15. adde Calvastrum, 14.

XLV.

The Dressing of Gardens. Hortorum cultura.

We have seen Man: Now let us go on to Man’s living, and to Handy-craft-Trades, which tend to it. Vidimus hominem: Jam pergamus ad Victum hominis, & ad Artes Mechanicas, quæ huc faciunt.

The first and most ancient sustenance, were the Fruits of the Earth. Primus & antiquissimus Victus, erant Fruges Terræ.

Hereupon the first labour of Adam, was the dressing of a garden. Hinc primus Labor Adami, Horti cultura.

The Gardener, 1. diggeth in a Garden-plot, with a Spade, 2. or Mattock, 3. Hortulanus (Olitor), 1. fodit in Viridario, Ligone, 2. aut Bipalio, 3. and maketh Beds, 4. and places wherein to plant Trees, 5. on which he setteth Seeds and Plants. facitque Pulvinos, 4. ac Plantaria, 5. quibus inserit Semina & Plantas.

The Tree-Gardener, 6. planteth Trees, 7. in an Orchard, and grafteth Cyons, 8. in Stocks, 9. Arborator, 6. plantat Arbores, 7. in Pomario, inseritque Surculos, 8. Viviradicibus, 9.

He fenceth his Garden, either by care, with a mound, 10. or a Stone-wall, 11. or a rail, 12. Sepit hortum vel Cura, Muro, 10. aut Macerie, 11. aut Vacerra, 12. or Pales, 13. or a Hedge, 14. made of Hedge-stakes, and bindings; aut Plancis, 13. aut Sepe, 14. flexâ è sudibus & vitilibus;

Or by Nature, with Brambles and Bryers, 15. Vel Natura Dumis & Vepribus, 15.

It is beautified with Walks, 16. and Galleries, 17. Ornatur Ambulacris, 16. & Pergulis, 17.

It is watered with Fountains, 18. and a Watering-pot, 19. Rigatur Fontanis, 18. & Harpagio, 19.

XLVI.

Husbandry. Agricultura.

The Plow-man, 1. yoketh Oxen, 3. to a Plough, 2. Arator, 1. jungit Boves, 3. Aratro, 2. and holding the Plow-stilt, 4. in his left hand, and the Plow-staff, 5. in his right hand, & tenens Stivam, 4. lævâ, Rallum, 5. dextrâ, with which he removeth Clods, 6. he cutteth the Land, (which was manured afore with Dung, 8.) quâ amovet Glebas, 6. scindit terram (stercoratam antea Fimo, 8.) with a Share, 7. and a Coulter, and maketh furrows, 9. Vomere, 7. et Dentali, facitque Sulcos, 9.

Then he soweth the Seed, 10. and harroweth it in with a Harrow, 11. Tum seminat Semen, 10. & inoccat Occâ, 11.

The Reaper, 12. sheareth the ripe corn with a Sickle, 13. gathereth up the handfuls, 14. and bindeth the Sheaves, 15. Messor, 12. metit fruges maturas Falce messoris, 13. colligit Manipulos, 14. & colligat Mergetes, 15.

The Thrasher, 16. thrasheth Corn on the Barn-floor, 17. with a Flayl, 18. Tritor, 16. triturat frumentum in Area Horrei, 17. Flagello (tribula), 18. tosseth it in a winnowing-basket, 19. and so when the Chaff, and the Straw, 20. are separated from it, he putteth it into Sacks, 12. jactat ventilabro, 19. atque ita Paleâ & Stramine, 20. separatâ, congerit in Saccos, 21.

The Mower, 22. maketh Hay in a Meadow, cutting down Grass with a Sithe, 23. Fœniseca, 22. facit Fœnum in Prato, desecans Gramen Falce fœnaria, 23. and raketh it together with a Rake, 24. and maketh up Cocks, 26. with a fork, 25, and carrieth it on Carriages, 27. into the Hay-barn, 28. corraditque Rastro, 24. componit Acervos, 26. Furca, 25. & convehit Vehibus, 27. in Fœnile, 28.

XLVII.

Grasing. Pecuaria.

Tillage of ground, and keeping Cattle, was in old time the care of Kings and Noble-men; at this Day only of the meanest sort of People, Cultus Agrorum, & res pecuaria, antiquissimis temporibus, erat cura Regum, Heroum; hodie tantum infirmæ Plebis,

The Neat-heard, 1. calleth out the Heards, 2. out of the Beast-houses, 3. with a Horn, 4. and driveth them to feed. Bubulcus, 1. evocat Armenta, 2. è Bovilibus, 3. Buccina (Cornu), 4, & ducit pastum.

The Shepherd, 5. feedeth his Flock, 6. being furnished with a Pipe, 7. and a Scrip, 8. and a Sheep-hook, 9. Opilio (Pastor), 5. pascit Gregem, 6. instructus Fistula, 7. & Pera, 8. ut & Pedo, 9. having with him a great Dog, 10. fenced with a Collar, 11. against the Wolves. habens secum Molossum, 10. munitum Millo, 11. contra Lupos.

Swine, 12. are fed out of a Swine-Trough. Sues, 12. saginantur ex aqualiculo haræ.

The Farmer’s Wife, 13. milketh the Udders of the Cow, 15. at the Cratch, 15. over a milk-pale, 16. Villica, 13. mulget Ubera vaccæ, 14. ad Præsepe, 15. super mulctra, 16. and maketh Butter of Cream in a Churn, 17. and Cheeses, 18. of Curds. et facit Butyrum è flore lactis, in Vase butyraceo, 17. et Caseos, 18. è Coagulo.

The Wool, 19. is shorn from Sheep, whereof several Garments are made. Lana, 19. detondetur Ovibus, ex quà variæ Vestes conficiuntur.

XLVIII.

The making of Honey. Mellificium.

The Bees send out a swarm, 1. and set over it a Leader, 2. Apes emittunt Examen, 1. adduntque illi Ducem (Regem), 2.

That swarm being ready to fly away is recalled by the Tinkling of a brazen Vessel, 3. and is put up into a new Hive, 4. Examen illud, avolaturum, revocatur tinnitu Vasis ænei, 3. & includitur novo Alveari, 4.

They make little Cells with six corners, 5. and fill them with Honey-dew, and make Combs, 6. out of which the Honey runneth, 7. Struunt Cellulas sexangulares, 5. et complent eas Melligine, & faciunt Favos, 6. è quibus Mel effluit, 7.

The Partitions being melted by fire, turn into Wax, 8. Crates liquati igne abeunt in Ceram, 8.

XLIX.

Grinding. Molitura.

In a Mill, 1. a Stone, 2. runneth upon a stone, 3. In Mola, Lapis, 2. currit super lapidem, 3,

A Wheel, 4. turning them about and grindeth Corn poured in by a Hopper, 5. Rota, 4. circumagente, et conterit grana infusa per Infundibulum, 5. and parteth the Bran, 6. falling into the Trough, 7. from the Meal slipping through a Bolter, 8. separatque Furfurem, 6. decidentem in Cistam, 7. à Farina (Polline) elabente per Excussorium, 8.

Such a Mill was first a Hand-mill, 9. then a Horse-mill, 10. then a Water-mill, 11. then a Ship-mill, 12. and at last a Wind-mill, 13. Talis Mola primùm fuit Manuaria, 9. deinde Jumentaria, 10. tum Aquatica, 11. & Navalis, 12. tandem, Alata (pneumatica), 13.

L.

Bread-baking. Panificium.

The Baker, 1. sifteth the Meal in a Rindge, 2. and putteth it into the Kneading-trough, 3. Pistor, 1. cernit Farinam Cribo, 2. (pollinario) & indit Mactræ, 3.

Then he poureth water to it and maketh Dough, 4. and kneadeth it with a wooden slice, 5. Tum affundit aquam, & facit Massam, 4. depsitque spatha, 5. ligneâ.

Then he maketh Loaves, 6. Cakes, 7. Cimnels, 8. Rolls, 9, &c. Dein format Panes, 6. Placentas, 7. Similas, 8. Spiras, 9. &c.

Afterwards he setteth them on a Peel, 10. and putteth them thorow the Oven-mouth, 12. into the Oven, 11. Post imponit Palæ, 10. & ingerit Furno, 11. per Præfurnium, 12.

But first he pulleth out the fire and the Coals with a Coal-rake, 13. which he layeth on a heap underneath, 14. Sed priùs eruit ignem & Carbones Rutabulo, 13. quos congerit infra, 14.

And thus is Bread baked, having the Crust without, 15. and the Crumb within, 16. Et sic Panis pinsitur habens extra Crustam, 15. intus Micam, 16.

LI.

Fishing. Piscatio.

The Fisher-man, 1. catcheth fish, either on the Shoar, with an Hook, 2. Piscator, 1. captat pisces, sive in littore, Hamo, 2. which hangeth by a Line from the angling-rod, on which the Bait sticketh; qui pendet filo ab arundine, & cui Esca inhæret; or with a Cleek-net, 3. which hangeth on a Pole, 4. is put into the Water; sive Fundâ, 3. quæ pendens Pertica, 4. immittitur aquæ; or in a Boat, 5. with a Trammel-net, 6. or with a Wheel, 7. which is laid in the Water by Night. sive in Cymba, 5. Reti, 6. sive Nassa, 7. quæ demergitur per Noctem.

LII.

Fowling. Aucupium.

The Fowler, 1. maketh a Bed, 2, spreadeth a Bird-net, 3. throweth a Bait, 4. upon it, Auceps, 1. exstruit Aream, 2. superstruit illi Rete aucupatorium, 3. obsipat Escam, 4. and hiding himself in a Hut, 5. he allureth Birds, by the chirping of Lurebirds, which partly hop upon the Bed, 6. and are partly shut in Cages, 7. & abdens se in Latibulo, 5. allicit Aves, cantu Illicum, qui partim in Area currunt, 6. partim inclusi sunt Caveis, 7. and thus he entangleth Birds that fly over, in his net whilst they settle themselves down. atque ita obruit transvolantes Aves Reti, dum se demittunt:

Or he setteth Snares, 8. on which they hang and strangle themselves: Aut tendit Tendiculas, 8. quibus suspendunt & suffocant seipsas:

Or setteth Lime-twigs, 9. on a Perch, 10. Aut exponit Viscatos calamos, 9. Amiti, 10. upon which if they sit they enwrap their Feathers, so that they cannot fly away, and fall down to the ground. quibus si insident, implicant pennas, ut nequeant avolare, & decidunt in terram.

Or he catcheth them with a Pole, 11. or a Pit-fall, 12. Aut captat Perticâ, 11. vel Decipulâ, 12.

LIII.

Hunting. Venatus.

The Hunter, 1. hunteth wild Beasts whilst he besetteth a Wood with Toyls, 2. stretched out upon Shoars, 3. Venator, 1. venatur Feras, dum cingit Sylvam, Cassibus, 2. tentis super Varos, 3. (furcillas.)

The Beagle, 4. tracketh the wild Beast or findeth him out by the scent; the Tumbler, or Greyhound, 5. pursueth it. Canis sagax, 4. vestigat Feram, aut indagat odoratu; Vertagus, 5. persequitur.

The Wolf, falleth in a Pit, 6. the Stag, 7. as he runneth away, into Toyls. Lupus, incidit in Foveam, 6. fugiens Cervus, 7. in Plagas.

The Boar, 8. is struck through with a Hunting-spear, 9. Aper, 8. transverberatur Venabulo, 9.

The Bear, 10. is bitten by Dogs, and is knocked with a Club, 11. Ursus, 10. mordetur à Canibus, & tunditur Clavâ, 11.

If any thing get away, it escapeth, 12. as here a Hare and a Fox. Si quid effugit, evadit, 12. ut hic Lepus & Vulpes.

LIV.

Butchery. Lanionia.

The Butcher, 1. killeth fat Cattle, 2. (The Lean, 3. are not fit to eat.) Lanio, 1. mactat Pecudem altilem, 2. (Vescula, 3. non sunt vescenda.)

He knocketh them down with an Ax, 4. or cutteth their Throat. with a Slaughter-knife, 5. Prosternit Clavâ, 4. vel jugulat. Cunaculo, 5. he flayeth them, 6. and cutteth them in pieces, and hangeth out the flesh to sell in the Shambles, 7. excoriat (deglubit,) 6. dissecatque & exponit carnes, venum in Macello, 7.

He dresseth a Swine, 8. with fire or scalding water, 9. and maketh Gamons, 10. Pistils, 11. and Flitches, 12. Glabrat Suem, 8. igne, vel aquâ fervidâ, 9. & facit Pernas, 10. Petasones, 11. & Succidias, 12.

Besides several Puddings, Chitterlings, 13. Bloodings, 14. Liverings, 15. Sausages, 16. Prætereà Farcimina varia, Faliscos, 13. Apexabones, 14. Tomacula, 15. Botulos, (Lucanicas) 16.

The Fat, 17. and Tallow, 18. are melted. Adeps, 17. & Sebum, 18. eliquantur.

LV.

Cookery. Coquinaria.

The Yeoman of the Larder, 1. bringeth forth Provision, 2. out of the Larder, 3. Promus Condus, 1. profert Obsonia, 2. è Penu, 3.

The Cook, 4. taketh them and maketh several Meats. Coquus, 4. accipit ea & coquit varia Esculenta.

He first pulleth off the Feathers and draweth the Gutts out of the Birds, 5. Prius deplumat, & exenterat Aves, 5.

He scaleth and splitteth Fish, 6. Desquamat & exdorsuat Pisces, 6.

He draweth some flesh with Lard, by means of a Larding-needle, 7. Trajectat quasdem carnes Lardo, ope Creacentri, 7.

He caseth Hares, 8. then he boileth them in Pots, 9. and Kettles, 10. on the Hearth, 11. and scummeth them with a Scummer, 12. Lepores, 8. exuit, tum elixat Ollis, 9. & Cacabis, 10. in Foco, 11. & despumat Lingula, 12.

He seasoneth things that are boyled with Spices, which he poundeth with a Pestil, 14. in a Morter, 13. or grateth with a Grater, 15. Condit elixata, Aromatibus, quæ comminuit Pistillo, 14. in Mortario, 13. aut terit Radulâ, 15.

He roasteth some on Spits, 16. and with a Jack, 17. or upon a Grid-iron, 18. Quædam assat Verubus, 16. & Automato, 17. vel super Craticulum, 18.

Or fryeth them in a Frying-pan, 19. upon a Brand-iron, 20. Vel frigit Sartagine, 19. super Tripodem, 20.

Kitchen utensils besides are, a Coal-rake, 21. a Chafing-dish, 22. Vasa Coquinaria præterea sunt, Rutabulum, 21. Foculus (Ignitabulum), 22. a Trey, 23. (in which Dishes, 24. and Platters, 25. are washed), Trua, 23. (in quà Catini, 24. & Patinæ, 25. eluuntur) a pair of Tongs, 26. a Shredding-knife, 27. a Colander, 28. a Basket, 29. and a Besom, 30. Forceps, 26. Culter incisorius, 27. Qualus, 28. Corbis, 29. & Scopa, 30.

LVI.

The Vintage. Vindemia.

Wine groweth in the Vine-yard, 1. where Vines are propagated Vinum crescit in Vinea, 1. ubi Vites propagantur, and tyed with Twigs to Trees, 2. or to Props, 3. or Frames, 4. & alligantur viminibus ad Arbores, 2. vel ad Palos (ridicas), 3. vel ad Juga, 4

When the time of Grape-gathering is come, they cut off the Bunches, and carry them in Measures of three Bushels, 5. Cùm tempus vindemiandi adest, abscindunt Botros, & comportant Trimodiis, 5. and throw them into a Vat, 6. and tread them with their Feet, 7. or stamp them with a Wooden-Pestil, 8. conjiciuntque in Lacum, 6. calcant Pedibus, 7. aut tundunt Ligneo Pilo, 8. and squeeze out the juice in a Wine-press, 9. which is called Must, 11. & exprimunt succum Torculari, 9. qui dicitur Mustum, 11. and being received in a great Tub, 10. it is poured into Hogsheads, 12. & exceptum Orcâ, 10. infunditur Vasis (Doliis), 12. it is stopped up, 15. and being laid close in Cellars upon Settles, 14. it becometh Wine. operculatur, 15. & abditum in Cellis, super Cantherios, 14. abit in Vinum.

It is drawn out of the Hogshead, with a Cock, 13. or Faucet, 16. (in which is a Spigot) the Vessel being unbunged. Promitur e Dolio Siphone, 13. aut Tubulo, 16. (in quo est Epistomium) Vase relito.

LVII.

Brewing. Zythopœia.

Where Wine is not to be had they drink Beer, Ubi Vinum non habetur, bibitur Cerevisia (Zythus), which is brewed of Malt, 1. and Hops, 2. in a Caldron, 3. quæ coquitur ex Byne, 1. & Lupulo, 2. in Aheno, 3. afterwards it is poured into Vats, 4. and when it is cold, it is carried in Soes, 5. into the Cellar, 6. and is put into Vessels. post effunditur in Lacus, 4. & frigefactum. defertur Labris, 5. in Cellaria, 6. & intunditur vasibus.

Brandy-wine, extracted by the power of heat from dregs of Wine in a Pan, 7. Vinum sublimatum, extractum vi Caloris e fecibus Vini in Aheno, 7. over which a Limbeck, 8. is placed, droppeth through a Pipe, 9. into a Glass. cui Alembicum, 8. superimpositum est. destillat per Tubum, 9. in Vitrum.

Wine and Beer when they turn sowre, become Vinegar. Vinum & Cerevisia, cum acescunt, fiunt Acetum.

Of Wine and Honey they make Mead. Ex Vino & Melle faciunt Mulsum.

LVIII.

A Feast. Convivium.

When a Feast is made ready, the table is covered with a Carpet, 1. and a Table-cloth, 2. Cum Convivium apparatur, Mensa sternitur Tapetibus, 1. & Mappa, 2. by the Waiters, who besides lay the Trenchers, 3. Spoons, 4. Knives, 5. à Tricliniariis, qui prætereà opponunt Discos (Orbes), 3. Cochlearia, 4. Cultros, 5. with little Forks, 6. Table-napkins, 7. Bread, 8. with a Salt-seller, 9. cum Fuscinulis, 6. Mappulas, 7. Panem, 8. cum Salino, 9.

Messes are brought in Platters, 10. a Pie, 19. on a Plate. Fercula inferuntur in Patinis, 10. Artocrea, 19. in Lance.

The Guests being brought in by the Host, 11. wash their Hands out of a Laver, 12. or Ewer, 14. Convivæ introducti ab Hospite, 11. abluunt manus è Gutturnio, 12. vel Aquali, 14. over a Hand-basin, 13. or Bowl, 15. and wipe them on a Hand-towel, 16. super Malluvium, 13. aut Pelvim, 15. terguntque Mantili, 16. then they sit at the Table on Chairs, 17. tum assident Mensæ per Sedilia, 17.

The Carver, 18. breaketh up the good Cheer, and divideth it. Structor, 18. deartuat dapes, & distribuit.

Sauces are set amongst Roast-meat, in Sawcers, 20. Embammata interponuntur Assutaris in Scutellis, 20.

The Butler, 21. filleth strong Wine out of a Cruise, 25. or Wine-pot, 26. or Flagon, 27. Pincerna, 21. infundit Temetum, ex Urceo, 25. vel Cantharo, 26. vel Lagena, 27. into Cups, 22. or Glasses, 23. which stand on a Cupboard, 24. in Pocula, 22. vel Vitrea, 23. quæ extant in abaco, 24. and he reacheth them to the Master of the Feast, 28. who drinketh to his Guests. & porrigit, Convivatori, 28. qui propinat Hospitibus.

LIX.

The Dressing of Line. Tractatio Lini.

Line and Hemp being rated in water, and dryed again, 1. Linum & Cannabis, macerata aquis, et siccata rursum, 1. are braked with a wooden Brake, 2. where the Shives, 3. fall down, contunduntur Frangibulo ligneo, 2. ubi Cortices, 3. decidunt then they are heckled with an Iron Heckle, 4. where the Tow, 5. is parted from it. tum carminantur Carmine ferreo, 4. ubi Stupa, 5. separatur.

Flax is tyed to a Distaff, 6. by the Spinster, 7. Linum purum alligatur Colo, 6. à Netrice, 7. which with her left hand pulleth out the Thread, 8. and with her right hand turneth a Wheel, 9. quæ sinistra trahit Filum, 8. dexterâ, 12. Rhombum (girgillum), 9. or a Spindle, 10. upon which is a Wharl, 11. vel Fusum, 10. in quo Verticillus, 11.

The Spool receiveth the Thread, 13. which is drawn thence upon a Yarn-windle, 14. Volva accipit Fila, 13. inde deducuntur in Alabrum, 14. hence either Clews, 15. are wound up, or Hanks, 16. are made. hinc vel Glomi, 15. glomerantur, vel Fasciculi, 16. fiunt.

LX.

Weaving. Textura.

The Webster undoeth the Clews, 1. into Warp, Textor diducit Glomos, 1. in Stamen, and wrappeth it about the Beam, 2. and as he sitteth in his Loom, 3. he treadeth upon the Treddles, 4. with his Feet. & circumvolvit Jugo, 2. ac sedens in Textrino, 3. calcat Insilia, 4. pedibus.

He divideth the Warp, 5. with Yarn. and throweth the Shuttle, 6. through, Diducit Stamen, 5. Liciis, & trajicit Radium, 6. in which is the Woofe, and striketh it close. with the Sley, 7. and so maketh Linen cloth, 8. in quo est Trama, ac densat. Pectine, 7. atque ita conficit Linteum, 8.

So also the Clothier maketh Cloth of Wool. Sic etiam Pannifex facit Pannum è Lana.

LXI.

Linen Cloths. Lintea.

Linnen-webs are bleached in the Sun, 1. with Water poured on them, 2. till they be white. Linteamina insolantur, 1. aquâ perfusâ, 2. donec candefiant.

Of them the Sempster, 3. soweth Shirts, 4. Handkirchers, 5. Bands, 6. Caps, &c. Ex iis Sartrix, 3. suit Indusia, 4. Muccinia, 5. Collaria, 6. Capitia, &c.

These if they be fouled, are washed again by the Laundress, 7. in water, or Lye and Sope. Haec, si sordidentur lavantur rursum, a Lotrice, 7. aquâ, sive Lixivio ac Sapone.

LXII.

The Taylor. Sartor.

The Taylor, 1. cutteth Cloth, 2. with Shears, 3. Sartor, 1. discindit Pannum, 2. Forfice, 3. and seweth it together with a Needle and double thread, consuitque Acu & Filo duplicato, 4.

Then he presseth the Seams with a Pressing-iron, 5. Posteâ complanat Suturas Ferramento, 5.

And thus he maketh Coats, 6. with Plaits, 7. in which the Border, 8. is below with Laces, 9. Sicque conficit Tunicas, 6. Plicatas, 7. in quibus infra est Fimbria, 8. cum Institis, 9.

Cloaks, 10. with a Cape, 11. and Sleeve Coats, 12. Pallia, 10. cum Patagio, 11. & Togas Manicatas, 12.

Doublets, 13. with Buttons, 14. and Cuffs, 15. Thoraces, 13. cum Globulis, 14. & Manicis, 15.

Breeches, 16. sometimes with Ribbons, 17. Caligas, 16. aliquando cum Lemniscis, 17.

Stockins, 18. Tibialia, 18.

Gloves, 19. Muntero Caps, 20. &c. Chirothecas, 19. Amiculum, 20. &c.

So the Furrier maketh Furred Garments of Furs. Sic Pellio facit Pellicia è Pellibus.

LXIII.

The Shoemaker. Sutor.

The Shoemaker, 1. maketh Slippers, 7. Sutor, 1. conficit Crepidas (Sandalia,) 7. Shoes, 8. (in which is seen above, the Upper-leather, beneath the Sole, and on both sides the Latchets) Calceos, 8. (in quibus spectatur superne Obstragulum, inferne Solea, et utrinque Ansæ) Boots, 9. and High Shoes, 10. of Leather, 5. (which is cut with a Cutting-knife), 6. Ocreas, 9. et Perones, 10. e Corio, 5. (quod discinditur Scalpro Sutorio, 6.) by means of an Awl, 2. and Lingel, 3. upon a Last, 4. ope Subulæ, 2. et Fili picati, 3. super Modum, 4.

LXIV.

The Carpenter. Faber lignarius.

We have seen Man’s food and clothing: now his Dwelling followeth. Hominis victum & amictum, vidimus: sequitur nunc Domicilium ejus.

At first they dwelt in Caves, 1. then in Booths or Huts, 2. and then again in Tents, 3. at the last in Houses. Primò habitabant in Specubus, 1. deinde in Tabernaculis vel Tuguriis, 2. tum etiam in Tentoriis, 3. demum in Domibus.

The Woodman felleth and heweth down Trees, 5. with an Ax, 4. the Boughs, 6. remaining. Lignator sternit & truncat Arbores, 5. Securi, 4. remanentibus Sarmentis, 6.

He cleaveth Knotty Wood with a Wedge, 7. which he forceth in with a Beetle, 8. and maketh Wood-stacks, 9. Findit Nodosum, Lignum Cuneo, 7. quem adigit Tudite, 8. & componit Strues, 9.

The Carpenter squareth Timber with a Chip-Ax, 10. Faber Lignarius ascit Ascia, 10. Materiem, whence Chips, 11. fall, and saweth it with a Saw, 12. where the Saw-dust, 13. falleth down. unde Assulæ, 11. cadunt, & serrat Serrâ, 12. ubi Scobs, 13. decidit.

Afterwards he lifteth the Beam upon Tressels, 14. Post elevat Tignum super Canterios, 14· by the help of a Pully, 15. fasteneth it with Cramp-irons, 16. and marketh it out with a Line, 17. ope Trochleæ, 15. affigit Ansis, 16. & lineat Amussi, 17.

Thus he frameth the Walls together, 18. and fasteneth the great pieces with Pins, 19. Tum compaginat Parietes, 18. & configit trabes Clavis trabalibus, 19.

LXV.

The Mason. Faber Murarius,

The Mason, 1. layeth a Foundation, and buildeth Walls, 2. Faber Murarius, 1. ponit Fundamentum, & struit Muros, 2.

Either of Stones which the Stone-digger getteth out of the Quarry, 3. and the Stone-cutter, 4. squareth by a Rule, 5. Sive è Lapidibus, quos Lapidarius eruit in Lapicidina, 3. & Latomus, 4. conquadrat ad Normam, 5.

Or of Bricks, 6. which are made of Sand and Clay steeped in water, and are burned in fire. Sive è Lateribus, 6. qui formantur, ex Arena & Luto, aquâ intritis & excoquuntur igne.

Afterwards he plaistereth it with Lime, by means of a Trowel, and garnisheth with a Rough-cast, 8. Dein crustat Calce, ope Trullæ, 7. & vestit Tectorio, 8.

LXVI.

Engines. Machinæ.

One can carry as much by thrusting a Wheel-barrow, 3. before him, (having an Harness, 4. hanging on his neck,) Unus potest ferre tantum trudendo Pabonem, 3. ante se, (Ærumna, Suspensâ a Collo) as two men can carry on a Colestaff, 1. or Hand-barrow, 2. quantum duo possunt ferre Palangâ, vel Feretro, 2.

But he can do more that rolleth a Weight laid upon Rollers, 6. with a Leaver, 5. Plus autem potest qui provolvit Molem impositam Phalangis (Cylindris, 6.) Vecte, 5.

A Wind-beam, 7. is a post, which is turned by going about it. Ergata, 7. est columella, quæ versatur circumeundo.

A Crane, 8. hath a Hollow-wheel, in which one walking draweth weights out of a Ship, or letteth them down into a Ship. Geranium, 8. habet Tympanum, cui inambulans quis extrahit pondera navi, aut demittit in navem.

A Rammer, 9. is used to fasten Piles, 10. Fistuca, 9. adhibetur ad pangendum Sublicas, 10. it is lifted with a Rope drawn by Pullies, 11. or with hands. if it have handles, 12. adtollitur Fune tracto per Trochleas, 11. vel manibus, si habet ansas, 12.

LXVII.

A House. Domus.

The Porch, 1. is before the Door of the House. Vestibulum, 1. est ante Januam Domûs.

The Door hath a Threshold, 2. and a Lintel, 3. and Posts, 4. on both sides. Janua habet Limen, 2. & Superliminare, 3. & Postes, 4. utrinque.

The Hinges, 5. are upon the right hand, upon which the Doors, 6. hang, Cardines, 5. sunt a dextris, à quibus pendent Fores, 6. the Latch, 7. and the Bolt, 8. are on the left hand. Claustrum, 7. aut Pessulus, 8. a sinistris.

Before the House is a Fore-court, 9. with a Pavement of square stones, 10. Sub ædibus est Cavædium, 9. Pavimento Tessellato, 10. born up with Pillars, 11. in which is the Chapiter, 12. and the Base, 13. fulcitum Columnis, 11. in quibus Peristylium, 12. & Basis, 13.

They go up into the upper Stories by Greeses, 14. and Winding-stairs, 15. Ascenditur in superiores contignationes per Scalas, 14. & Cochlidia, 15.

The Windows, 16. appear on the outside, Fenestræ, 16. apparent extrinsecus, and the Grates, 17. the Galleries, 18. the Watertables, 19. the Butteresses, 20. to bear up the walls. & Cancelli (clathra), 17. Pergulæ, 18. Suggrundia, 19. & Fulcra, 20. fulciendis muris.

On the top is the Roof, 21. covered with Tyles, 22. or Shingles, 23. which lie upon Laths, 24. and these upon Rafters, 25. In summo est Tectum, 21. contectum Imbricibus (tegulis), 22. vel Scandulis, 23. quæ incumbunt Tigillis, 24. hæc Tignis, 25.

The Eaves, 26. adhere to the Roof. Tecto adhæret Stillicidium, 26.

The place without a Roof is called an open Gallery, 27. Locus sine Tecto dicitur Subdiale, 27.

In the Roof are Jettings out, 28. and Pinnacles, 29. In Tecto sunt Meniana, 28. & Coronides, 29.

LXVIII.

A Mine. Metallifodina.

Miners, 1. go into the Grave, 2. by a Stick, 3. or by Ladders, 4. with Lanthorns, 5. Metalli fossores, 1. ingrediuntur Puteum fodinæ, 2. Bacillo, 3. sive Gradibus, 4. cum Lucernis, 5. and dig out with a Pick, 6. the Oar, which being put in Baskets, 7. is drawn out with a Rope, 8. by means of a Turn, 9. & effodiunt Ligone, 6. terram Metallicam, quæ imposita Corbibus, 7. extrahitur Fune, 8. ope Machinæ tractoriæ, 9. and is carried to the Melting-house, 10. where it is forced with fire, that the Metal may run out, 12. & defertur in Ustrinam, 10. ubi urgetur igne, ut Metallum, 12. profluat the Dross, 11. is thrown aside. Scoriæ, 11. abjiciuntur seorsim.

LXIX.

The Blacksmith. Faber Ferrarius.

The Blacksmith, 1. in his Smithy (or Forge), 2. bloweth the fire Faber ferrarius, 1. in Ustrina (Fabricâ), 2. inflat ignem with a pair of Bellows, 3. which he bloweth with his Feet, 4. and so heateth the Iron: Folle, 3. quem adtollit Pede, 4. atq; ita candefacit Ferrum:

And then he taketh it out with the Tongs, 5. layeth it upon the Anvile, 6. and striketh it with an Hammer, 7. where the sparks, 8. fly off. Deinde eximit Forcipe, 5. imponit Incudi, 6. & cudit Malleo, 7. ubi Stricturæ, 8. exiliunt.

And thus are hammer’d out, Nails, 9. Horse-shoes, 10. Cart-strakes, 11. Chains, 12. Et sic excuduntur, Clavi, 9. Solea, 10. Canthi, 11. Catenæ, 12. Plates, Locks and Keys, Hinges, &c. Laminæ, Seræ cum Clavibus, Cardines, &c.

He quencheth hot Irons in a Cool-trough. Restinguit cadentia, Ferramenta in Lacu.

LXX.

The Box-maker and the Turner. Scrinarius & Tornator.

The Box-maker, 1. smootheth hewen Boards, 2. with a Plain, 3. upon a work-board, 4. Arcularius, 1. edolat Asseres, 2. Runcina, 3. in Tabula, 4. he maketh them very smooth with a little-plain, 5. he boreth them thorow with an Augre, 6. deplanat Planula, 5. perforat (terebrat) Terebra, 6. carveth them with a Knife, 7. fasteneth them together with Glew and Cramp-Irons, 8. sculpit Cultro, 7. combinat Glutine & Subscudibus, 8. and maketh Tables, 9. Boards, 10. Chests, 11. &c. & facit Tabulas, 9. Mensas, 10. Arcus (Cistas), 11. &c.

The Turner, 12. sitting over the Treddle, 13. turneth with a Throw, 15. upon a Turner’s Bench, 14. Tornio, 12. sedens in Insili, 13. tornat Torno, 15. super Scamno Tornatorio, 14. Bowls, 16. Tops, 17, Puppets, 18. and such like Turners Work. Globos, 16. Conos, 17. Icunculas, 18. & similia Toreumata.

LXXI.

The Potter. Figulus.

The Potter, 1. sitting over a Wheel, 2. maketh Pots, 4. Pitchers, 5. Pipkins, 6. Figulus, 1. sedens super Rota, 2. format Ollas, 4. Urceos, 5. Tripodes, 6. Platters, 7. Pudding-pans, 8. Juggs, 9. Lids, 10. &c. of Potter’s Clay, 3. Patinas, 7. Vasa testacea, 8. Fidelias, 9. Opercula, 10. &c. ex Argillâ, 3. afterwards he baketh them in an Oven, 11. and glazeth them with White Lead. postea excoquit in Furno, 11. & incrustat Lithargyro.

A broken Pot affordeth Pot-sheards, 1 Fracta Olla dat Testas, 12.

LXXII.

The Parts of a House. Partes Domus.

A House is divided into inner Rooms, such as are the Entry, 1. Domus distinguitur in Conclavia, ut sunt Atrium, 1. the Stove, 2. the Kitchen, 3. the Buttery, 4. the Dining Room, 5. Hypocaustum, 2. Culina, 3. Cella Penuaria, 4. Cœnaculum, 5. the Gallery, 6. the Bed Chamber, 7. with a Privy, 8. made by it. Camera, 6. Cubiculum, 7. cum Secessu (Latrina), 8. adstructo.

Baskets, 9. are of use for carrying things. and Chests, 10. (which are made fast with a Key, 11.) for keeping them. Corbes, 9. inserviunt rebus transferendis, Arcæ, 10. (quæ Clavâ, 11. recluduntur) adservandis illis.

Under the Roof, is the Floor, 12. Sub Tecto, est Solum (Pavimentum), 12.

In the Yard, 13. is a Well, 14. a Stable, 15. and a Bath, 16. In Area, 13. Puteus, 14. Stabulum, 15. cum Balneo, 16.

Under the House is the Cellar, 17. Sub Domo est Cella, 17.

LXXIII.

The Stove with the Bed-room. Hypocaustum cum Dormitorio.

The Stove, 1. is beautified with an Arched Roof, 2. and wainscoted Walls, 3. Hypocaustum, 1. ornatur Laqueari, 2. & tabulatis Parietibus, 3.

It is enlightened with Windows, 4. Illuminatur Fenestris, 4.

It is heated with an Oven, 5. Calefit Fornace, 5.

Its Utensils are Benches, 6. Stools, 7. Tables, 8. Ejus Utensilia sunt Scamna, 6. Sellæ, 7. Mensæ, 8. with Tressels, 9. Footstools, 10. and Cushions, 11. cum Fulcris, 9. ac Scabellis, 10. & Culcitris, 11.

There are also Tapestries hanged, 12. Appenduntur etiam Tapetes, 12.

For soft lodging in a Sleeping-room, 13. there is a Bed, 14. Pro levi cubatu, in Dormitorio, 13. est Lectus, (Cubile) 14. spread on a Bed-sted, 15. upon a Straw-pad, 16. with Sheets, 17. and Cover-lids, 18. stratus in Sponda, 15. super Stramentum, 16. cum Lodicibus, 17. & Stragulis, 18.

The Bolster, 19. is under ones head. Cervical, 19. est sub capite.

The Bed is covered with a Canopy, 20. Canopeo, 20. Lectus tegitur.

A Chamber-pot, 21. is for making water in. Matula, 21. est vesicæ levandæ.

LXXIV.

Wells. Putei.

Where Springs are wanting, Wells, 1. are digged. and they are compassed about with a Brandrith, 2. lest any one fall in. Ubi Fontes deficiunt, Putei, 1. effodiuntur, & circumdantur Crepidine, 2. ne quis incidat.

Thence is water drawn with Buckets, 3. hanging either at a Pole, 4. or a Rope, 5. or a Chain, 6. Inde aqua hauritur Urnis (situlis), 3. pendentibus vel Pertica, 4. vel Fune, 5. vel Catena, 6. and that either by a Swipe, 7. or a Windle, 8. or a Turn, 9. idque aut Tollenone, 7. aut Girgillo, 8. aut Cylindro, 9. with a Handle or a Wheel, 10. or to conclude, by a Pump, 11. Manubriato. aut Rota (tympano), 10. aut denique Antliâ, 11.

LXXV.

The Bath. Balneum.

He that desireth to be wash’d in cold water, goeth down into a River, 1. Qui cupit lavari aquâ frigidâ, descendit in Fluvium, 1.

In a Bathing-house, 2. we wash off the filth either sitting in a Tub, 3. In Balneario, 2. abluimus squalores, sive sedentes in Labro, 3. or going up into the Hot-house, 4. and we are rubbed with a Pumice-stone, 6. or a Hair-cloth, 5. sive conscendentes in Sudatorium, 4. & defricamur Pumice, 6. aut Cilicio, 5.

In the Stripping-room, 7. we put off our clothes, and are tyed about with an Apron, 8. In Apodyterio, 7. exuimus Vestes, & præcingimur Castula (Subligari), 8.

We cover our Head with a Cap, 9. and put our feet into a Bason, 10. Tegimus caput Pileolo, 9. & imponimus pedes Telluvio, 10.

The Bath-woman, 11. reacheth water in a Bucket, 12. drawn out of the Trough, 13. into which it runneth out of Pipes, 14. Balneatrix, 11. ministrat aquam Situla, 12. haustam ex Alveo, 13. in quem defluit è Canalibus, 14.

The Bath-keeper, 15. lanceth with a Lancet, 16. Balneator, 15. scarificat Scalpro, 16. and by applying Cupping-glasses, 17. he draweth the Blood betwixt the skin and the flesh, which he wipeth away with a Spunge, 18. & applicando Cucurbitas, 17. extrahit Sanguinem subcutaneum, quem abstergit Spongiâ, 18.

LXXVI.

The Barbers Shop. Tonstrina.

The Barber, 1. in the Barbers-shop, 2. cutteth off the Hair and the Beard Tonsor, 1. in Tonstrina, 2. tondet Crines & Barbam with a pair of Sizzars, 3. or shaveth with a Razor, which he taketh out of his Case, 4. Forcipe, 3. vel radit Novaculâ, quam depromit è Theca, 4.

And he washeth one over a Bason, 5. with Suds running out of a Laver, 6. and also with Sope, 7. Et lavat super Pelvim, 5. Lixivio defluente è Gulturnio, 6. ut & Sapone, 7. and wipeth him with a Towel, 8. combeth him with a Comb, 9. and curleth him with a Crisping Iron, 10. & tergit Linteo, 8. pectit Pectine, 9. crispat Calamistro, 10.

Sometimes he cutteth a Vein with a Pen-knife, 11. where the Blood spirteth out, 12. Interdum secat Venam Scalpello, 11. ubi Sanguis propullulat, 12.

The Chirurgeon cureth Wounds. Chirurgus curat Vulnera.

LXXVII.

The Stable. Equile.

The Horse-keeper, 1. cleaneth the Stable from Dung, 2. Stabularius (Equiso), 1. purgat Stabulum a Fimo, 2.

He tyeth a Horse, 3. with a Halter, 4. to the Manger, 5. aut si mordax constringit Fiscella, 6. or if he apt to bite, he maketh him fast with a Muzzle, 6. Alligat Equum, 3. Capistro, 4. ad Præsepe, 5.

Then he streweth Litter, 7. under him. Deinde substernit Stramenta, 7.

He winnoweth Oats with a Van, 8. (being mixt with Chaff, and taken out of a Chest, 10.) Ventilat Avenam, Vanno, 8. (Paleis mixtam, ac depromptam à Cista Pabulatoria, 10.) and with them feedeth the Horse, as also with Hay, 9. eâque pascit equum, ut & Fœno, 9.

Afterwards he leadeth him to the Watering-trough, 11. to water. Postea ducit ad Aquarium, 11. aquatum.

Then he rubbeth him with a Cloth, 12. combeth him with a Curry-comb, 15. covereth him with an Housing-cloth, 14. Tum detergit Panno, 12. depectit Strigili, 15. insternit Gausape, 14. and looketh upon his Hoofs whether the Shoes, 13. be fast with the Nails. & inspicit Soleas, an Calcei ferrei, 13. firmis Clavis hæreant.

LXXVIII.

Dials. Horologia.

A Dial measureth Hours. Horologium dimetitur Horas.

A Sun-dial, 1. sheweth by the shadow of the Pin, 2. what a Clock it is; either on a Wall, or a Compass, 3, Solarium, 1. ostendit umbrâ Gnomonis, 2. quota sit Hora; sive in Pariete, sive in Pyxide Magnetica, 3.

An Hour-glass, 4. sheweth the four parts of an hour by the running of Sand, heretofore of water. Clepsydra, 4. ostendit partes horæ quatuor, fluxu Arenæ, olim aquæ.

A Clock, 5. numbereth also the Hours of the Night, Automaton, 5. numerat etiam Nocturnas Horas, by the turning of the Wheels, the greatest whereof is drawn by a Weight, 6. and draweth the rest. circulatione Rotarum, quarum maxima trahitur à Pondere, 6. & trahit cæteras.

Then either the Bell, 7. by its sound, being struck on by the Hammer, or the Hand, 8. without, by its motion about sheweth the hour. Tum vel Campana, 7. sonitu suo, percussâ a Malleolo, vel Index extra Circuitione sua indicat horam.

LXXIX.

The Picture. Pictura.

Pictures, 1. delight the Eyes and adorn Rooms. Picturæ, 1. oblectant Oculos & ornant Conclavia.

The Painter, 2. painteth an Image with a Pencil, 3. Pictor, 2. pingit Effigiem Penicilio, 3. in a Table, 4. upon a Case-frame, 5. holding his Pollet, 6. in his left hand, in Tabula, 4. super Pluteo, 5. tenens Orbem Pictorium, 6. in sinistra, on which are the Paints which were ground by the Boy, 7. on a Marble. in quo Pigmenta quæ terebantur à puero, 7. in marmore.

The Carver and Statuary carve Statues, 8. of Wood and Stone. Sculptor, & Statuarius exsculpunt Statuas, 8. è Ligno & Lapide.

The Graver and the Cutter grave Shapes, 10. and Characters Cœlator & Scalptor insculpit Figuras, 10. & Characteres, with a Graving Chesil, 9. in Wood, Brass, and other Metals. Cœlo, 9. Ligno, Æri, aliisque Metallis.

LXXX.

Looking-glasses. Specularia.

Looking-glasses, 1. are provided that Men may see themselves. Specularia, 1. parantur, ut homines intueantur seipsos.

Spectacles, 2. that he may see better, who hath a weak sight. Perspicilla, 2. ut cernat acius qui habet visum debilem.

Things afar off are seen in a Perspective Glass, 3. as things near at hand. Remota videntur per telescopium, 3. ut proxima.

A Flea appeareth in a muliplying-glass, 4. like a little hog. Pulex, 4. in Microscopio apparet ut porcellus.

The Rays of the Sun, burn wood through a Burning-glass, 5. Radii Solis accendunt ligna per Vitrum urens, 5.

LXXXI.

The Cooper. Vietor.

The Cooper, 1. having an Apron, 2, tied about him, Vietor, 1. amictus Præcinctorio, 2. maketh Hoops of Hazel-rods, 3. upon a cutting-block, 4. with a Spoke-Shave, 5. and Lags, 6. of Timber, facit Circulos, è Virgis Colurnis, 3. super Sellam incisoriam, 4. Scalpro bimanubriato, 5. & Assulas, 6. ex Ligno.

Of Lags he maketh Hogsheads, 7. and Pipes, 8. with two Heads; Ex Assulis conficit Dolia, 7. & Cupas, 8. Fundo bino; and Tubs, 9. Soes, 10. Flaskets, 11. Buckets, 12. with one Bottom. tum Lacus, 9. Labra, 10. Pitynas [Trimodia], 11. & Situlas, 12. fundo uno.

Then he bindeth them with Hoops, 13. which he tyeth fast with small Twigs, 15. Postea vincit Circulis, 13. quos ligat Viminibus, 15. by means of a Cramp-iron, 14. and he fitteth them on with a Mallet, 16. and a Driver, 17. ope Falcis vietoriæ, 14. & aptat Tudite, 16. ac Tudicula, 17.

LXXXII.

The Roper, and the Cordwainer. Restio, & Lorarius.

The Roper, 1. twisteth Cords, 2. of Tow, or Hemp, 4. Restio, 1. contorquet Funes, 2. è Stupa, 4. vel Cannabi, (which he wrappeth about himself) by the turning of a Wheel, 3. quam circumdat sibi agitatione Rotulæ, 3.

Thus are made first Cords, 5. then Ropes, 6. and at last, Cables, 7. Sic fiunt, primò Funiculi, 5. tum Restes, 6. tandem Rudentes, 7.

The Cord-wainer, 8. cutteth great Thongs, 10. Bridles, 11. Girdles, 12. Lorarius, 8. scindit Loramenta, 10. Fræna, 11. Cingula, 12. Sword-belts, 13. Pouches, 14. Port-mantles, 15. &c. out of a Beast-hide, 9. Baltheos, 13. Crumenas, 14. Hippoperas, 15., &c. de corio bubulo, 9.

LXXXIII.

The Traveller. Viator.

A Traveller, 1. beareth on his shoulders in a Budget, 2. those things which his Satchel, 3. or Pouch, 4. cannot hold. Viator, 1. portat humeris in Bulga, 2. quæ non capit Funda, 3. vel Marsupium, 4.

He is covered with a Cloak, 5. Tegitur Lacernâ, 5.

He holdeth a Staff, 6. in his hand wherewith to bear up himself. Tenet Baculum, 6. Manu quo se fulciat.

He hath need of Provision for the way, as also of a pleasant and merry Companion, 7. Opus habet Viatico, ut & fido & facundo Comite, 7.

Let him not forsake the High-road, 9. for a Foot-way, 8. unless it be a beaten Path. Non deserat Viam regiam propter Semitam, 8. nisi sit Callis tritus.

By-ways, 10. and places where two ways meet, 11. deceive and lead men aside Avia, 10. & Bivia, 11. fallunt & seducunt, into uneven-places, 12. so do not By-paths, 13. and Cross-ways, 14. in Salebras, 12. non æquè Tramites, 13. & Compita, 14,

Let him therefore enquire of those he meeteth, 15. which way he must go; Sciscitet igitur obvios, 15. quà sit eundum; and let him take heed of Robbers, 16. as in the way, so also in the Inn, 17. where he lodgeth all Night. & caveat Prædones, 16. ut in viâ, sic etiam in Diversorio, 17. ubi pernoctat.

LXXXIV.

The Horse-man. Eques.

The Horse-man, 1. setteth a Saddle, 2. on his Horse, 3. and girdeth it on with a Girth, 4. Eques, 1. imponit Equo, 2. Ephippium, 3. idque succingit Cingulo, 4.

He layeth a Saddle-cloth, 5. also upon him. Insternit etiam Dorsuale, 5.

He decketh him with Trappings, a Fore-stall, 6. a Breast-cloth, 7. and a Crupper, 8. Ornat eum Phaleris, Frontali, 6. Antilena, 7. & Postilena, 8,

Then he getteth upon his Horse, putteth his feet into the Stirrops, 9. taketh the Bridle-rein, 10. 11. Deinde insilit in Equum, indit pedes Stapedibus, 9. capessit Lorum (habenam), 10. Freni, 11. in his left hand, wherewith he guideth and holdeth the Horse. sinistrâ quo flectit, & retinet Equum.

Then he putteth to his Spurs, 12. and setteth him on with a Switch, 13. and holdeth him in with a Musrol, 14. Tum admovet Calcaria, 12. incitatque Virgula, 13. & coërcet Postomide, 14.

The Holsters, 15. hang down from the Pummel of the Saddle, 16. in which the Pistols, 17. are put. Bulgæ, 15. pendent ex Apice Ephippii, 16. quibus Sclopi, 17. inseruntur.

The Rider is clad in a short Coat, 18. his Cloak being tyed behind him, 19. Ipse Eques induitur Chlamyde, 18. Lacernâ revinctâ, 19. à tergo.

A Post, 20. is carried on Horseback at full Gallop. Veredarius, 20. fertur Equo cursim.

LXXXV.

Carriages. Vehicula.

We are carried on a Sled, 1. over Snow and Ice. Vehimur Trahâ, 1. super Nivibus & Glacie.

A Carriage with one Wheel, is called a Wheelbarrow, 2. with two Wheels, a Cart, 3. Vehiculum unirotum, dicitur Pabo, 2. birotum, Carrus, 3. with four Wheels, a Wagon, which is either a Timber-wagon, 4. or a Load-wagon, 5. quadrirotum, Currus, qui vel Sarracum, 4. vel Plaustrum, 5.

The parts of the Wagon are, the Neep (or draught-tree), 6. the Beam, 7. the Bottom, 8. and the Sides, 9. Partes Currûs sunt, Temo, 6. Jugum, 7. Compages, 8. Spondæ, 9.

Then the Axle-trees, 10. about which the Wheels run, the Lin-pins, 11. and Axletree-staves, 12. being fastened before them. Tum Axes, 10. circa quos Rotæ currunt, Paxillis, 11. & Obicibus, 12. præfixis.

The Nave, 13. is the groundfast of the Wheel, 14. from which come twelve Spokes, 15. Modiolus, 13. est Basis Rotæ, 14. ex quo prodeunt duodecim Radii, 15.

The Ring encompasseth these, which is made of six Felloes, 16. and as many Strakes, 17. Orbile ambit hos, compositum è sex Absidibus, 16. & totidem Canthis, 17. Hampiers and Hurdles, 18, are set in a Wagon. Corbes & Crates, 18. imponuntur Currui.

LXXXVI.

Carrying to and fro. Vectura.

The Coach-man, 1. joineth a Horse fit to match a Saddle-horse, 2, 3. Auriga, 1. jungit Parippum, 2. Sellario, 3. to the Coach-tree, with Thongs or Chains, 5. hanging down from the Collar, 4. ad Temonem, Loris vel Catenis, 5. dependentibus de Helcio, 4.

Then he sitteth upon the Saddle-horse, and driveth them that go before him, 6. with a Whip, 7. and guideth them with a String, 8 Deinde insidet Sellario, agit ante se antecessores, 6. Scuticâ, 7. & flectit Funibus, 8.

He greaseth the Axle-tree with Axle-tree grease out of a Grease-pot, 9. and stoppeth the wheel with a Trigen, 10. in a steep descent. Ungit Axem Axungiâ, ex vase unguentorio, 9. & inhibet rotam Sufflamine, 10. in præcipiti descensu.

And thus the Coach is driven along the Wheel-ruts, 11. Et sic aurigatur per Orbitas, 11.

Great Persons are carryed with six Horses, 12. by two Coachmen, in a Hanging-wagon, which is called a Coach, 13. Magnates vehuntur Sejugibus, 12. duobus Rhedariis, Curru pensili, qui vocatur Carpentum (Pilentum), 13.

Others with two Horses, 14. in a Chariot, 15. Alii Bijugibus, 14. Essedo, 15.

Horse Litters, 16, 17. are carried by two Horses. Arceræ, 16. & Lacticæ, 17. portantur à duobus Equis.

They use Pack-Horses, instead of Waggons, thorow Hills that are not passable, 18. Utuntur Jumentis Clitellariis, loco Curruum, per montes invios, 18.

LXXXVII.

Passing over Waters. Transitus Aquarum.

Lest he that is to pass over a River should be wet, Bridges, 1. were invented for Carriages, and Foot-bridges, 2. for Foot-men. Trajecturus flumen ne madefiat, Pontes, 1. excogitati sunt pro Vehiculis & Ponticuli, 2. pro Peditibus.

If a river have a Foord, 3. it is waded over, 4. Si Flumen habet Vadum, 3. vadatur, 4.

Flotes, 5. also are made of Timber pinned together; or Ferry-boats, 6. of planks laid close together for fear they should receive Water. Rates, 5. etiam struuntur ex compactis tignis: vel Pontones, 6. ex trabibus consolidatis, ne excipiant aquam.

Besides Scullers, 7. are made, which are rowed with an Oar, 8. or Pole, 9. or haled with an Haling-rope, 10. Porrò Lintres (Lembi), 7. fabricantur, qui aguntur Remo, 8. vel Conto, 9. aut trahuntur Remulco, 10.

LXXXVIII.

Swimming. Natatus.

Men are wont also to swim over Waters upon a bundle of flags, 1. Solent etiam tranare aquas super scirpeum fascem, 1. and besides upon blown Beast-bladders, 2. and after, by throwing their Hands and Feet, 3. abroad. porrò super inflatas boum Vesicas, 2. deinde liberè jactatu Manuum Pedumque, 3.

And at last they learned to tread the water, 4. being plunged up to the girdle-stead, and carrying their Cloaths upon their head. Tandem didicerunt calcare aquam, 4. immersi cingulo tenus & gestantes Vestes supra caput.

A Diver, 5. can swim also under the water like a Fish. Urinator, 5. etiam natare potest sub aquâ, ut Piscis.

LXXXIX.

A Galley. Navis actuaria.

A Ship furnished with Oars, 1. is a Barge, 2. or a Foyst, &c. Navìs instructa Remis, 1. est Uniremis, 2. vel Biremis, &c. in which the Rowers, 3. sitting on Seats, 4. by the Oar-rings, row, by striking the water with the Oars, 5. in quâ Remiges, 3. considentes pre Transtra, 4. ad Scalmos, remigant pellendo aquam Remis,

The Ship-master, 6. standing in the Fore-castle, Proreta, 6. stans in Prora, and the Steers-man, 7. sitting at the Stern, and holding the Rudder, 8. steer the Vessel. & Gubernator, 7. sedens in Puppi, tenensque Clavum, 8. gubernant Navigium.

XC.

A Merchant-ship. Navis oneraria.

A Ship, 1. is driven onward not by Oars, but by the only force of the Winds. Navigium, 1. impellitur, non remis, sed solâ vi Ventorum.

In it is a Mast, 2. set up, fastened with Shrowds, 3. on all sides to the main-chains. In illo Malus, 2. erigitur, firmatus Funibus, 3. undique ad Oras Navis, to which the Sail-yards, 4. are tied, and the Sails, 5. to these, which are spread open, 6. to the wind, and are hoysed by Bowlings, 7. cui annectuntur Antennæ, 4. his, Vela, 5. quæ expanduntur, 6. ad Ventum & Versoriis, 7. versantur.

The Sails are the Main-sail, 8. the Trinket, or Fore-sail, 9. the Misen-sail or Poop-sail, 10. Vela sunt Artemon, 8. Dolon, 9. & Epidromus, 10.

The Beak, 11. is in the Fore-deck. Rostrum, 11. est in Prora.

The Ancient, 12. is placed in the Stern. Signum (vexillum), 12. ponitur in Puppi.

On the Mast is the Foretop, 13. the Watch-tower of the Ship In Malo est Corbis, 13. Specula Navis and over the Fore-top a Vane, 14. to shew which way the Wind standeth. & supra Galeam Aplustre, 14. Ventorum Index.

The ship is stayed with an Anchor, 15. Navis sistitur Anchorâ, 15.

The depth is fathomed with a Plummet, 16. Profunditas exploratur Bolide, 16.

Passengers walk up and down the Decks, 17. Navigantes deambulant in Tabulato, 17.

The Sea men run to and fro through the Hatches, 18. Nautæ cursitant per Foros, 18.

And thus, even Seas are passed over. Atque ita, etiam Maria trajiciuntur.

XCI.

Ship-wreck. Naufragium.

When a Storm, 1. ariseth on a sudden, they strike Sail, 2. Cum Procella, 1. oritur repentè contrahunt Vela, 2. lest the Ship should be dashed against Rocks, 3 or light upon Shelves, 4. ne Navis ad Scopulos, 3. allidatur, aut incidat in Brevia (Syrtes), 4.

If they cannot hinder her they suffer Ship-wreck, 5. Si non possunt prohibere patiuntur Naufragium, 5.

And then the men, the Wares, and all things are miserably lost. Tum Homines, Merces, omnia miserabiliter pereunt.

Nor doth the Sheat-anchor, 6. being cast with a Cable, do any good. Neque hic Sacra anchora, 6. Rudenti jacta quidquam adjuvat.

Some escape, either on a Plank, 7. and by swimming, or in the Boat, 8. Quidam evadunt, vel tabula, 7. ac enatando, vel Scapha, 8.

Part of the Wares, with the dead folks, is carried out of the Sea, 9. upon the Shoars. Pars Mercium cum mortuis a Mari, 9. in littora defertur.

XCII.

Writing. Ars Scriptoria.

The Ancients writ in Tables done over with wax with a brazen Poitrel, 1. Veteres scribebant in Tabellis ceratis æneo Stilo, 1. with the sharp end, 2. whereof letters were engraven and rubbed out again with the broad end, 3. cujus parte cuspidata, 2. exarabantur literæ, rursum vero obliterabantur planâ.

Afterwards they writ Letters with a small Reed, 4. Deinde Literas pingebant subtili Calamo, 4.

We use a Goose-quill, 5. the Stem, 6. of which we make with a Pen-knife, 7. Nos utimur Anserina Penna, 5. cujus Caulem, 6. temperamus Scalpello, 7. then we dip the Neb in an Ink-horn, 8. which is stopped with a Stopple, 9. tum intingimus Crenam in Atramentario, 8. quod obstruitur Operculo, 9. and we put our Pens, into a Pennar, 10. & Pennas recondimus in Calamario, 10.

We dry a Writing with Blotting-paper, or Calis-sand out of a Sand-box, 11. Siccamus Scripturam Chartâ bibulâ, vel Arenâ scriptoria, ex Theca Pulveraria, 11.

And we indeed write from the left hand towards the right, 12. the Hebrews from the right hand towards the left, 13. Et nos quidem scribimus â sinistra dextrorsum, 12. Hebræi â dextrâ sinistrorsum, 13. the Chinese and other Indians, from the top downwards, 14. Chinenses & Indi alii, â summo deorsum, 14.

XCIII.

Paper. Papyrus.

The Ancients used Beech-Boards, 1. or Leaves, 2. as also Barks, 3. of Trees; Veteres utebantur Tabulis Faginis, 1. aut Foliis, 2. ut & Libris, 3. Arborum; especially of an Egyptian Shrub, which was called Papyrus. præsertim Arbusculæ Ægyptiæ, cui nomen erat Papyrus.

Now Paper is in use which the Paper-maker maketh in a Paper-mill, 4. Nunc Charta est in usu, quam Chattopœus in mola Papyracea, 4. conficit of Linen rags, 5. stamped to Mash, 6. which being taken up in Frames, 7. è Linteis vetustis, 5. in Pulmentum contusis, 6. quod haustum Normulis, 7. he spreadeth into Sheets, 8. and setteth them in the Air that they may be dryed. diducit in Plagulas, 8. exponitque aëri, ut siccentur.

Twenty-five of these make a Quire, 9. twenty Quires a Ream, 10. and ten of these a Bale of Paper, 11. Harum XXV. faciunt Scapum, 9. XX. Scapi Volumen minus, 10. horum X. Volumen majus, 11.

That which is to last long is written on Parchment, 12. Duraturum diu scribitur in Membrana, 12.

XCIV.

Printing. Typographia.

The Printer hath metal Letters in a large number put into Boxes, 5. Typographus habet Typos Metallos, magno numero distributos per Loculamenta, 5.

The Compositor, 1. taketh them out one by one and according to the Copy, (which he hath fastened before him in a Visorum, 2.) Typotheta, 1. eximit illos singulatim, & secundum exemplar, (quod habet præfixum sibi Retinaculo, 2.) composeth words in a Composing-stick, 3. till a Line be made; componit Verba Gnomone, 3. donec versus fiat; he putteth these in a Gally, 4. till a Page, 6. be made, and these again in a Form, 7. hos indit Formæ, 4. donec Pagina, 6. fiat; has iterum Tabulâ compositoriâ, 7. and he locketh them up in Iron Chases, 8. with Coyns, 9. lest they should drop out, coarctaque eos Marginibus ferreis, 8. ope Cochlearum, 9. ne dilabantur, and putteth them under the Press, 10. ac subjicit Prelo, 10.

Then the Press-man beateth it over with Printers Ink, by means of Balls, 11. Tum Impressor illinit Atramento impressorio ope Pilarum, 11. spreadeth upon it the Papers put in the Frisket, 12. super imponit Chartas inditas Operculo, 12. which being put under the Spindle, 14. on the Coffin, 13. and pressed down with a Bar, 15. he maketh to take impression. quas subditas Trochleæ, 14. in Tigello, 13. & impressas Suculâ, 15. facit imbibere typos.

XCV.

The Booksellers Shop. Bibliopolium.

The Bookseller, 1 selleth Books in a Booksellers Shop, 2. of which he writeth a Catalogue, 3. Bibliopola, 1. vendit Libros in Bibliopolio, 2. quorum conscribit Catalogum, 3.

The Books are placed on Shelves, 4. and are laid open for use upon a Desk, 5. Libri disponuntur per Repositoria, 4. & exponuntur ad usum, super Pluteum, 5.

A Multitude of Books is called a Library, 6. Multitudo Librorum vocatur Bibliotheca, 6.

XCVI.

The Book-binder. Bibliopegus.

In times past they glewed Paper to Paper, and rolled them up together into one Roll, 1. Olim agglutinabant Chartam Chartæ, convolvebantque eas in unum Volumen, 1.

At this day the Book-binder bindeth Books, whilst he wipeth, 2. over Papers steept in Gum-water, and then foldeth them together, 3. Hodiè Compactor compingit Libros, dum tergit, 2. chartas maceratas aquâ glutinosâ, deinde complicat, 3. beateth with a hammer, 4. then stitcheth them up, 5. presseth them in a Press, 6. which hath two Screws, 7. malleat, 4. tum consuit, 5. conprimit Prelo, 6. quod habet duos Cochleas, 7. glueth them on the back, cutteth off the edges with a round Knife, 8. conglutinat dorso, demarginat rotundo Cultro, 8. and at last covereth them with Parchment or Leather, 9. maketh them handsome, and setteth on Clasps, 10. tandem vestit Membranâ vel Corio, 9. efformat, & affigit Uncinulos, 10.

XCVII.

A Book. Liber.

A Book as to its outward shape, is either in Folio, 1. or in Quarto, 2. in Octavo, 3. in Duodecimo, 4. Liber, quoad exteriorem formam est vel in Folia, 1. vel in Quarto, 2. in Octavo, 3. in Duodecimo, 4. either made to open Side-wise, 5. or Long-wise, 6. with Brazen Clasps, 7. or Strings, 8. and Square-bofles, 9. vel Columnatus, 5. vel Linguatus, 6. cum Æneis Clausuris, 7. vel Ligulis, 8. & angularibus Bullis, 9.

Within are Leaves, 10. with two Pages, sometimes divided with Columns, 11. and Marginal Notes, 12. Intùs sunt Folia, 10. duabis Paginis, aliquando Columnis, 11. divisa cumq; Notis Marginalibus, 12.

XCVIII.

A School. Schola.

A School, 1. is a Shop in which Young Wits are fashion’d to vertue, and it is distinguish’d into Forms. Schola, 1. est Officina, in quâ Novelli Animi formantur ad virtutem, & distinguitur in Classes.

The Master, 2. sitteth in a Chair, 3. the Scholars, 4. in Forms, 5. he teacheth, they learn. Præceptor, 2. sedet in Cathedra, 3. Discipuli, 4. in Subselliis, 5. ille docet, hi discunt.

Some things are writ down before them with Chalk on a Table, 6. Quædam præscribuntur illis Cretâ in Tabella, 6.

Some sit at a Table, and write, 7. he mendeth their Faults, 8. Quidam sedent ad Mensam, & scribunt, 7. ipse corrigit Mendas, 8.

Some stand and rehearse things committed to memory, 9. Quidam stant, & recitant mandata memoriæ, 9.

Some talk together, 10. and behave themselves wantonly and carelessly; these are chastised with a Ferrula. 11. and a Rod, 12. Quidam confabulantur, 10. ac gerunt se petulantes, & negligentes; hi castigantur Ferulâ (baculo), 11. & Virgâ, 12.

XCIX.

The Study. Museum.

The Study, 1. is a place where a Student, 2. apart from Men, sitteth alone, addicted to his Studies, Museum, 1. est locus ubi Studiosus, 2. secretus ab Hominibus, sedet solus deditus Studiis, whilst he readeth Books, 3. which being within his reach he layeth open upon a Desk, 4. dum lectitat Libros, 3. quos penes se & exponit super Pluteum, 4. and picketh all the best things out of them into his own Manual, 5. & excerpit optima quæque ex illis in Manuale suum, 5. or marketh them in them with a Dash, 6. or a little Star, 7. in the Margent. notat in illis Liturâ, 6. vel Asterisco, 7. ad Margiem.

Being to sit up late, he setteth a Candle, 8. on a Candlestick, 9. which is snuffed with Snuffers, 10. Lucubraturus, elevat Lychnum (Canelam), 8. in Candelabra, 9. qui emungitur Emunctorio, 10. before the Candle, he placeth a Screen, 11. which is green, that it may not hurt his eye-sight; ante Lynchum collocat Umbraculum, 11. quod viride est, ne hebetet oculorum aciem; richer Persons use a Taper, for a Tallow-candle stinketh and smoaketh. opulentiores utuntur Cereo nam Candela sebacea fœtet & fumigat.

A Letter, 12. is wrapped up, writ upon, 13. and sealed, 14. Epistola, 12. complicatur, inscribitur, 13. & obsignatur, 14.

Going abroad by night, he maketh use of a Lanthorn, 15. or a Torch, 16. Prodiens noctu utitur Lanterna, 15. vel Face, 16.

C.

Arts belonging to Speech. Artes Sermones.

Grammar, 1. is conversant about Letters, 2. of which it maketh Words, 3. Grammatica, 1. versatur circa Literas, 2. ex quibus componit Voces, verba, 3. and teacheth how to utter, write, 4. put together and part them rightly. docetque eloqui, scribere, 4. construere, distinguere (interpungere) eas recte.

Rhetorick, 5. doth as it were paint, 6. a rude form, 7. of Speech Rhetorica, 5. pingit, 6. quasi rudem formam, 7. Sermonis with Oratory Flourishes, 8. such as are Figures, Elegancies, Adagies, Oratoriis Pigmentis, 8. ut sunt Figuræ, Elegantiæ, Adagia (proverbia) Apothegms, Sentences, Similies, Hierogylphicks, &c. Apothegmata, Sententiæ (Gnomæ) Similia, Hieroglyphica, &c.

Poetry, 9. gathereth these Flowers of Speech, 10. Poesis, 9. colligit hos Flores Orationis, 10. and tieth them as it were into a little Garland, 11. and so making of Prose a Poem, & colligat quasi in Corallam, 11. atque ita, faciens è prosa ligatam orationem, it maketh several sorts of Verses and Odes, and is therefore crowned with a Laurel, 12. componit varia Carmina & Hymnos (Odas) ac propterea coronatur Lauru, 12.

Musick, 13. setteth Tunes, 14. with pricks, Musica, 13. componit Melodias, 14. Notis, to which it setteth words, and so singeth alone, or in Consort, or by Voice, or Musical Instruments, 15. quibus aptat verba, atque ita cantat sola vel Concentu (Symphonia), aut voce aut Instrumentis Musicis, 15.

CI.

Musical Instruments. Instrumenta musica.

Musical Instruments are those which make a sound: Musica instrumenta sunt quæ edunt vocem:

First, when they are beaten upon, as a Cymbal, 1. with a Pestil, Primò, cum pulsantur, ut Cymbalum, 1. Pistillo, a little Bell, 2. with an Iron pellet within; or Rattle, 3. by tossing it about: Tintinnabulum, 2. intus Globulo ferreo, Crepitaculum, 3. circumversando; a Jews-Trump, 4. being put to the mouth, with the fingers; a Drum, 5. and a Kettle, 6. with a Drum-stick, 7. Crembalum, 4. ori admotum, Digito; Tympanum, 5. & Ahenum, 6. Claviculâ, 7. as also the Dulcimer, 8. with the Shepherds-harp, 9. and the Tymbrel, 10. ut & Sambuca, 8. cum Organo pastoritio, 9. & Sistrum (Crotalum), 10.

Secondly, upon which strings are stretched, and struck upon, Secundò, in quibus Chordæ intenduntur & plectuntur as the Psaltery, 11. and the Virginals, 12. with both hands; ut Nablium, 11. cum Clavircordio, 12. utrâque manu; the Lute, 13. (in which is the Neck, 14. the Belly, 15, the Pegs, 16. Testudo (Chelys), 13. (in quâ Jugum, 14. Magadium, 15. & Verticilli, 16. by which the Strings, 17. are stretched upon the Bridge, 18.) quibus Nervi, 17. intenduntur super Ponticulam, 18.) the Cittern, 19. with the right hand only, the Vial, 20. with a Bow, 21. & Cythara, 19. Dexterâ tantum, Pandura, 20. Plectro, 21. and the Harp, 23. with a Wheel within, which is turned about: the Stops, 22. in every one are touched with the left hand. & Lyra, 23. intus rotâ, quæ versatur: Dimensiones, 22. in singulis tanguntur sinistra.

At last, those which are blown, as with the mouth, Tandem quæ inflantur, ut Ore, the Flute, 24. the Shawm, 25. the Bag-pipe, 26. Fistula (Tibia), 24. Gingras, 25. Tibia utricularis, 26. the Cornet, 27. the Trumpet, 28, 29. or with Bellows, as a pair of Organs, 30. Lituus, 27. Tuba, 28. Buccina, 29. vel Follibus, ut Organum pneumaticum, 30.

CII.

Philosophy. Philosophia.

The Naturalist, 1. vieweth all the works of God in the World. Physicus, 1. speculatur omnia Dei Opera in Mundo.

The Supernaturalist, 2. searches out the Causes and Effects of things. Metaphysicus, 2. perscrutatur Causas, & rerum Effecta.

The Arithmetician, reckoneth numbers, by adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing; Arithmeticus computat numeros, addendo, subtrahendo, multiplicando, dividendo; and that either by Cyphers, 3. on a Slate, or by Counters, 4. upon a Desk. idque vel Cyphris, 3. in Palimocesto, vel Calculis, 4. super Abacum.

Country people reckon, 5. with figures of tens, X. and figures of five, V. Rustici numerant, 5. Decussibus, X. & Quincuncibus, V. by twelves, fifteens, and threescores. per Duodenas, Quindenas, & Sexagenas.

CIII.

Geometry. Geometria.

A Geometrician measureth the height of a Tower, 1....2. Geometra metitur Altitudinem Turris, 1....2. or the distance of places, 3....4. either with a Quadrant, 5. or a Jacob’s-staff, 6. aut distantiam Locorum, 3....4. sive Quadrante, 5. sive Radio, 6.

He maketh out the Figures of things, with Lines, 7. Angles, 8. and Circles, 9. Designat Figuras rerum Lineis, 7, Angulis, 8. & Circulis, 9. by a Rule, 10. a Square, 11. and a pair of Compasses, 12. ad Regulam, 10. Normam, 11. & Circinum, 12.

Out of these arise an Oval, 13. a Triangle, 14. a Quadrangle, 15. and other figures. Ex his oriuntur Cylindrus, 13. Trigonus 14. Tetragonus, 15. & aliæ figuræ.

CIV.

The Celestial Sphere. Sphera cælestis.

Astronomy considereth the motion of the Stars, Astrology the Effects of them. Astronomia considerat motus Astrorum, Astrologia eorum Effectus.

The Globe of Heaven is turned about upon an Axle-tree, 1. about the Globe of the Earth, 2. in the space of XXIV. hours. Globus Cæli volvitur super Axem, 1. circa globum terræ, 2. spacio XXIV. horarum.

The Pole-stars, or Pole, the Arctick, 3. the Antarctick, 4. conclude the Axle-tree at both ends. Stellæ polares, Arcticus, 3. Antarcticus, 4. finiunt Axem utrinque.

The Heaven is full of Stars every where. Cælum est Stellatum undique.

There are reckoned above a thousand fixed Stars; but of Constellations towards the North, XXI. towards the South, XVI. Stellarum fixarum numerantur plus mille; Siderum verò Septentrionarium, XXI. Meridionalium, XVI.

Add to these the XII. signs of the Zodiaque, 5. every one XXX. degrees, whose names are Adde Signa, XII. Zodiaci, 5. quodlibet graduum, XXX, quorum nomina sunt ♈ Aries ♉ Taurus, ♊ Gemini, ♋ Cancer, ♌ Leo, ♍ Virgo, ♎ Libra, ♏ Scorpius, ♐ Sagittarius, ♑ Capricorn, ♒ Aquarius, ♓ Pisces. ♈ Aries ♉ Taurus, ♊ Gemini, ♋ Cancer, ♌ Leo, ♍ Virgo, ♎ Libra, ♏ Scorpius, ♐ Sagittarius, ♑ Capricorn, ♒ Aquarius, ♓ Pisces.

Under this move the seven Wandring-stars which they call Planets, Sub hoc cursitant Stellæ errantes VII. quas vocant Planetas, whose way is a circle in the middle of the Zodiack, called the Ecliptick, 6. quorum via est Circulvs, in medio Zodiaci, dictus Ecliptica, 6.

Other Circles are the Horizon, 7. the Meridian, 8. the Æquator, 9. the two Colures, Alii Circuli sunt Horizon, 7. Meridianus, 8. Equator, 9. duo Coluri, the one of the Equinocts, 10. (of the Spring when the ☉ entreth into ♈; Autumnal when it entreth in ♎) alter Æquinoxiorum, 10. (Verni, quando ☉ ingreditur ♈; Autumnalis, quando ingreditur ♎) the other of the Solstices, 11. (of the Summer, when the ☉ entreth into ♋ of the Winter when it entreth into ♑) alter Solsticiorum, 11. (Æstivi, quando ☉ ingreditur ♋; Hyberni, quando ingreditur ♑) the Tropicks, the Tropick of Cancer, 12. the Tropick of Capricorn, 13. and the two Polar Circles, 14....15. duo Tropici, Tr. Cancri, 12. Tr. Capricorni, 13. & duo Polares, 14....15.

[Alternate Text:

of the Spring when the [Sun] entreth into [Aries]; Autumnal when it entreth in [Libra] ... of the Summer, when the [Sun] entreth into [Cancer] of the Winter when it entreth into [Capricorn] ]

The Aspects of the Planets. Planetarum Aspectus.

The Moon runneth through the Zodiack every Month. Luna percurrit Zodiacum singulis Mensibus.

The Sun, ☉ in a Year. Sol, ☉ Anno.

Mercury, ☿ and Venus, ♀ about the Sun, the one in a hundred and fifteen, the other in 585 days. Mercurius, ☿ & Venus, ♀ circa Solem, illa CXV., hæc DLXXXV. Diebus.

Mars, ♂ in two years; Mars, ♂ Biennio;

Jupiter, ♃ in almost twelve; Jupiter, ♃ ferè duodecim;

Saturn, ♄ in thirty years. Saturnus, ♄ triginta annis.

Hereupon they meet variously among themselves, and have mutual Aspects one towards another. Hinc conveniunt variè inter se & se mutuo adspiciunt.

As here the ☉ and ☿ are in Conjunction. ☉ and Moon in Opposition, Ut hic sunt, ☉ & ☿ in Conjunctione, ☉ and Luna in Oppositione, ☉ and ♄ in a Trine Aspect, ☉ and ♃ in a Quartile, ☉ and ♀ in a Sextile. ☉ & ♄ in Trigono, ☉ & ♃ in Quadratura, ☉ & ♀ in Sextili.

As here the [Sun] and [Mercury] are in Conjunction. [Sun] and Moon in Opposition, [Sun] and [Saturn] in a Trine Aspect, [Sun] and [Jupiter] in a Quartile, [Sun] and [Mars] in a Sextile. ]

CV.

The Apparitions of the Moon. Phases Lunæ.

The Moon shineth not by her own Light but that which is borrowed of the Sun. Luna, lucet non sua propria Luce, sed mutuatâ a Sole.

For the one half of it is always enlightned, the other remaineth darkish. Nam altera ejus medietas semper illuminatur, altera manet caliginosa.

Hereupon we see it in Conjunction with the Sun, 1. to be obscure, almost none at all; Hinc videmus, in Conjunctione Solis, 1. obscuram, imo nullam: in Opposition, 5. whole and clear, (and we call it the Full Moon;) in Oppositione, 5. totam & lucidam, (& vocamus Plenilunium;) sometimes in the half, (and we call it the Prime, 3. and last Quarter, 7.) alias dimidiam, (& dicimus Primam, 3. & ultimam Quadram, 7.)

Otherwise it waxeth, 2....4. or waneth, 6....8. and is said to be horned, or more than half round. Cæteroqui crescit, 2....4. aut decrescit, 6....8. & vocatur falcata, vel gibbosa.

CVI.

The Eclipses. Eclipses.

The Sun is the fountain of light, inlightning all things, Sol est fons Lucis, illuminans omnia; but the Earth, 1. and the Moon, 2. being shady bodies, are not pierced with its rays, for they cast a shadow upon the place just over against them. sed Terra, 1. & Luna, 2. Corpora opaca, non penetrantur ejus radiis, nam jaciunt umbram in locum oppositum.

Therefore, when the Moon lighteth into the shadow of the Earth, 2. Ideo cum Luna incidit in umbram Terræ, 2. it is darkened, which we call an Eclipse, or defect. obscuratur quod vocamus Eclipsin (deliquium) Lunæ.

But when the Moon runneth betwixt the Sun and the Earth, 3. it covereth it with its shadow; Cum vero Luna currit inter Solem & Terram, 3. obtegit illum umbrâ suâ; and this we call the Eclipse of the Sun, because it taketh from us the sight of the Sun, and its light; & hoc vocamus Eclipsin Solis, quia adimit nobis prospectum Solis, & lucem ejus; neither doth the Sun for all that suffer any thing, but the Earth. nec tamen Sol patitur aliquid, sed Terra.

CVII. a

The terrestial Sphere. Sphera terrestris.

The Earth is round, and therefore to be represented by two Hemispheres, a..b. Terra est rotunda, fingenda igitur duobus Hemispheriis, a..b.

The Circuit of it is 360 degrees (whereof every one maketh 60 English Miles or 21600 Miles,) Ambitus ejus est graduum CCCLX. (quorum quisque facit LX. Milliaria Anglica vel 21600 Milliarium) and yet it is but a prick, compared with the World, whereof it is the Centre. & tamen est punctum, collata cum orbe, cujus Centrum est.

They measure Longitude of it by Climates, 1. and the Latitude by Parallels, 2. Longitudinem ejus dimetiuntur Climatibus, 1. Latitudinem, lineis Parallelis, 2.

The Ocean, 3. compasseth it about, and five Seas wash it, Oceanus, 3. ambit eam & Maria V. perfundunt the Mediterranean Sea, 4. the Baltick Sea, 5. the Red Sea, 6. the Persian Sea, 7. and the Caspian Sea, 8. Mediterraneum, 4. Balticum, 5. Erythræum, 6. Persicum, 7. Caspium, 8.

CVII. b

It is divided into V. Zones, whereof the II. frigid ones, 9....9. are uninhabitable; Distribuitur in Zonas V., quarum duæ frigidæ, 9....9. sunt inhabitabiles; the II. Temperate ones, 10....10. and the Torrid one, 11. habitable. duæ Temperatæ, 10....10. & Torrida, 11. habitantur.

Besides it is divided into three Continents; Ceterum divisa est in tres Continentes; this of ours, 12. which is subdivided into Europe, 13. Asia, 14. Africa, 15. nostram, 12. quæ subdividitur in Europam, 13. Asiam, 14. & Africam, 15. America, 16....16. (whose Inhabitants are Antipodes to us;) and the South Land, 17....17. yet unknown. in Americam, 16....16. (cujus incolæ sunt Antipodes nobis;) & in Terram Australem, 17....17. adhuc incognitam.

They that dwell under the North pole, 18. have the days and nights 6 months long. Habitantes sub Arcto, 18. habent Dies Noctes semestrales,

Infinite Islands float in the Seas. Infinitæ Insulæ natant in maribus.

CVIII.

Europe. Europa.

The chief Kingdoms of Europe, are In Europâ nostrâ sunt Regna primaria, Spain, 1. France, 2. Italy, 3. Hispania, 1. Gallia, 2. Italia, 3. England, 4. Scotland, 5. Ireland, 6. Anglia (Britania), 4. Scotia, 5. Hibernia, 6. Germany, 7. Bohemia, 8. Hungary, 9. Germania, 7. Bohemia, 8. Hungaria, 9. Croatia, 10. Dacia, 11. Sclavonia, 12. Greece, 13. Thrace, 14. Croatia, 10. Dacia, 11. Sclavonia, 12. Græcia, 13. Thracia, 14. Podolia, 15. Tartary, 16. Lituania, 17. Poland, 18. Podolia, 15. Tartaria, 16. Lituania, 17. Polonia, 18. The Netherlands, 19. Denmark, 20. Norway, 21. Swethland, 22. Belgium, 19. Dania, 20. Norvegia, 21. Suecia, 22. Lapland, 23. Finland, 24. Lappia, 23. Finnia, 24. Lisland, 25. Prussia, 26. Muscovy, 27. and Russia, 28. Livonia, 25. Borussia, 26. Muscovia, 27. Russia, 28.

CIX.

Moral Philosophy. Ethica.

This Life is a way, or a place divided into two ways, like Pythagoras’s Letter Y. Vita hæc est via, sive Bivium, simile Litteræ Pithagoricæ Y. broad, 1. on the left hand track; narrow, 2. on the right; latum, 1. sinistro tramite angustum, 2. dextro; that belongs to Vice, 3. this to Vertue, 4. ille Vitii, 3. est his Virtutis, 4.

Mind, Young Man, 5. imitate Hercules: leave the left hand way, turn from Vice; Adverte juvenis, 5. imitare Herculem; linque sinistram, aversare Vitium; the Entrance, 6. is fair, but the End, 7. is ugly and steep down. Aditus speciosus, 6. sed Exitus, 7. turpis & præceps.

Go on the right hand, though it be thorny, 8. no way is unpassible to vertue; follow whither vertue leadeth Dextera ingredere, utut spinosa, 8. nulla via invia virtuti; sequere quâ viâ ducit virtus through narrow places to stately palaces, to the Tower of honour, 9. per angusta, ad augusta, ad Arcem honoris, 9.

Keep the middle and streight path, and thou shalt go very safe. Tene medium & rectum tramitem; ibis tutissimus.

Take heed thou do not go too much on the right hand, 10. Cave excedas ad dextram, 10.

Bridle in, 12. the wild Horse, 11. of Affection, lest thou fall down headlong. Compesce freno, 12. equum ferocem, 11. Affectûs ne præceps fias.

See thou dost not go amiss on the left hand, 13. in an ass-like sluggishness, 14. Cave deficias ad sinistram, 13. segnitie asininâ, 14. but go onwards constantly, persevere to the end, and thou shalt be crown’d, 15. sed progredere constanter pertende ad finem, & coronaberis, 15.

CX.

Prudence. Prudentia.

Prudence, 1. looketh upon all things as a Serpent, 2. and doeth, speaketh, or thinketh nothing in vain. Prudentia, 1. circumspectat omnia ut Serpens, 2. agitque, loquitur, aut cogitat nihil incassum.

She looks backwards, 3. as into a Looking-glass, 4. to things past; Respicit, 3. tanquam in Speculum, 4. ad præterita; and seeth before her, 5. as with a Perspective-glass, 7. things to come, or the End, 6. & prospicit, 5. tanquam Telescopio, 7. Futura, seu Finem, 6. and so she perceiveth what she hath done, and what remaineth to be done. atque ita perspicit quid egerit, & quid restet agendum.

She proposeth an Honest, Profitable Actionibus suis præfigit Scopum, Honestum, Utilem, and withal, if it may be done, a Pleasant End, to her Actions. simulque, si fieri potest, Jucundum.

Having foreseen the End, she looketh out Means, as a Way, 8. which leadeth to the End; Fine prospecto, dispicit Media, ceu Viam, 8. quæ ducit ad finem, but such as are certain and easie, and fewer rather than more, lest anything should hinder. sed certa & facilia; pauciora potiùs quàm plura, ne quid impediat.

She watcheth Opportunity, 9. (which having a bushy fore-head, 10. and being bald-pated, 11. Attendit Occasioni, 9. (quæ Fronte Capillata, 10. sed vertice calva, 11. and moreover having wings, 12. doth quickly slip away,) and catcheth it. adhæc alata, 12. facile elabitur) eamque captat.

She goeth on her way warily, for fear she should stumble or go amiss. In viâ pergit cautè (providè) ne impingat aut aberret.

CXI.

Diligence. Sedulitas.

Diligence, 1. loveth labours, avoideth Sloth, is always at work, like the Pismire, 2. Sedulitas, 1. amat labores, fugit Ignaviam, semper est in opere, ut Formica, 2. and carrieth together, as she doth, for herself, Store of all things, 3. & comportat, ut illa, sibi, omnium rerum Copiam, 3.

She doth not always sleep, or make holidays, as the Sluggard, 4. and the Grashopper, 5. do, whom Want, 6. at the last overtaketh. Non semper dormit, ferias agit, aut ut Ignavus, 4. & Cicada, 5. quos Inopia, 6. tandem premit.

She pursueth what things she hath undertaken chearfully, even to the end; she putteth nothing off till the morrow, Urget incepta alacriter ad finem usque; procrastinat nihil, nor doth she sing the Crow’s song, 7. which saith over and over, Cras, Cras. nec cantat cantilenam Corvi, 7. qui ingeminat Cras, Cras.

After labours undergone, and ended, being even wearied, she resteth her self; Post labores exantlatos, & lassata, quiescit; but being refreshed with Rest, that she may not use her self to Idleness, she falleth again to her Business, sed recreata Quiete, ne adsuescat Otio, redit ad Negotia.

A diligent Scholar is like Bees, 8. which carry honey from divers Flowers, 9. into their Hive, 10. Diligens Discipulus, similis est Apibus, 8. qui congerunt mel ex variis Floribus, 9. in Alveare suum, 10.

CXII.

Temperance. Temperantia.

Temperance, 1. prescribeth a mean to meat and drink, 2. Temperantia, 1. præscribit modum Cibo & Potui, 2. and restraineth the desire, as with a Bridle, 3. and so moderateth all things, lest any thing too much be done. & continet cupidinem, ceu Freno, 3. & sic moderatur omnia ne quid nimis fiat.

Revellers are made drunk, 4. they stumble, 5. they spue, 6. and babble, 7. Heluones (ganeones) inebriantur, 4. titubant, 5. ructant (vomunt), 6. & rixantur, 7.

From Drunkenness proceedeth Lasciviousness; E Crapula oritur Lascivia; from this a lewd Life amongst Whoremasters, 8. and Whores, 9. ex hâc Vita libidinosa inter Fornicatores, 8. & Scorta, 9. in kissing, touching, embracing, and dancing, 10. osculando (basiando), palpando, amplexando, & tripudiando, 10.

CXIII.

Fortitude. Fortitudo.

Fortitude, 1. is undaunted in adversity, and bold as a Lion, 2. but not haughty in Prosperity, Fortitudo, 1. impavida est in adversis, & confidens ut Leo, 2. at non tumida in Secundis, leaning on her own Pillar, 3. Constancy, and being the same in all things, ready to undergo both estates with an even mind. innixa suo Columini, 3. Constantiæ; & eadem in omnibus, parata ad ferendam utramque fortunam æquo animo.

She receiveth the strokes of Misfortune with the Shield, 4. of Sufferance: and keepeth off the Passions, Excipit ictus Infortunii Clypeo, 4. Tolerantiæ: & propellit Affectus, the enemies of quietness with the Sword, 5. of Valour. hostes Euthymiæ gladio, 5. Virtutis.

CXIV.

Patience. Patientia.

Patience, 1. endureth Calamities, 2. and Wrongs, 3. meekly like a Lamb, 4. as the Fatherly chastisement of God, 5. Patientia, 1. tolerat Calamitates, 2. & Injurias, 3. humiliter ut Agnus, 4. tanquam paternam ferulam Dei, 5.

In the meanwhile she leaneth upon the Anchor of Hope, 6. (as a Ship, 7. tossed by waves in the Sea) Interim innititur Spei Anchoræ, 6. (ut Navis, 7. fluctuans mari) she prayeth to God, 8. weeping, and expecteth the Sun, 10. after cloudy weather, 9. suffering evils, and hoping better things. Deo supplicat, 8. illacrymando, & expectat Phœbum, 10. post Nubila, 9. ferens mala, sperans meliora.

On the contrary, the impatient person, 11. waileth, lamenteth, rageth against himself, 12. Contra, Impatiens, 11. plorat, lamentatur, debacchatur, 12. in seipsum, grumbleth like a Dog, 13. and yet doth no good; at the last he despaireth, and becometh his own Murtherer, 14. obmurmurat ut Canis, 13. & tamen nil proficit; tandem desperat, & fit Autochir, 14.

Being full of rage he desireth to revenge wrongs. Furibundus cupit vindicare injurias.

CXV.

Humanity. Humanitas.

Men are made for one another’s good; therefore let them be kind. Homines facti sunt ad mutua commoda; ergò sint humani.

Be thou sweet and lovely in thy Countenance, 1. gentle and civil in thy Behaviour and Manners, 2. Sis suavis & amabilis Vultu, 1. comis & urbanus Gestu ac Moribus, 2. affable and true spoken with thy Mouth, 3. affectionate and candid in thy Heart, 4. affabilis & verax, Ore, 3. candens & candidus Corde, 4.

So love, and so shalt thou be loved; and there will be a mutual Friendship, 5. Sic ama, sic amaberis; & fiat mutua Amicitia, 5. as that of Turtle-doves, 6. hearty, gentle, and wishing well on both parts. ceu Turturum, 6. concors, mansueta, & benevola utrinque.

Froward Men are hateful, teasty, unpleasant. contentious, angry, 7. cruel, 8. and implacable, Morosi homines, sunt odiosi, torvi, illepidi. contentiosi, iracundi, 7. crudeles, 8. ac implacabiles, (rather Wolves and Lions, than Men) and such as fall out among themselves, hereupon they fight in a Duel, 9. (magis Lupi & Leones, quàm homines) & inter se discordes, hinc confligunt Duelle, 9.

Envy, 10. wishing ill to others, pineth away her self. Invidia, 10. malè cupiendo aliis, conficit seipsam.

CXVI.

Justice. Justitia.

Justice, 1. is painted, sitting on a square stone, 2. for she ought to be immoveable; Justitia, 1. pingitur, sedens in lapide quadrato, 2. nam decet esse immobilis; with hood-winked eyes, 3. that she may not respect persons; stopping the left ear, 4. to be reserved for the other party; obvelatis oculis, 3. ad non respiciendum personas; claudens aurem sinistram, 4. reservandam alteri parti;

Holding in her right Hand a Sword, 5. and a Bridle, 6. to punish and restrain evil men; Tenens dextrâ Gladium, 5. & Frænum, 6. ad puniendum & coërcendum malos;

Besides, a pair of Balances, 7. in the right Scale, 8. whereof Deserts, and in the left, 9. Rewards being put, Præterea, Stateram, 7. cujus dextræ Lanci, 8. Merita, Sinistræ, 9. Præmia imposita, are made even one with another, and so good Men are incited to virtue, as it were with Spurs, 10. sibi invicem exequantur, atque ita boni incitantur ad virtutem, ceu Calcaribus, 10.

In Bargains, 11. let Men deal candidly, let them stand to their Covenants and Promises; In Contractibus, 11. candidè agatur: stetur Pactis & Promissis; let that which is given one to keep, and that which is lent, be restored: Depositum, & Mutuum, reddantur: let no man be pillaged, 12. or hurt, 13. let every one have his own: these are the precepts of Justice. nemo expiletur, 12. aut lædatur, 13. suum cuique tribuatur: hæc sunt præcepta Justitiæ.

Such things as these are forbidden in God’s 5th. and 7th. Cammandment, and deservedly punish’d on the Gallows and the Wheel, 14. Talia prohibentur, quinto & septimo Dei Præcepto, & merito puniuntur Cruce ac Rotâ, 14.

CXVII.

Liberality. Liberalitas.

Liberality, 1. keepeth a mean about Riches, which she honestly seeketh, that she may have somewhat to bestow on them that want, 2. Liberalitas, 1. servat modum circa Divitias, quas honestè quærit ut habeat quod largiatur Egenis, 2.

She cloatheth, 3. nourisheth, 4. and enricheth, 5. these with a chearful countenance, 6. and a winged hand, 7. Hos vestit, 3. nutrit, 4. ditat, 5. Vultu hilari, 6. & Manu alatâ, 7.

She submitteth her wealth, 8. to her self, not her self to it, Subjicit opes, 8. sibi, non se illis, as the covetous man, 9. doth, who hath, that he may have, and is not the Owner, but the Keeper of his goods, ut Avarus, 9. qui habet, ut habeat, & non est Possessor sed Custos bonorum suorum, and being unsatiable, always scrapeth together, 10. with his Nails. & insatiabilis, semper corradit, 10. Unguibus suis.

Moreover he spareth and keepeth, hoarding up, 11. that he may always have. Sed & parcit & adservat, occludendo, 11. ut semper habeat.

But the Prodigal, 12. badly spendeth things well gotten, and at the last wanteth. At Prodigus, 12. malè disperdit benè parta, ac tandem eget.

CXVIII.

Society betwixt Man and Wife. Societas Conjugalis.

Marriage was appointed by God in Paradise, for mutual help, and the Propagation of mankind. Matrimonium institutum est à Deo in Paradiso, ad mutuum adjutorium, & propagationem generis humani.

A young man (a single man) being to be married, should be furnished either with Wealth, or a Trade and Science, Vir Juvenis (Cœlebs) conjugium initurus, instructus sit aut Opibus, aut Arte & Scientiâ, which may serve for getting a living; that he may be able to maintain a Family. quæ sit de pane lucrando; ut possit sustentare Familiam.

Then he chooseth himself a Maid that is Marriageable, (or a Widow) whom he loveth; Deinde eligit sibi Virginem Nubilem, (aut Viduam) quam adamat; nevertheless a greater Regard is to be had of Virtue, and Honesty, than of Beauty or Portion. ubi tamen major ratio habenda Virtutis & Honestatis, quàm Formæ aut Dotis.

Afterwards, he doth not betroth her to himself closely, but entreateth for her as a Woer, Posthæc, non clam despondet sibi eam, sed ambit, ut Procus, first to the Father, 1. and then the Mother, 2. or the Guardians, or Kinsfolks, by such as help to make the match, 3. apud Patrem, 1. & Matrem, 2. vel apud Tutores, & Cognatos, per Pronubos, 3.

When she is espous’d to him, he becometh the Bridegroom, 4. and she the Bride, 5. Eâ sibi desponsâ, fit Sponsus, 4. & ipsa Sponsa, 5. and the Contract is made. and an Instrument of Dowry 6. is written. fiuntque Sponsalia, & scribitur Instrumentum Dotale, 6.

At the last the Wedding is made, where they are joined together by the Priest, 7. Tandem fiunt Nuptiæ ubi copulantur à Sacerdote, 7. giving their Hands, 8. one to another. and Wedding-rings, 9. then they feast with the witnesses that are invited. datis Manibus, 8. ultrò citroque, & Annulis Nuptialibus, 9. tum epulantur cum invitatis testibus.

After this they are called Husband and Wife; when she is dead he becometh a Widower. Abhinc dicuntur Maritus & Uxor; hâc mortuâ ille fit Viduus.

CXIX.

The Tree of Consanguinity. Arbor Consanguinitatis.

In Consanguinity there touch a Man, 1. in Lineal Ascent, Hominem, 1. Consanguinitate attingunt, in Linea ascendenti, the Father (the Father-in-law), 2. and the Mother (the Mother-in-law), 3. Pater (Vitricus), 2. & Mater (Noverca), 3. the Grandfather, 4. and the Grandmother, 5. the Great Grandfather, 6. and the Great Grandmother, 7. Avus, 4. & Avia, 5. Proavus, 6. & Proavia, 7. the great great Grandfather, 8. the great great Grandmother, 9. the great great Grandfather’s Father, 10. the great great Grandmother’s Mother, 11. the great great Grandfather’s Grandfather, 12. the great great Grandmother’s Grandmother, 13. Abavus, 8. & Abavia, 9. Atavus, 10. & Atavia, 11 Tritavus, 12. & Tritavia, 13.

Those beyond these are called Ancestors, 14....14. Ulteriores dicuntur Majores, 14...14.

In a Lineal descent, the Son (the son-in-law), 15. and the Daughter, (the Daughter-in-law), 16. In Linea descendenti, Filius (Privignus), 15. & Filia (Privigna), 16. the Nephew, 17. and the Neece, 18. the Nephews Son, 19. and the Nephews Daughter, 20. Nepos, 17. & Neptis, 18. Pronepos, 19. & Proneptis, 26. the Nephews Nephew, 21. and the Neeces Neece, 22. the Nephews Nephews Son, 23. the Neeces Neeces Daughter, 24. the Nephews Nephews Nephew, 25. the Neeces Neeces Neece, 26. Abnepos, 21. & Abneptis, 22. Atnepos, 23. & Atneptis, 24. Trinepos, 25. & Trineptis, 26.

Those beyond these are called Posterity, 27....27. Ulteriores dicuntur Posteri, 27....27.

In a Collateral Line are the Uncle by the Fathers side, 28. and the Aunt by the Fathers side, 29. In Linea Collaterali sunt Patruus, 28. & Amita, 29. the Uncle by the Mothers side, 30. and the Aunt by the Mothers side, 31. Avunculus, 30. & Matertera, 31. the Brother, 32. and the Sister, 33. the Brothers Son, 34. the Sisters Son, 35. and the Cousin by the Brother and Sister, 36. Frater, 32. & Soror, 33. Patruelis, 34. Sobrinus, 35. & Amitinus, 36.

CXX.

The Society betwixt Parents and Children. Societas Parentalis.

Married Persons, (by the blessing of God) have Issue, and become Parents. Conjuges, (ex benedictione Dei) suscipiunt Sobolem (Prolem) & fiunt Parentes.

The Father, 1. begetteth and the Mother, 2. beareth Sons, 3. and Daughters, 4. (sometimes Twins). Pater, 1. generat & Mater, 2. parit Filios, 3. & Filias, 4. (aliquando Gemellos).

The Infant, 5. is wrapped in Swadling-cloathes, 6. is laid in a Cradle, 7. Infans, 5. involvitur Fasciis, 6. reponitur in Cunas, 7. is suckled by the Mother with her Breasts, 8. and fed with Pap, 9. lactatur a matre Uberibus, 8. & nutritur Pappis, 9. Afterwards it learneth to go by a Standing-stool, 10. playeth with Rattles, 11. and beginneth to speak. Deinde discit incedere Seperasto, 10. ludit Crepundiis, 11. & incipit fari.

As it beginneth to grow older, it is accustomed to Piety, 12. and Labour, 13. and is chastised, 14. if it be not dutiful. Crescente ætate, adsuescit Pietati, 12. & Labori, 13. & castigatur, 14. si non sit morigerus.

Children owe to Parents Reverence and Service. Liberi debent Parentibus Cultum & Officium.

The Father maintaineth his Children by taking pains, 15. Pater sustentat Liberos, laborando, 15.

CXXI.

The Society betwixt Masters and Servants. Societas herilis.

The Master (the goodman of the House), 1. hath Men-servants, 2. Herus (Pater familias), 1. habet Famulos (Servos), 2. the Mistress (the good wife of the House), 3. Maidens, 4. Hera (Mater familias), 3. Ancillas, 4.

They appoint these their Work, 6. and divide them their tasks, 5. which are faithfully to be done by them Illi mandant his Opera, 6. & distribuunt Laborum Pensa, 5. quæ ab his fideliter sunt exsequenda without murmuring and loss: for which their Wages, and Meat and Drink is allowed them. sine murmure & dispendio; pro quo Merces & Alimonia præbentur ipsis.

A Servant was heretofore a Slave, over whom the Master had power of life and death. Servus olim erat Mancipium, in quem Domino potestas fuit vitæ & necis

At this day the poorer sort serve in a free manner, being hired for Wages. Hodiè pauperiores serviunt liberè, conducti mercede.

CXXII.

A City. Urbs.

Of many Houses is made a Village, 1. or a Town, or a City, 2. Ex multis Domibus fit Pagus, 1. vel Oppidum, vel Urbs, 2.

That and this are fenced and begirt with a Wall, 3. a Trench, 4. Bulwarks, 5. and Pallisadoes, 6. Istud & hæc muniuntur & cinguntur Mœnibus (Muro), 3. Vallo, 4. Aggeribus, 5. & Vallis, 6.

Within the Walls is the void Place, 7. without, the Ditch, 8. Intra muros est Pomœrium, 7. extrà, Fossa, 8.

In the Walls are Fortresses, 9. and Towers, 10. Watch-Towers, 11. are upon the higher places. In mœnibus sunt Propugnacula, 9. & Turres, 10. Specula, 11. extant in editioribus locis.

The entrance into a City is made out of the Suburbs, 12. through Gates, 13. over the Bridge, 14. Ingressus in Urbem fit ex Suburbio, 12. per Portam, 13. super Pontem, 14.

The Gate hath a Portcullis, 15. a Draw-bridge, 16. two-leaved Doors, 17. Porta habet Cataractas, 15. Pontem versatilem, 16. Valvas, 17. Locks and Bolts, as also Barrs, 18. Claustra & Repagula, ut & Vectes, 18.

In the Suburbs are Gardens, 19. and Garden-houses, 20. and also Burying-places, 21. In Suburbiis sunt Horti, 19. & Suburbana, 20. ut & Cœmeteria, 21.

CXXIII.

The inward parts of a City. Interiora Urbis.

Within the City are Streets, 1. paved with Stones; Intra urbem sunt Plateæ (Vici), 1. stratæ Lapidibus; Market-places, 2. (in some places with Galleries), 3. and narrow Lanes, 4. Fora, 2. (alicubi cum Porticibus), 3. & Angiportus, 4.

The Publick Buildings are in the middle of the City, the Church, 5. the School, 6. the Guild-Hall, 7. the Exchange, 8. Publica ædificia sunt in medio Urbis, Templum, 5. Schola, 6. Curia, 7. Domus Mercaturæ, 8.

About the Walls and the Gates are the Magazine, 9. the Granary, 10. Inns, Ale-houses, Circa Mœnia, & Portas Armamentarium, 9. Granarium, 10. Diversoria, Popinæ, Cooks-shops, 11. the Play-house, 12. and the Spittle, 13. & Cauponæ, 11. Theatrum, 12. Nosodochium, 13.

In the by-places are Houses of Office, 14. and the Prison, 15. In recessibus, Foricæ (Cloacæ), 14. & Custodia (Carcer), 15.

In the chief Steeple is the Clock, 16. and the Watchmans Dwelling, 17. In turre primariâ est Horologium, 16. & habitatio Vigilum, 17.

In the Streets are Wells, 18. In Plateis sunt Putei, 18.

The River, 19. or Beck, runneth about the City, serveth to wash away the filth. Fluvius, 19. vel Rivus, interfluens Urbem, inservit eluendis sordibus.

The Tower, 20. standeth in the highest part of the City. Arx, 20. extat in summo Urbis.

CXXIV.

Judgment. Judicium.

The best Law, is a quiet agreement, made either by themselves, betwixt whom the sute is, or by an Umpire. Optimum Jus, est placida conventio, facta vel ab ipsis, inter quos lis est vel ab Arbitro.

If this do not proceed, they come into Court, 1. (heretofore they judg’d in the Market-place; at this day in the Moot-hall) Hæc si non procedit, venitur in Forum, 1. (olim judicabant in Foro, hodiè in Prætorio) in which the Judge, 2. sitteth with his Assessors, 3. the Clerk, 4. taketh their Votes in writing. cui Judex (Prætor), 2. præsidet cum Assessoribus, 3. Dicographus, 4. excipit Vota calamo.

The Plaintiff, 5. accuseth the Defendant, 6. and produceth Witnesses, 7. against him. Actor, 5. accusat Reum, 6. & producit Testes, 7. contra illum.

The Defendant excuseth himself by a Counsellor, 8. Reus excusat se per Advocatum, 8. whom the Plaintiff’s Counsellor, 9. contradicts. cui Actoris Procurator, 9. contradicit.

Then the Judge pronounceth Sentence, acquitting the innocent, and condemning him that is guilty, Tum Judex Sententiam pronunciat, absolvens insontem, & damnans sontem to a Punishment, or a Fine, or Torment. ad Pœnam, vel Mulctam, vel ad Supplicium.

CXXV.

The Tormenting of Malefactors. Supplicia Malefactorum.

Malefactors, 1. are brought from the Prison, 3. (where they are wont to be tortured) Malefici, 1. producuntur, è Carcere, 3. (ubi torqueri solent) by Serjeants, 2. or dragg’d with a Horse, 15. to place of Execution. per Lictores, 2. vel Equo raptantur, 15. ad locum Supplicii.

Thieves, 4. are hanged by the Hangman, 6. on a Gallows, 5. Fures, 4. suspenduntur a Carnifice, 6. in Patibulo, 5.

Whoremasters are beheaded, 7. Mœchi decollantur, 7.

Murtherers and Robbers Homicidæ (Sicarii) ac Latrones (Piratæ) are either laid upon a Wheel, 8. having their Legs broken, or fastened upon a Stake, 9. vel imponuntur Rotæ crucifragio plexi, 8. vel Palo infiguntur, 9.

Witches are burnt in a great Fire, 10. Striges (Lamiæ) cremantur super Rogum, 10.

Some before they are executed have their Tongues cut out, 11. or have their Hand, 12. cut off upon a Block, 13. or are burnt with Pincers, 14. Quidam antequam supplicio afficiantur elinguantur, 11. aut plectuntur Manu, 12. super Cippum, 13. aut Forcipibus, 14. uruntur

They that have their Life given them, are set on the Pillory, 16. or strapado’d, 17. Vitâ donati, constringuntur Numellis, 16. luxantur, 17. are set upon a wooden Horse, 18. have their Ears cut off, 19. are whipped with Rods, 20. imponuntur Equuleo, 18. truncantur Auribus, 19. cæduntur Virgis, 20. are branded, are banished, are condemned to the Gallies, or to perpetual Imprisonment. Stigmate notantur, relegantur, damnantur ad Triremes, vel ad Carcerem perpetuum.

Traytors are pull’d in pieces with four Horses. Perduelles discerpuntur Quadrigis.

CXXVI.

Merchandizing. Mercatura.

Wares brought from other places are either exchanged in an Exchange, 1. Merces, aliunde allatæ, aliunde vel commutantur in Domo Commerciorum, 1, or exposed to sale in Warehouses, 2. and they are sold for Money, 3. vel exponuntur venum in Tabernis Mercimoniorum, 2. & venduntur pro Pecuniâ (monetâ), 3. being either measured with an Eln, 4. or weighed in a pair of Balances, 5. vel mensuratæ Ulnâ, 4. vel ponderatæ Librâ, 5.

Shop-keepers, 6. Pedlars, 7. and Brokers, 8. would also be called Merchants, 9. Tabernarii. 6. Circumforanei, 7. & Scrutarii, 8. etiam volunt dici Mercatores, 9.

The Seller braggeth of a thing that is to be sold, and setteth the rate of it, and how much it may be sold for. Venditor ostentat rem promercalem, & indicat pretium, quanti liceat.

The Buyer, 10. cheapneth and offereth the price. Emptor, 10. licetur, & pretium offert.

If any one bid against him, 11. the thing is delivered to him that promiseth the most. Si quis contralicetur, 11. ei res addicitur qui pollicetur plurimum.

CXXVII.

Measures and Weights. Mensuræ & Pondera.

We measure things that hang together with an Eln, 1. liquid things with a Gallon, 2. and dry things by a two-bushel Measure, 3. Res continuas metimur Ulnâ, 1. liquidas Congio, 2. aridas Medimno, 3.

We try the heaviness of things by Weights, 4. and Balances, 5. Gravitatem rerum experimur Ponderibus, 4. & Librâ (bilance), 5.

In this is first the Beam, 6. in the midst whereof is a little Axle-tree, 7. In hâc primò est Jugum (Scapus), 6. in cujus medio Axiculus, 7. above the cheeks and the hole, 8. in which the Needle, 9. moveth it self to and fro: superiùs trutina & agina, 8. in quâ Examen, 9. sese agitat: on both sides are the Scales, 10. hanging by little Cords, 11. utrinque sunt Lances, 10. pendentes Funiculis, 11.

The Brasiers balance, 12. weigheth things by hanging them on a Hook, 13. and the Weight, 14. opposite to them which Statera, 12. ponderat res, suspendendo illas Unco, 13. & Pondus, 14. ex opposito, quod in (a) weigheth just as much as the thing, in (b) twice so much in (c) thrice so much, &c. in (a) æquiponderat rei, in (b) bis tantum, in (c) ter, &c.

CXXVIII.

Physick. Ars Medica.

The Patient, 1. sendeth for a Physician, 2. who feeleth his Pulse, 3, and looketh upon his Water, 4. Ægrotans, 1. accersit Medicum, 2. qui tangit ipsius Arteriam, 3. & inspicit Urinam, 4. and then prescribeth a Receipt in a Bill, 5. tum præscribit Medicamentum in Schedula, 5.

That is made ready by an Apothecary, 6. in a Apothecaries Shop, 7. Istud paratur à Pharmacopæo, 6. in Pharmacopolio, 7. where Drugs are kept in Drawers, 8. Boxes, 9. and Gally-pots, 10. ubi Pharmaca adservantur in Capsulis, 8. Pyxidibus, 9. & Lagenis, 10.

And it is either a Potion, 11. or Powder, 12. or Pills, 13. or Trochisks, 14. or an Electuary, 15. Estque vel Potio, 11. vel Pulvis, 12. vel Pillulæ, 13. vel Pastilli, 14. vel Electuarium, 15.

Diet and Prayer, 16. is the best Physick. Diæta & Oratio, 16. est optima Medicina.

The Chirurgeon, 18. cureth Wounds, 17. and Ulcers, with Plasters, 19. Chirurgus, 18. curat Vulnera, 17. & Ulcera, Spleniis (emplastris), 19.

CXXIX.

A Burial. Sepultura.

Dead Folks heretofore were burned, and their Ashes put into an Urn, 1. Defuncti olim cremabantur, & Cineres recondebantur in Urna, 1.

We enclose our dead Folks in a Coffin, 2. Nos includimus nostros Demortuos Loculo, (Capulo), 2. lay them upon a Bier, 3. and see they be carried out in a Funeral Pomp towards the Church-yard, 4. imponimus Feretro, 3. & curamus efferri Pompâ Funebri versus Cœmeterium, 4. where they are laid in a Grave, 6. by the Bearers, 5. and are interred; ubi inferuntur, Sepulchro, 6, a Vespillonibus, 5. & humantur; this is covered with a Grave-stone, 7. and is adorned with Tombs, 8. and Epitaphs, 9. hoc tegitur Cippo, 7. & ornatur Monumentis, 8. ac Epitaphiis, 9.

As the Corps go along Psalms are sung, and the Bells are rung, 10. Funere prodeunte, Hymni cantantur, & Campanæ, 10. pulsantur.

CXXX.

A Stage-play. Ludus Scenicus.

In a Play-house, 1. (which is trimmed with Hangings, 2. and covered with Curtains, 3.) In Theatro, 1. (quod vestitur Tapetibus, 2. & tegitur Sipariis, 3.) Comedies and Tragedies are acted, wherein memorable things are represented; Comediæ vel Tragœdiæ aguntur, quibus repræsentantur res memorabiles as here, the History of the Prodigal Son, 4. and his Father, 5. by whom he is entertain’d, being return’d home. ut hic, Historia de Filio Prodigo, 4. & Patre, 5. ipsius, à quo recipitur, domum redux.

The Players act being in disguise; the Fool, 6. maketh Jests. Actores (Histriones) agunt personati; Morio, 6. dat Jocos.

The chief of the Spectators sit in the Gallery, 7. the common sort stand on the Ground, 8. Spectatorum primarii, sedent in Orchestra, 7. plebs stat in Cavea, 8. and clap the hands, if anything please them. & plaudit, si quid arridet.

CXXXI.

Sleights. Præstigiæ.

The Tumbler, 1. maketh several Shows by the nimbleness of his body, walking to and fro on his hands, Præstigiator, 1. facit varia Spectacula, volubilitate corporis, deambulando manibus, leaping through a Hoop, 2. &c. saliendo per Circulum, 2. &c.

Sometimes also he danceth, 4. having on a Vizzard. Interdum etiam tripudiat, 4. Larvatus.

The Jugler, 3. sheweth sleights, out of a Purse. Agyrta, 3. facit præstigias è Marsupio.

The Rope-dancer, 5. goeth and danceth upon a Rope, Funambulus, 5. graditur & saltat super Funem, holdeth a Poise, 6. in his hand; or hangeth himself by the hand or foot, 7. &c. tenens Halterem, 6. manu; aut suspendit se manu vel pede, 7. &c.

CXXXII.

The Fencing-School. Palestra.

Fencers meet in a Duel in a Fencing-place, Pugiles congrediuntur Duello in Palestra, fighting with Swords, 1. or Pikes, 2. and Halberds, 3. or Short-swords, 4. decertantes vel Gladiis, 1. vel Hastilibus, 2. & Bipennibus, 3. vel Semispathis, 4. or Rapiers, 5. having balls at the point (lest they wound one another mortally) or with two edged-Swords and a Dagger, 6. together. vel Ensibus, 5. mucronem obligatis, (ne lædet lethaliter) vel Frameis & Pugione, 6. simul.

Wrestlers, 7. (among the Romans in time past were nayked and anointed with Oyl) Luctatores, 7. (apud Romanos olim nudi & inuncti Oleo) take hold of one another and strive whether can throw the other, especially by tripping up his heels, 8. prehendunt se invicem & annituntur uter alterum prosternere possit, præprimis supplantando, 8.

Hood-winked Fencers, 9. fought with their fists in a ridiculous strife, to wit, with their Eyes covered. Andabatæ, 9. pugnabant pugnis ridiculo certamine, nimirum Oculis obvelatis.

CXXXIII.

Tennis-play. Ludus Pilæ.

In a Tennis Court, 1. they play with a Ball, 2. which one throweth, and another taketh, and sendeth it back In Sphæristerio, 1. luditur Pilâ, 2. quam alter mittit, alter excipit, & remittit with a Racket, 3. and that is the Sport of Noble Men to stir their Body. Reticulo, 3. idque est Lusus Nobilium ad commotionem Corporis.

A Wind-ball, 4. being filled with Air, by means of a Ventil, Follis (pila magna), 4. distenta Aere ope Epistomii, is tossed to and fro with the Fist, 5. in the open Air. reverberberatur Pugno, 5. sub Dio.

CXXXIV.

Dice-play. Ludus Aleæ.

We play with Dice, 1. either they that throw the most take up all; Tesseris (talis), 1. ludimus vel Plistobolindam; or we throw them through a Casting-box, 2. upon a Board, 3. marked with figures, vel immittimus illas per Frittillum, 2. in Tabellam, 3. notatam numeris, and this is Dice-players game at casting Lots. idque est Ludas Sortilegii Aleatorum.

Men play by Luck and Skill at Tables. in a pair of Tables, 4. and at Cards, 5. Sorte & Arte luditur Calculis in Alveo aleatorio, 4. & Chartis lusoriis, 5.

We play at Chesse on a Chesse-board, 6. where only art beareth the sway. Ludimus Abaculis in Abaco, 6. ubi sola ars regnat.

The most ingenious Game is the Game of Chesse, 7. wherein as it were two Armies fight together in Battel. Ingeniosissimus Ludus est Ludus Latrunculorum, 7. quo veluti duo Exercitus confligunt Prælio.

CXXXV.

Races. Cursus Certamina.

Boys exercise themselves by running, either upon the Ice, 1. in Scrick-shoes, 2. where they are carried also upon Sleds, 3. Pueri exercent se cursu, sive super Glaciem, 1. Diabatris, 2. ubi etiam vehuntur Trahis, 3. or in the open Field, making a Line, 4. which he that desireth to win, ought to touch, but not to run beyond it. sive in Campo, designantes Lineam, 4. quam qui vincere cupit debet attingere, at non ultrâ procurrere.

Heretofore Runners, 5. run betwixt Rails, 6. to the Goal, 7. Olim decurrebant Cursores, 5. inter Cancellos, 6. ad Metam, 7. and he that toucheth it first receiveth the Prize, 8. from him that gave the prize, 9. & qui primum contingebat eam, accipiebat Brabeum, (præmium), 8. à Brabeuta, 9.

At this day Tilting (or the quintain) is used, Hodie Hastiludia habentur, (where a Hoop, 11. is struck at with a Truncheon, 10.) instead of Horse-races, which are grown out of use. (ubi Circulus, 11. petitur Lancea, 10.) loco Equiriorum, quæ abierunt in desuetudinem.

CXXXVI.

Boys Sport. Ludi Pueriles.

Boys use to play either with Bowling-stones 1. or throwing a Bowl, 2. at Nine-pins, 3. Pueri solent ludere vel Globis fictilibus, 1. vel jactantes Globum, 2. ad Conas, 3. or striking a Ball, through a Ring, 5. with a Bandy, 4. or scourging a Top, 6. with a Whip, 7. vel mittentes Sphærulam per Annulum, 5. Clava, 4. versantes Turbinem, 6. Flagello, 7. or shooting with a Trunk, 8. and a Bow, 9. or going upon Stilts, 10, or tossing and swinging themselves upon a Merry-totter, 11. vel jaculantes Sclopo, 8. & Arcu, 9. vel incidentes Grallis, 10. vel super Petaurum, 11. se agitantes & oscillantes.

CXXXVII.

The Kingdom and the Region. Regnum & Regio.

Many Cities and Villages make a Region and a Kingdom. Multæ Urbes & Pagi faciunt Regionem & Regnum.

The King or Prince resideth in the chief City, 1. Rex aut Princeps sedet in Metropoli. 1. the Noblemen, Lords, and Earls dwell in the Castles, 2. Nobiles, Barones, & Comites habitant in Arcibus, 2. that lie about it; the Country People dwell in Villages, 3. circumjacentibus; Rustici in Pagis, 3.

He hath his toll-places upon navigable Rivers, 4. and high-Roads, 5. Habet telonia sua juxta Flumina navigabilia, 4. & Vias regias, 5. where Portage and Tollage is exacted of them that sail or travel. ubi Portorum & Vectigal exigitur a navigantibus & iter facientibus.

CXXXVIII.

Regal Majesty. Regia Majestas.

The King, 1. sitteth on his Throne, 2. in Kingly State, with a stately Habit, 3. crowned with a Diadem, 4. Rex, 1. sedet in suo Solio, 2. in regio splendore, magnifico Habitu, 3. redimitus Diademate, 4. holding a Scepter, 5. in his Hand, being attended with a Company of Courtiers. tenens Sceptrum, 5. manu, stipatus frequentiâ Aulicorum.

The chief among these, are the Chancellor, 6. with the Counsellors and Secretaries, Inter hos primarii sunt Cancellarius, 6. cum Consiliariis & Secretariis, the Lord-marshall, 7. the Comptroller, 8. the Cup-bearer, 9. the Taster, 10. Præfectus Prætorii, 7. Aulæ Magister, 8. Pocillator (pincerna), 9. Dapifer, 10. the Treasurer, 11. the High Chamberlain, 12. and the Master of the Horse, 13. Thesaurarius, 11. Archi-Cubicularius, 12. & Stabuli Magister, 13.

There are subordinate to these the Noble Courtiers, 14. the Noble Pages, 15. Subordinantur his Nobiles Aulici, 14. Nobile Famulitium, 15. with the Chamberlains, and Lacquies, 16. the Guard, 17. with their Attendance. cum Cubiculariis, & Cursoribus, 16. Stipatores, 17. cum Satellitio.

He solemnly giveth Audience to the Ambassadors of Foreign Princes, 18. Solemniter recipit Legatos exterorum, 18.

He sendeth his Vice-gerents, Deputies, Governors, Treasurers, and Ambassadors Ablegat Vicarios suos, Administratores, Præfectos, Quæstores, & Legatos, to other places, to whom he sendeth new Commissions ever and anon by the Posts, 19. aliorsum, quibus mittit Mandata nova subinde per Veredarios, 19.

The Fool, 20. maketh Laughter by his toysom Actions. Morio, 20. movet Risum ludicris Actionibus.

CXXXIX.

The Soldier. Miles.

If we be to make War Soldiers are lifted, 1. Si bellandum est scribuntur Milites. 1.

Their Arms are a Head-piece, 2. (which is adorned with a Crest) and the Armour, Horum Arma sunt, Galea (Cassis, 2.) (quæ ornatur Cristâ) & Armatura, whose parts are a Collar, 3. a Breast-plate, 4. Arm-pieces, 5. Leg-pieces, 6. Greaves, 7. cujus partes Torquis ferreus, 3. Thorax, 4. Brachialia, 5. Ocreæ ferreæ, 6. Manicæ, 7. with a Coat of Mail, 8. and a Buckler, 9. these are the defensive Arms. cum Lorica, 8. & Scuto (Clypeo), 9. hæc sunt Arma defensiva.

The offensive are a Sword, 10. a two-edged Sword, 11. a Falchion, 12. Offensiva sunt Gladius, 10. Framea, 11. & Acinaces, 12. which are put up into a Scabbard, 13. and are girded with a Girdle, 14. or Belt, 15. qui reconduntur Vaginâ, 13. accinguntur Cingulo, 14. vel Baltheo, 15. (a Scarf, 16. serveth for ornament) a two handed-Sword, 17. and a Dagger, 18. (Fascia militaris, 16. inservit ornatui) Romphæa, 17. & Pugio, 18.

In these is the Haft, 19. with the Pummel, 20. and the Blade, 21. having a Point, 22. In his est Manubrium, 19. cum Pomo, 20. & Verutum, 21. Cuspidatum, 22. in the middle are the Back, 23. and the Edge, 24. in medio Dorsum, 23. & Acies, 24.

The other Weapons are a Pike, 25. a Halbert, 26. Reliqua arma sunt Hasta, 25. Bipennis, 26. (in which is the Haft, 27. and the Head, 28.) a Club, 29. and a Whirlebat, 30. (in quibus Hastile, 27. & Mucro, 28.) Clava, 29. & Cœstus, 30.

They fight at a distance with Muskets, 31. and Pistols, 32. which Pugnatur eminùs Bombardis (Sclopetis), 31. & Sclopis, 32. quæ are charged with Bullets, 33. out of a Bullet-bag, 34. and with Gun-powder out of a Bandalier, 35. onerantur Globis, 33. è Theca bombardica, 34. & Pulvere nitrato è Pyxide pulveraria, 35.

CXL.

The Camps. Castra.

When a Design is undertaken the Camp, 1. is pitched Expeditione susceptâ, Castra, 1. locantur and the Tents of Canvas, 2. or Straw, 3. are fastned with Stakes; & Tentoria Linteis, 2. vel Stramentis, 3. figuntur Paxillis; and they entrench them about for security’s sake, with Bulwarks, 4. and Ditches, 5. eaque circumdant, securitatis gratiâ Aggeribus, 4. & Fossis, 5. Sentinels, 6. are also set; and Scouts, 7. are sent out. Excubiæ, 6. constituuntur; & Exploratores, 7. emittuntur.

Sallyings out, 8. are made for Forage and Plunder-sake, where they often cope with the Enemy, 9. in skirmishing. Excursiones, 8. fiunt Pabulationis & Prædæ causâ, ubi sæpius confligitur cum Hostibus, 9. velitando.

The Pavilion of the Lord General is in the midst of the Camp, 10. Tentorium summi Imperatoris est in medio Castrorum, 10.

CXLI.

The Army and the Fight. Acies & Prœlium.

When the Battel is to be fought the Army is set in order, and divided into the Front, 1. the Rere, 2. and the Wings, 3. Quando Pugna committenda est, Acies instruitur, & dividitur in Frontem, 1. Tergum, 2. & Alas (Cornua), 3.

The Foot, 4. are intermixed with the Horse, 5. Peditatus, 4. intermiscetur Equitatui, 5.

That is divided into Companies, this into Troops. Ille distinguitur in Centurias, hic in Turmas.

These carry Banners, 6. those Flags, 7. in the midst of them. Illæ in medio ferunt Vexilla, 6. hæ Labara, 7.

Their Officers are, Corporals, Ensigns, Lieutenants, Captains, 8. Eorum Præfecti sunt, Decuriones, Signiferi, Vicarii, Centuriones, 8. Commanders of the Horse, 9. Lieutenant Colonels, Colonels, and he that is the chief of all, the General. Magistri Equitum, 9. Tribuni, Chiliarchæ, & summus omnium Imperator.

The Drummers, 10. and the Drumslades, 11. as also the Trumpeters, 12. call to Arms, and inflame the Soldier. Tympanistæ, 10. & Tympanotribæ, 11. ut & Tubicines, 12. vocant ad Arma & inflammant Militem.

At the first Onset the Muskets, 13. and Ordnance, 14. are shot off. Primo Conflictu, Bombardæ, 13. & Tormenta, 14. exploduntur.

Afterwards they fight, 15. hand to hand with Pikes and Swords. Postea pugnatur, 15. cominus Hastis & Gladiis.

They that are overcome are slain, 16. or taken prisoners, or run away, 17. Victi trucidantur, 16. vel capiuntur, vel aufugiunt, 17.

They that are for the Reserve, 18. come upon them out of their places where they lay in wait. Succenturiati, 18. superveniunt ex insidiis.

The Carriages, 19. are plundered. Impedimenta, 19. spoliantur.

CXLII.

The Sea-Fight. Pugna Navalis.

A Sea-fight is terrible, when huge Ships, like Castles, run one upon another Navale prœlium terribile est, quum ingentes Naves, veluti Arces, concurrunt with their Beaks, 1. or shatter one another with their Ordnance, 2. Rostris, 1. aut se invicem quassant Tormentis, 2. and so being bored thorow they drink in their own Destruction, and are sunk, 3. atque ita perforatæ, imbibunt perniciem suam & submerguntur, 3.

Or when they are set on fire and either by the firing of Gun-powder, 4. Aut quum igne corripiuntur, & vel ex incendio pulveris tormentarii, 4. men are blown up into the air, or are burnt in the midst of the waters, or else leaping into the Sea are drowned. homines ejiciuntur in ærem, vel exuruntur in mediis aquis, vel etiam desilientes in mare, suffocantur.

A Ship that flieth away, 5. is overtaken by those that pursue her, 6. and is taken. Navis fugitiva, 5. intercipitur ab insequentibus, 6. & capitur.

CXLIII.

The Besieging of a City. Obsidium Urbis.

A City that is like to endure a Siege, is first summoned by a Trumpeter, 1. and persuaded to yield. Urbs passura Obsidionem, primum provocatur per Tubicinem, 1. & invitatur ad Depitionem.

Which if it refuseth to do, it is assaulted by the Besiegers, and taken by storm. Quod si abnuat facere, oppugnatur ab Obsidentibus & occupatur.

Either by climbing over the walls with Scaling-ladders, 2. or breaking them down with Battering-engins, 3. Vel muros per Scalas, 2. transcendendo, aut diruendo Arietibus, 3. or demolishing them with great Guns, 4. or breaking through the Gates with a Petarr, 5. aut demoliendo Tormentis, 4. vel dirumpendo portas Exostra, 5. or casting Granadoes, 6. out of Mortar-pieces, 7. into the City, by Engineers, 8. vel ejaculando Globos Tormentarios, 6. e Mortariis (balistis), 7. in Urbem per Balistarios, 8. (who lye behind Leagure-baskets, 9.) or overthrowing it with Mines by Pioneers, 10. (qui latitant post Gerras, 9.) vel subvertendo Cuniculis per Fossores, 10,

They that are besieged defend themselves from the Walls, 11. with fire and stones, &c, or break out by force, 12. Obsessi defendunt se de Muris, 11. ignibus, lapidibus, &c. aut erumpunt, 12.

A City that is taken by Storm is plundered, destroyed, and sometimes laid even with the ground. Urbs vi expugnata, diriditur, exciditur, interdum equatur solo.

CXLIV.

Religion. Religio.

Godliness, 1. the Queen of Vertues, worshippeth God, 4. devoutly, Pietas, 1. Regina Virtutum colit Deum, 4. humiliter, the Knowledge of God being drawn either from the Book of Nature, 2. (for the work commendeth the Work-master) Notitiâ Dei, haustâ vel ex Libro Naturæ, 2. (nam opus commendat Artificem) or from the Book of Scripture, 3. she meditateth upon his Commandments contained in the Decalogue, 5. vel ex Libro Scripturæ, 3. recolit Mandata ejus comprehensa in Decalogo, 5. and treading Reason under foot, that Barking Dog, 6. she giveth Faith, 7. and assent to the Word of God, & conculcans Rationem, oblatrantem Canem, 6. præbet Fidem, 7. & assensum Verbo Dei, and calleth upon him, 8. as a Helper in adversity. eumque invocat, 8. ut Opitulatorem in adversis.

Divine Services are done in the Church, 9. in which are the Quire, 10. with the Altar, 11. Officia Divina fiunt in Templo, 9. in quo est Penetrale (Adytum, 10.) cum Altari, 11. the Vestry, 12. the Pulpit, 13. Seats, 14. Galleries, 15. and a Font, 16. Sacrarium, 12. Suggestus, 13. Subsellia, 14. Ambones, 15. & Baptisterium, 16.

All men perceive that there is a God, but all men do not rightly know God. Omnes homines sentiunt esse Deum, sed non omnes rectè nôrunt Deum.

Hence are divers Religions whereof IV. are reckoned yet as the chief. Hinc diversæ Religiones quarum IV. numerantur adhuc primariæ.

CXLV.

Gentilism. Gentilimus.

The Gentiles feigned to themselves near upon XIIM. Deities. Gentiles finxerunt sibi prope XIIM. Numina.

The chief of them were Jupiter, 1. President, and petty-God of Heaven; Eorum præcipua erant Jupiter, 1. Præses & Deaster cœli; Neptune, 2. of the Sea; Pluto, 3. of Hell; Mars, 4. of War; Apollo, 5. of Arts; Neptunus, 2. Maris; Pluto, 3. Inferni; Mars, 4. Belli; Apollo, 5. Artium; Mercury, 6. of Thieves, Merchants, and Eloquence; Vulcan, (Mulciber) of Fire and Smiths; Mercurius, 6. Furum, Mercatorum, & Eloquentiæ; Vulcanus (Mulciber), Ignis & Fabrorum; Æolus, of Winds: and the most obscene of all the rest, Priapus. Æolus, Ventorum; & obscænissimus, Priapus.

They had also Womanly Deities: such as were Venus, 7. the Goddess of Loves, and Pleasures, with her little son Cupid, 8. Habuerant etiam Muliebria Numina; qualia fuerunt Venus, 7. Dea Amorum, & Voluptatum, cum filiolo Cupidine, 8. Minerva (Pallas), with the nine Muses of Arts; Juno, of Riches and Weddings; Minerva (Pallas), cum novem Musis Artium; Juno, Divitiarum & Nuptiarum; Vesta, of Chastity; Ceres, of Corn; Diana, of Hunting, and Fortune; and besides these Morbona, and Febris her self. Vesta, Castitatis; Ceres, Frumentorum; Diana, Venationum; & Fortuna: quin & Morbona, ac Febris ipsa.

The Egyptians, instead of God worshipped all sorts of Beasts and Plants, and whatsoever they saw first in the morning. Ægyptii, pro Deo colebant omne genus Animalium & Plantarum, & quicquid conspiciebantur primum mane.

The Philistines offered to Moloch, 9. their Children to be burnt alive, Philistæi offerebant Molocho (Saturno), 9. Infantes cremandos vivos.

The Indians, 10. even to this day, worship the Devil, 11. Indi, 10. etiamnum venerantur Cacodæmona, 11.

CXLVI.

Judaism. Judaismus.

Yet the true Worship of the true God, remained with the Patriarchs, who lived before and after the Flood. Verus tamem Cultus veri Dei, remansit apud Patriarchas, qui vixerunt ante & post Diluvium.

Amongst these, that Seed of the Woman, the Messias of the World, was promised to Abraham, 1. Inter hos, Semen illud Mulieris, Messias Mundi, promissus est Abrahamo. 1. the Founder of the Jews, the Father of them that believe: and he (being called away from the Gentiles) with his Posterity, Conditori Judæorum, Patri credentium: & ipse (avocatus a Gentilibus) cum Posteris, being marked with the Sacrament of Circumcision, 2. made a peculiar people, and Church of God. notatus Sacramento Circumcisionis, 2. constitutus singularis populus, & Ecclesia Dei.

Afterwards God gave his Law, written with his own Finger in Tables of Stone, 5. to this people by Moses, 3. in Mount Sinai, 4. Postea Deus exhibuit Legem suam, scriptam Digito suo in Tabulis Lapideis, 5. huic Populo per Mosen, 3. in Monte Sinai, 4.

Furthermore, he ordained the eating the Paschal Lamb, 6. and Sacrifices to be offered upon an Altar, 7. Porrò ordinavit manducationem Agni Paschalis, 6. & Sacrificia offerenda in Altari, 7. by Priests, 8. and Incense, 9. and commanded a Tabernacle, 10. with the Ark of the Covenant, 11. to be made: per Sacerdotes, 8. & Suffitus, 9. & jussit Tabernaculum, 10. cum Arca Fœderis, 11. fieri: and besides, a brazen Serpent, 12. to be set up against the biting of Serpents in the Wilderness. præterea, æneum Serpentem, 12. erigi contra morsum Serpentum in Deserto.

All which things were Types of the Messias to come, whom the Jews yet look for. Quæ omnia Typi erant Messiæ venturi, quem Judæi adhuc expectant.

CXLVII.

Christianity. Christianismus.

The only begotten eternal Son of God, 3. Unigenitus æternus Dei Filius, 3. being promised to our first Parents in Paradise, at the last being conceived by the Holy Ghost, promissus Protoplastis in Paradiso, tandem conceptus per Sanctum Spiritum in the most Holy Womb of the Virgin Mary, 1. of the royal house of David and clad with humane flesh, in sanctissimo utero Virginis Mariæ, 1. de domo regiâ Davidis, & indutus humanâ carne, came into the World at Bethlehem of Judæa, in the extream poverty of a Stable, 2. prodiit in mundum Bethlehemæ Judæâ, in summâ paupertate Stabuli, 2. in the fullness of time, in the year of the world 3970, but pure from all sin, impleto tempore, Anno Mundi 3970, sed mundus ab omni peccato and the name of Jesus was given him, which signifieth a Saviour. & nomen Jesu impositum fuit ei, quod significat Salvatorem.

When he was sprinkled with holy Baptism, 4. (the Sacrament of the new Covenant) by John his Forerunner, 5. Hic, cum imbueretur sacro Baptismo, 4. (Sacramento novi Fœderis) à Johanne præcursore suo, 5. in Jordan, the most sacred Mystery of the divine Trinity, appear’d by the Father’s voice, 6. in Jordane apparuit sacratissimum Mysterium Divinæ Trinitatis, Patris voce, 6. (whereby he testified that this was his Son) and the Holy Ghost in the shape of a Dove, 7. coming down from Heaven. (quâ testabatur hunc esse Filium suum) & Spiritu sancto in specie Columbæ, 7. delabente cœlitus.

From that time, being the 30th year of his Age, unto the fourth year, he declared who he was, Ab eo tempore, tricesimo anno ætatis suæ, usque an annum quartum, declaravit quis esset, his words and works manifesting his Divinity, being neither owned, nor entertained by the Jews, because of his voluntary poverty. verbis & operibus præ se ferentibus Divinitatem, nec agnitus, nec acceptus a Judæis, ob voluntariam paupertatem.

He was at last taken by these (when he had first instituted the Mystical Supper, 8. of his Body and Blood Captus tandem ab his (quum prius instituisset Cœnam Mysticam, 8. Corporis & Sanguinis sui, for a Seal of the new Covenant and the remembrance of himself) in Sigillum novi Fœderis, & sui recordationem) carried to the Judgment-seat of Pilate, Governour under Cæsar, accused and condemned as an innocent Lamb; raptus ad Tribunal Pilati, Præfecti Cæsarei, accusatus & damnatus est Agnus innocentissimus; and being fastned upon a Cross, 9. he dyed, being sacrificed upon the Altar for the sins of the World. actusque in Crucem, 9. mortem subiit, immolatus in arâ pro peccatis mundi.

But when he had revived by his Divine Power, he rose again the third day out of the Grave, 10. Sed quum revixisset Divinâ suâ Virtute, resurrexit tertia die è Sepulchro, 10. and forty days after being taken up from Mount Olivet, 11. into Heaven, 12. & post dies XL. sublatus de Monte Oliveti, 11. in Cœlum, 12. and returning thither whence he came, he vanished as it were, while the Apostles, 13. gazed upon him, & eo rediens unde venerat, quasi evanuit, Apostolis, 13. aspectantibus, to whom he sent his Holy Spirit, 14. from Heaven, the tenth day after his Ascension, quibus misit Spiritum Sanctum, 14. de Cœlo, decima die post Ascensum, and them, (being filled with his power) into the World to preach of him; ipsos vero, (hac virtute impletos) in Mundum prædicaturos; being henceforth to come again to the last Judgment, sitting in the mean time at the right hand of the Father, and interceding for us. olim rediturus ad Judicium extremum, interea sedens ad dextram Patris, & intercedens pro nobis.

From this Christ we are called Christians, and are saved in him alone. Ab hoc Christo dicimur Christiani, inque eo solo salvamur.

CXLVIII.

Mahometism. Mahometismus.

Mahomet, 1. a warlike Man, invented to himself a new Religion, mixed with Judaism, Christianity and Gentilism, Mahomet, 1. Homo bellator, excogitabat sibi novam Religionem, mixtam ex Judaismo, Christianismo & Gentilismo, by the advice of a Jew, 2. and an Arian Monk, 3. named Sergius; feigning, whilst he had the Fit of the Falling-sickness, consilio Judæi, 2. & Monachi Ariani, 3. nomine Sergii; fingens, dum laboraret Epilepsia, that the Archangel Gabriel and the Holy Ghost, talked with him, using a Pigeon, 4. to fetch Meat out of his Ear. Archangelum Gabrielem, & Spiritum Sanctum, secum colloqui, adsuefaciens Columbam, 4. petere Escam ex Aure sua.

His Followers refrain themselves from Wine; are circumcised, have many Wives; Asseclæ ejus abstinent se à Vino; circumciduntur, sunt Polygami; build Chapels, 5. from the Steeples whereof, they are called to Holy Service not by Bells, but by a Priest, 6. exstruunt Sacella, 5. de quorum Turriculis, convocantur ad sacra non a Campanis, sed a Sacerdote, 6. they wash themselves often, 7. they deny the Holy Trinity: they honour Christ, not as the Son of God, sæpius se abluunt, 7. negant SS. Trinitatem: Christum honorant, non ut Dei Filium, but as a great Prophet, yet less than Mahomet; they call their Law, the Alchoran. sed ut magnum Prophetam, minorem tamen Mahomete; Legem suam vocant Alcoran.

CXLIX.

Gods Providence. Providentia Dei.

Mens States are not to be attributed to Fortune or Chance, or the Influence of the Stars, Humanæ Sortes non tribuendæ sunt Fortunæ aut Casui, aut Influxui Siderum, (Comets, 1. indeed are wont to portend no good) but to the provident Eye of God, 2. (Cometæ, 1. quidem solent nihil boni portendere) sed provido Dei Oculo, 2. and to his governing Hand, 3. even our Sights, or Oversights, or even our Faults. & ejusdem Manui rectrici, 3. etiam nostræ Prudentiæ, vel Imprudentiæ, vel etiam Noxæ.

God hath his Ministers and Angels, 4. who accompany a Man, 5. from his birth, as Guardians, against wicked Spirits, Deus habet Ministros suos, & Angelos, 4. qui associant se Homini, 5. à nativitate ejus, ut Custodes, contra malignos Spiritus, or the Devil, 6. who every minute layeth wait for him, to tempt and vex him. seu Diabolum, 6. qui minutatim struit insidias ei, ad tentandum vel vexandum.

Wo to the mad Wizzards and Witches who give themselves to the Devil, (being inclosed in a Circle, 7. calling upon him with Charms) Væ dementibus Magis & Lamiis qui Cacodæmoni se dedunt (inclusi Circulo, 7. eum advocantes Incantamentis) they dally with him, and fall from God! for they shall receive their reward with him. cum eo colludunt & à Deo deficiunt! nam cum illo mercedem accipient.

CL.

The Last Judgment. Judicium extremum.

For the last day shall come which shall raise up the Dead, 2. with the sound of a Trumpet, 1. Nam dies novissima veniet, quæ resuscitabit Mortuos, 2. voce Tubæ, 1. and summon the Quick with them to the Judgment-seat of Christ Jesus, 3. (appearing in the Clouds) & citabit Vivos, cum illis ad Tribunal Jesu Christi, 3. (apparentis in Nubibus) to give an Account of all things done. ad reddendam rationem omnium actorum.

When the Godly & Elect, 4. shall enter into life eternal into the place of Bliss, and the new Hierusalem, 5. Ubi pii (justi) & Electi, 4. introibunt in vitam æternam, in locum Beatitudinis & novum Hierosolymam, 5.

But the Wicked and the damned, 6. shall be thrust into Hell, 8. with the Devils, 7. to be there tormented for ever. Impii vero, & damnati, 6. cum Cacodæmonibus, 7. in Gehennum, 8. detrudentur, ibi cruciandi æternum.

CLI.

The Close. Clausula.

Thus thou hast seen in short, all things that can be shewed, Ita vidisti summatim res omnes quæ poterunt ostendi, and hast learned the chief Words of the English and Latin Tongue. & didicisti Voces primarias Anglicæ & Latinæ Linguæ.

Go on now and read other good Books diligently, and thou shalt become learned, wise, and godly. Perge nunc & lege diligenter alias bonos Libros, ut fias doctus, sapiens, & pius.

Remember these things; fear God, and call upon him, that he may bestow upon thee the Spirit of Wisdom. Memento horum; Deum time, & invoca eum, ut largiatur tibi Spiritum Sapientiæ.

Farewell. Vale.

INDEX TITULORUM.

Cap. Pag.

A. 141 Acies & Prælium 178 6 Aer 10 46 Agricultura 58 33 Amphibia 40 43 Animi hominis 54 19 Animalia & primum Aves 24 7 Aqua 12 13 Arbor 17 119 Arbor Consanguinitatis 150 128 Ars Medica 163 92 Ars Scriptoria 112 100 Artes Sermonis 121 52 Aucupium 65 24 Aves Aquaticæ 30 22 Aves Campestres & Sylvestres 28 20 Aves Domesticæ 25 23 Aves Rapaces 29

B. 75 Balneum 91 96 Bibliopegus 117 95 Bibliopolium 116

C. 41 Canales & Ossa 50 39 Caput & Manus 47 40 Caro & Viscera 49 140 Castra 177 147 Christianismus 187 4 Cœlum 7 58 Convivium 72 55 Coquinaria 68 135 Cursus Certamina 171

D. 44 Deformes & Monstrosi 55 2 Deus 5 67 Domus 82

E. 106 Eclipses 131 84 Eques 102 77 Equile 194 109 Ethica 36 108 Europa 134

F. 69 Faber Ferrarius 85 64 Faber lignarius 79 65 Faber murarius 80 30 Feræ Bestiæ 36 29 Feræ Pecudes 35 71 Figulus 87 15 Flores 20 113 Fortitudo 141 14 Fructus Arborum 18 17 Fruges 22 18 Frutices 23

G. 145 Gentilismus 184 103 Geometria 126

H. 36 Homo 43 78 Horologia 95 45 Hortorum cultura 56 115 Humanitas 144 73 Hypocaustum cum Dormitorio 89

I. 5 Ignis 8 32 Insecta repentia 38 25 Insecta volantia 31 101 Instrumenta Musica 123 123 Interiora Urbis 156 1 Invitatio 1 146 Judaismus 186 124 Judicium 157 150 Jud’m extremum 193 28 Jumenta 34 116 Justitia 145

L. 12 Lapides 15 54 Lanionia 67 97 Liber 118 117 Liberalitas 147 61 Lintea 76 134 Ludus Aleæ 170 136 Ludi pueriles 172 133 Ludus Pilæ 169 130 Ludus Scenicus 166

M. 66 Machinæ 81 148 Mahometismus 190 35 Marinæ Pisces & Conchæ 42 48 Mellificium 61 38 Membra Hominis Externa 45 127 Mensuræ & Pondera 162 126 Mercatura 161 68 Metallifodina 84 11 Metalla 15 139 Miles 176 49 Molitura 62 3 Mundus 6 99 Museum 120

N. 88 Natatus 107 91 Naufragium 111 89 Navis actuaria 108 90 Navis oneraria 109 8 Nubes 12

O. 143 Obsidium Urbis 181 16 Olera 21 21 Oscines 27

P. 132 Palæstra 168 50 Panificium 63 93 Papyrus 113 72 Partes Domus 88 114 Patientia 142 27 Pecora 33 47 Pecuaria 59 105 Phases Lunæ 130 102 Philosophia 125 79 Pictura 96 51 Piscatio 64 34 Pisces Fluviatiles 41 104 Planet. Aspectus 129 131 Præstigiæ 167 149 Providentia Dei 191 110 Prudentia 137 142 Pugna Navalis 180 74 Putei 90

Q. 26 Quadrupedia & primum Domestica 32

R. 138 Regia Majestas 174 137 Regnum & Regio 173 144 Religio 183 82 Restio & Lorarius 99

S. 62 Sartor 77 98 Schola 119 70 Scriniarius & Tornator 86 111 Sedulitas 139 42 Sensus externi & interni 52 37 Septum Ætat. Hominis 44 129 Sepultura 165 31 Serpentes & Reptilia 37 118 Societas Conjugalis 144 121 Societas Herilis 153 120 Soc’tas Parentalis 152 80 Specularia 97 104 Sphæra cœlestis 127 107 Sphæra terrestris 132 125 Supplicia Maleficiorum 159 63 Sutor 78

T. 112 Temperantia 140 9 Terra 13 10 Terræ fœtus 14 60 Textura 75 76 Tonstrina 93 59 Tractio Lini 74 87 Transitus Aqua’m 106 94 Typographia 114

V. 86 Vectura 105 85 Vehicula 103 53 Venatus 66 83 Viator 100 81 Vietor 98 56 Vindemia 70 122 Urbs 144

Z. 57 Zythopœia 71

An Index of the Titles.

Chap. Page.

A. 37 The Seven Ages of Man 44 6 The Air 10 33 Amphibious Creatures 40 105 The Apparitions of the Moon 130 141 The Army and the Fight 178 100 Arts belonging to Speech 121 104 The Aspects of the Planets 129

B. 75 The Bath 91 76 The Barbers Shop 93 28 Labouring Beasts 34 30 Wild Beasts 36 143 The Besieging of a City 181 19 Birds 24 22 Birds that live in the Fields and Woods 28 23 Ravenous Birds 29 21 Singing Birds 27 41 The Chanels and Bones 50 97 A Book 118 96 The Book-binder 117 95 The Book-sellers Shop 116 70 The Box-maker 86 136 Boys Sports 172 50 Bread-baking 63 57 Brewing 71 129 A Burial 165 54 Butchery 67

C. 104 The Celestial Sphere 127 140 The Camp 177 85 Carriages 103 86 Carrying to and fro 105 64 The Carpenter 79 27 Herd-Cattle 33 29 Wild-Cattle 35 41 The Chanels and Bones 50 147 Christianity 187 123 A City 154 143 The Besieging of a City 181 123 The Inward parts of a City 156 151 The Close 194 8 The Clouds 12 119 The Tree of Consanguinity 150 56 Cookery 68 81 The Cooper 98 82 The Cord-wainer 99 17 Corn 22 32 Crawling Vermin 38 33 Creatures that live as well by water as by land 40 31 Creeping things 37

D. 44 Deformed and monstrous People 55 78 Dials 95 134 Dice-play 170 111 Diligence 139 45 The Dressing of Gardens 56

E. 9 The Earth 13 106 The Eclipses 131 66 Engines 81 108 Europe 134

F. 58 A Feast 72 132 The Fencing-School 168 5 Fire 8 51 Fishing 64 34 River-fish and Pond-fish 41 35 Sea-fish and Shell-fish 43 40 The Flesh and Bowels 49 15 Flowers 20 25 Flying Vermin 31 113 Fortitude 141 26 Four footed Beasts about the House 32 52 Fowling 65 20 Tame-Fowl 25 24 Water-Fowl 30 10 The Fruits of the Earth 14 14 Fruits of Trees 18

G. 89 A Galley 108 145 Gentilism 184 103 Geometry 126 2 God 5 149 God’s Providence 191 47 Grasing 59 49 Grinding 62

H. 39 The Head and the Hands 47 16 Pot-herbs 21 27 Herd-Cattle 33 4 Heaven 7 48 The making of Honey 61 84 The Horseman 102 67 A House 82 72 The parts of a House 88 115 Humanity 144 53 Hunting 66 46 Husbandry 58

I. 1 The Invitation 1 101 Musical Instruments 123 146 Judaism 186 124 Judgment 157 150 The last Judgment 193 116 Justice 145

K. 137 The Kingdom and Region 173

L. 28 Labouring Beasts 34 117 Liberality 147 19 Living Creatures 24 59 The dressing of Line 74 61 Linen Cloaths 76 80 Looking-glasses 97

M. 148 Mahometism 190 138 Kingly Majesty 174 36 Man 43 37 The Seven Ages of Man 44 38 The outward parts of a Man 45 65 The Mason 80 127 Measures and Weights 162 126 Merchandizing 161 90 A Merchant Ship 109 11 Metals 15 68 A Mine 84 105 The Apparitions of the Moon 137 109 Moral Philosophy 136 101 Musical Inst’ments 123

P. 93 Paper 113 87 Passage over Waters 106 114 Patience 142 102 Philosophy 125 109 Moral Philosophy 136 128 Physick 163 79 The Picture 96 34 Pond-fish 41 16 Pot-herbs 21 71 The Potter 87 94 Printing 114 149 God’s Providence 191 110 Prudence 137

R. 135 Races 171 23 Ravenous Birds 29 144 Religion 183 34 River-fish 41 82 The Roper 99 138 Regal Majesty 174

S. 98 A School 119 142 The Sea-fight 180 35 Sea-fish and Shell-fish 42 42 The outward and inward Senses 52 31 Serpents 37 91 Shipwreck 111 64 The Shoe-maker 78 18 Shrubs 23 21 Singing Birds 27 131 Sleights 167 118 The Society betwixt Man and Wife 148 120 The Society betwixt Parents and Children 152 121 The Society betwixt Master and Servant 153 43 The Soul of Man 54 139 The Souldier 176 69 The Black-smith 85 136 Boys Sports 172 104 The Celestial Sphere 127 107 The Terrestial Sphere 132 100 Arts belonging to Speech 121 77 The Stable 94 130 A Stage-play 166 12 Stones 16 73 The Stove with the Bed-room 89 99 The Study 120 88 Swimming 107

T. 62 The Taylor 77 112 Temperance 140 133 Tennis play 169 107 The Terrestial Sphere 132 125 The Torments of Malefactors 159 83 The Travellor 100 13 A Tree 17 70 The Turner 86

U. 25 Flying Vermin 31 32 Crawling Vermin 38 56 The Vintage 70

W. 7 The Water 11 60 Weaving 75 74 Wells 90 29 Wild Cattle 35 30 Wild Beasts 36 3 The World 6 92 Writing 112

Trinuni Deo Gloria.

FINIS.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Errors and Inconsistencies (noted by transcriber)

The Editor’s Preface says:

“The text for the English translation is from the English edition of 1727, in which for the first time the English words were so arranged as to stand opposite their Latin equivalents.”

The 1659 English translation has the same general layout, but word order within sentences is often different, as explained in the “Advertisement” to the 1727 edition.

In the 1659 edition the Invitatio and Clausula (Close) are unnumbered, and in the 1727 edition there are two chapters CIV (104). Chapter numbers 64 through 104 were off by one (printed as 63-103) in the 1727 Index.

Chapter Name 1659 text 1727 index 1727 text Invitation -- -- I (1) God I (1) 2 II (2) ... Shoemaker LXII (62) 63 LXIII (63) Carpenter LXIII (63) 63 LXIV (64) ... Geometry CII (102) 102 CIII (103) Celestial Sphere CIII (103) 103 CIV (104) Aspects of the Planets CIV (104) 104 CIV (104) ... The Last Judgement CL (150) 150 CL (150) The Close -- -- CLI (151)

Errata:

Editor’s Preface [1874]

but what liberties have been taken with the design [with with]

Comments Upon ...

the life and manners of the seventeeth century [seventeeth]

n’est qu’un équivalent de la [equivalent le la] fort défectueux [defectueux] pour l’intégrité [integrité] à la pédagogie [pedagogie] livre d’école [ecole] modèle à d’innombrables livres [modèle á d’innomorables] Histoire d’Éducation [Historie]

The Translator, to All ... [1727]

many of the Books of this well-deserving Author [of this of this]

[Footnote]

Dr. Tabor’s Christian Schoolmaster [Christain] the pious Institutions of Youth, &c. [final . missing]

Orbis Pictus (Main Text):

Where appropriate, line breaks are shown as “ / ”. All chapter headers are shown in the form “II. / God. / Deus.” Notes about uncorrected errors are given in [[double brackets]].

The inconsistent marking of final long â is unchanged.

The Wolf howleth. / L [[missing lower-case l]] [XI] Ducats and Crown-pieces, 8. / of Gold. [Words “of Gold” printed at end of page, after “thorow Metals”.] [XV] alba & lutea, & cœrulea, 5. [[spelling unchanged]] [XIX] here the King’s Fisher, 1. [printed text has “Fisher, 1. here the King’s”: the 1659 text has “here the King’s Fisher” with the word “Fisher” overflowing onto the preceding line, after “Bird”] [XXII] Upupa, 4. / sordidissimus [sordidssimus] [XXIV] Add to these the water-hen, [And to] XXX. / Wild-Beasts. / Feræ Bestiæ. [Besitæ.] [XXXI] Cæcilia, 6. / est cœca. [[inconsistent spelling unchanged]] [XXXV] Raia, 3. / monstrosissimus [monstrossimus] [XXXVI] Hi, seducti à Diabolo [Printed “seducti abolo”; missing text supplied from 1659 edition.] [XXXVIII] The Loyns [[17. missing]] [XLI] (carrying) / Heart and Life / from the Heat; [Printed as shown, with “Heart” and “Heat” reversed] The Thigh-bone, 14.; Tibia, 14. [Text unchanged; 14. in the illustration is the thigh or femur. 1659 edition is the same] [XLIV] ut sunt, immanis Gigas [[1. missing]] [XLVII] the Udders / of the Cow, 15. [[error for 14.]] [XLIX] In Mola, [[1. missing]] LVII. / Brewing. / Zythopœia. [Zythopie] [Spelling changed to agree with Index and 1659 form.] [LXV] by means of a Trowel [[7. missing]] [LXVI] Ærumna [[4. missing]] Palangâ [[1. missing]] [LXVII] by Greeses, 14. [Greess] per Scalas, 14. / & Cochlidia, 15. [Cocklidia] [LXVIII] Scoriæ, 11. / abjiciuntur seorsim [scorsim] [LXXI] Figulus, 1. [Figulas] [LXXII] the Kitchen, 3. / Culina, 3. [Missing Latin line supplied from 1659 edition.] adservandis illis [adfervandis] [LXXIV] aut denique / Antliâ, 11. [deinque] [LXXVII] Stabularius (Equiso), 1. [Stabularias] eâque pascit equum [câque] LXXVIII. / Dials. / Horologia [LXXVII.] [[See also note about chapter numbering.]] [LXXIX] The Painter, 2. [Puinter] [LXXXIII] Non deserat / Viam regiam [[9. missing]] [LXXXVI] Horse Litters, 16, 17. [Liiters] [XCI] upon the Shoars. [oupn] [XCVI] beateth with a hammer, 4. [beatheth] [XCIX] fœtet & fumigat [fugimat] [C] componit varia / Carmina & Hymnos [componi] [CIV] ♑ Capricorn [Capricor] [[on English side]] quorum via est Circulvs [[v for u unchanged]] CIV. / The Celestial Sphere. / Sphera cælestis. CIV. / The Aspects of the Planets. / Planetarum Aspectus. [[Duplicate chapter numbers: see note about chapter numbering.]] [CX] She proposeth ... End, / to her Actions. Actionibus suis / præfigit Scopum ... [[Text shown as printed. The first Latin line corresponds to the last English line.]] [CXII] Revellers ... babble; Heluones ... rixantur [[1659 edition has “brabble”, meaning “quarrel” or “brawl”.]] [CXVI] Talia prohibentur [Talio] [CXXI] Laborum Pensa, 5. quæ [qua] [CXXXII] with their Eyes covered [coverered] [CXXXVIII] his Vice-gerents [text unchanged: rare word] [CXLVII] ob voluntariam paupertatem [pauperatem]

Punctuation

In chapters CII, CV, CVIIb and CXIX, number pairs were printed with two to four dots based on available space in the line. For this e-text they have been regularized to four: “9....9”.

Punctuation errors were corrected in chapter headings, where readers may need the exact format for text searches:

II. / God. / Deus. [God] XL. / The Flesh and Bowels. / Caro & Viscera. [XL] XLIX. / Grinding. / Molitura. [Molitura] LXXII. / The Parts of a House. / Partes Domus. [... Domus] LXXIX. / The Picture. / Pictura. [LXXIX,] LXXXV. / Carriages. / Vehicula. [LXXXV] LXXXVII. / Passing over Waters. / Transitus Aquarum. [... Aquarum] CXIX. / The Tree of Consanguinity. / Arbor Consanguinitatis. [... Consanguinity,] CXXVIII. / Physick. / Ars Medica. [Physick]

Indexes

See note on chapter numbering, above. In both Indexes, chapter references 64-104 were off by one (printed as 63-103) and have been silently corrected. Only those with additional errors are individually noted. All page numbers are correct as printed. Minor differences in spelling and hyphenization are not noted.

Index: Latin

The chapter number for Invitatio (1) was missing, and there is no entry for Clausula (151).

58 Convivium [53 for 58] 67 Domus [96 for expected 66] 88 Natatus [17 for expected 87; Natats] 96 Bibliopegus [Bibilopegus] S. [letter header missing] 104 Sphæra cœlestis 107 Sphæra terrestris [[both spelled “Sphera” in body text]]

Index: English

Chapter numbers for The Invitation (1) and The Close (151) were missing.

22 Birds that live in the Fields and Woods [[body text has “Birds that haunt the ...”]] 56 Cookery [55] 87 Passage over Waters [16 for expected 86] 100 Musical Instruments [Insruments] 112 Temperance [182] 131 Sleights [121] 136 Boys Sports [126] 138 Regal Majesty [[Alphabetized as if “Royal”.]]

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