Audiobook: Anglo-Saxon Primer, With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary: Eighth Edition Revised by Sweet, Henry

The Project Gutenberg eBook, Anglo-Saxon Primer, by Henry Sweet

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

Title: Anglo-Saxon Primer With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary; Eighth Edition Revised

Author: Henry Sweet

Release Date: November 14, 2010 [eBook #34316]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER***

E-text prepared by Charlene Taylor, David Clarke, Keith Edkins, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)

Transcriber's note:

In this e-text a-breve is represented by [)a], a-macron by [=a], c-dotted-over by [.c] and e-ogonek by [e,], etc.

Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file in which these characters are displayed properly. See 34316-h.htm or 34316-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34316/34316-h/34316-h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34316/34316-h.zip)

Page numbers enclosed by curly braces (example: {25}) have been incorporated to facilitate the use of the Notes to the Readings.

AN ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER

With

Grammar, Notes, and Glossary

by

HENRY SWEET, M.A., PH.D., LL.D.

Eighth Edition, Revised

Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1905

Printed in England At the Oxford University Press

{v}

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.

The want of an introduction to the study of Old-English has long been felt. Vernon's Anglo-Saxon Guide was an admirable book for its time, but has long been completely antiquated. I was therefore obliged to make my Anglo-Saxon Reader a somewhat unsatisfactory compromise between an elementary primer and a manual for advanced students, but I always looked forward to producing a strictly elementary book like the present one, which would enable me to give the larger one a more scientific character, and would at the same time serve as an introduction to it. Meanwhile, however, Professor Earle has brought out his Book for the beginner in Anglo-Saxon. But this work is quite unsuited to serve as an introduction to my Reader, and will be found to differ so totally in plan and execution from the present one as to preclude all idea of rivalry on my part. We work on lines which instead of clashing can only diverge more and more.

My main principle has been to make the book the easiest possible introduction to the study of Old-English.

Poetry has been excluded, and a selection made from the easiest prose pieces I could find. Old-English original prose is unfortunately limited in extent, and the most suitable pieces (such as the voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan) are already given in the Reader; these I could not give over {vi} again. But I hope the short extracts from the Chronicle and the Martyrdom of King Edmund will be found not wanting in interest. For the rest of the selections I have had to fall back on scriptural extracts, which have the great advantages of simplicity and familiarity of subject. The Gospel extracts have been transferred here from the Reader, where they will be omitted in the next edition. The sentences which head the selections have been gathered mainly from the Gospels, �lfric's Homilies, and the Chronicle. They are all of the simplest possible character, only those having been taken which would bear isolation from their context. They are intended to serve both as an introduction and as a supplement to the longer pieces. They are grouped roughly into paragraphs, according to the grammatical forms they illustrate. Thus the first paragraph consists mainly of examples of the nominative singular of nouns and adjectives, the second of accusative singulars, and so on.

The spelling has been made rigorously uniform throughout on an early West-Saxon basis. Injurious as normalizing is to the advanced student, it is an absolute necessity for the beginner, who wants to have the definite results of scholarship laid before him, not the confused and fluctuating spellings which he cannot yet interpret intelligently. Even for purely scientific purposes we require a standard of comparison and classification, as in the arrangement of words in a dictionary, where we have to decide, for instance, whether to put the original of hear under [=e], [=i]e, [=i] or [=y]. The spelling I here adopt is, in fact, the one I should recommend for dictionary purposes. From early West-Saxon it is an easy step both to late W. S. and to the Mercian forms from which Modern English is derived. That I give �lfric in a spelling slightly earlier than his date is no more {vii} unreasonable than it is for a classical scholar to print Ausonius (who doubtless spoke Latin with an almost Italian pronunciation) in the same spelling as Virgil.

It is impossible to go into details, but in doubtful or optional cases I have preferred those forms which seemed most instructive to the student. Thus I have preferred keeping up the distinction between the indic. bundon and the subj. bunden, although the latter is often levelled under the former even in early MS. In the accentuation I have for the present retained the conventional quantities, which are really 'prehistoric' quantities, as I have shown elsewhere (Phil. Soc. Proc. 1880, 1881). It is no use trying to disguise the fact that Old English philology (owing mainly to its neglect in its native land) is still in an unsettled state.

In the Grammar I have cut down the phonology to the narrowest limits, giving only what is necessary to enable the beginner to trace the connection of forms within the language itself. Derivation and syntax have been treated with the same fulness as the inflections. In my opinion, to give inflections without explaining their use is as absurd as it would be to teach the names of the different parts of a machine without explaining their use, and derivation is as much a fundamental element of a language as inflection. The grammar has been based throughout on the texts, from which all words and sentences given as examples have, as far as possible, been taken. This I consider absolutely essential in an elementary book. What is the use of a grammar which gives a number of forms and rules which the learner has no occasion to apply practically in his reading? Simply to cut down an ordinary grammar and prefix it to a selection of elementary texts, without any attempt to adapt them to one another, is a most unjustifiable proceeding. {viii}

In the Glossary cognate and root words are given only when they occur in the texts, or else are easily recognizable by the ordinary English reader.

All reference to cognate languages has been avoided. Of course, if the beginner knows German, the labour of learning Old English will be lightened for him by one half, but he does not require to have the analogies pointed out to him. The same applies to the relation between Old and Modern English. To trace the history of the sounds would be quite out of place in this book, and postulates a knowledge of the intermediate stages which the beginner cannot have.

The Notes consist chiefly of references to the Grammar, and are intended mainly for those who study without a teacher. As a general rule, no such references are given where the passage itself is quoted in the Grammar.

On the whole I do not think the book could be made much easier without defeating its object. Thus, instead of simply referring the student from st[e,]nt to standan, and thence to the Grammar, I might have saved him all this trouble by putting 'st[e,]nt, 3 sg. pres. of standan, stand,' but the result would be in many cases that he would not look at the Grammar at all--surely a most undesirable result.

Although I have given everything that I believe to be necessary, every teacher may, of course, at his own discretion add such further illustrations, linguistic, historical, antiquarian, or otherwise, as he thinks likely to instruct or interest his pupils.

My thanks are due to Professor Skeat, not only for constant advice and encouragement in planning and carrying out this work, but also for help in correcting the proofs.

In conclusion I may be allowed to express a hope that this little book may prove useful not only to young beginners, but also to some of our Professors of and {ix} Examiners in the English language, most of whom are now beginning to see the importance of a sound elementary knowledge of 'Anglo-Saxon'--a knowledge which I believe this book to be capable of imparting, if studied diligently, and not hurriedly cast aside for a more ambitious one.

HENRY SWEET.

HEATH STREET, HAMPSTEAD, March 31, 1882.

* * * * *

PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION.

In the present edition I have put this book into what must be (for some time at least) its permanent form, making such additions and alterations as seemed necessary.

If I had any opportunity of teaching the language, I should no doubt have been able to introduce many other improvements; as it is, I have had to rely mainly on the suggestions and corrections kindly sent to me by various teachers and students who have used this book, among whom my especial thanks are due to the Rev. W. F. Moulton, of Cambridge, and Mr. C. Stoffel, of Amsterdam.

LONDON, October 15, 1884.

{x}

CONTENTS.

Page

GRAMMAR 1

TEXTS 55

NOTES 91

GLOSSARY 97

{1}

GRAMMAR.

The oldest stage of English before the Norman Conquest is called 'Old English,' which name will be used throughout in this Book, although the name 'Anglo-Saxon' is still often used.

There were several dialects of Old English. This book deals only with the West-Saxon dialect in its earliest form.

SOUNDS.

VOWELS.

The vowel-letters in Old English had nearly the same values as in Latin. Long vowels were occasionally marked by (�), short vowels being left unmarked. In this book long vowels are marked by (-). The following are the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and key-words from English, French (F.), and German (G.):--

a as in mann (G.) nama (name). [=a] " father st[=a]n (stone). � " man gl�d (glad). [=�] " d[=�]d (deed)[1]. e " �t� (F.) ic ete[2] (I eat). [=e] " see (G.) h[=e] (he). [e,] " men m[e,]nn (men). {2} i " fini (F.) cwic (alive). [=i] " sieh (G.) w[=i]n (wine). ie " fin ieldran (ancestors). [=i]e " h[=i]eran (hear). o " beau (F.) god (god). [=o] " so (G.) g[=o]d (good). u " sou (F.) sunu (son). [=u] " gut (G.) n[=u] (now). y " v�cu (F.) synn (sin). [=y] " gr�n (G.) br[=y]d (bride). ea = � + a eall (all). [=e]a = [=�] + a [=e]ast (east). eo = e + o weorc (work). [=e]o = [=e] + o d[=e]op (deep). e and [e,] are both written e in the MSS.

The diphthongs are pronounced with the stress on the first element.

Those who find a difficulty in learning strange vowel-sounds may adopt the following approximate pronunciation:--

a as in ask (short) nama (n[)a]hm[)a]h). [=a] " father st[=a]n (stahn). � " man gl�d (glad). [=�] " there [=�]r (air). e, [e,] " men ete (etty), m[e,]nn (men). [=e] " they h[=e] (hay). i, ie " fin cwic (quick), ieldran (ildr[)a]hn). [=i], [=i]e " see w[=i]n (ween), h[=i]eran (heer[)a]hn). o " not god (god). [=o] " note g[=o]d (goad). u " full full (full). [=u] " fool n[=u] (noo). y " fin synn (zin). [=y] " see br[=y]d (breed). ea = [)e]-[)a]h eall ([)e]-[)a]hl). [=e]a = ai-[)a]h [=e]ast (ai-[)a]hst). {3} eo = [)e]-o weorc (w[)e]-ork). [=e]o = ai-o d[=e]op (dai-op).

The pronunciation given in parentheses is the nearest that can be expressed in English letters as pronounced in Southern English.

CONSONANTS.

Double consonants must be pronounced double, or long, as in Italian. Thus sunu (son) must be distinguished from sunne (sun) in the same way as penny is distinguished from penknife. So also in (in) must be distinguished from inn (house); noting that in modern English final consonants in accented monosyllables after a short vowel are long, our in and inn both having the pronunciation of Old English inn, not of O.E. in.

c and g had each a back (guttural) and a front (palatal) pron., which latter is in this book written [.c], [.g].

c = k, as in c[=e]ne (bold), cn[=a]wan (know).

[.c] = kj, a k formed in the j (English y) position, nearly as in the old-fashioned pron. of sky: [.c]iri[.c]e (church), sty[.c][.c]e (piece), �[e,]n[.c]an (think).

g initially and in the combination ng was pron. as in 'get': g[=o]d (good), lang (long); otherwise (that is, medially and finally after vowels and l, r) as in German sagen: dagas (days), burg (city), h[=a]lga (saint).

[.g] initially and in the combination n[.g] was pronounced gj (corresponding to kj): [.g][=e] (ye), [.g]eorn (willing), spr[e,]n[.g]an (scatter); otherwise = j (as in 'you'): d�[.g] (day), wr[=e][.g]an (accuse), h[e,]r[.g]ian (ravage). It is possible that [.g] in [.g]e-boren (born) and other unaccented syllables was already pronounced j. [.c][.g] = [.g][.g]: s[e,][.c][.g]an (say), hry[.c][.g] (back).

f had the sound of v everywhere where it was possible:--faran (go), of (of), ofer (over); not, of course, in oft (often), or when doubled, as in offrian (offer). {4}

h initially, as in h[=e] (he), had the same sound as now. Everywhere else it had that of Scotch and German ch in loch:--h[=e]ah (high), Wealh (Welshman), riht (right). hw, as in hw�t (what), hw[=i]l (while), had the sound of our wh; and hl, hn, hr differed from l, n, r respectively precisely as wh differs from w, that is, they were these consonants devocalized, hl being nearly the same as Welsh ll:--hl[=a]ford (lord), hl[=u]d (loud); hnappian (doze), hnutu (nut); hra�e (quickly), hr[=e]od (reed).

r was always a strong trill, as in Scotch:--r[=�]ran (to raise), h[=e]r (here), word (word).

s had the sound of z:--s[=e][.c]an (seek), sw[=a] (so), w[=i]s (wise), [=a]�r[=i]san (rise); not, of course, in combination with hard consonants, as in st[=a]n (stone), f�st (firm), r[=i][.c]sian (rule), or when double, as in cyssan (kiss).

� had the sound of our th (= dh) in then:--�[=u] (thou), �ing (thing), s[=o]� (true), h[=�]�en (heathen); except when in combination with hard consonants, where it had that of our th in thin, as in s[=e][.c]� (seeks). Note h�f� (has) = h�vdh.

w was fully pronounced wherever written:--wr[=i]tan (write), n[=i]we (new), s[=e]ow (sowed pret.).

STRESS.

The stress or accent is marked throughout in this book, whenever it is not on the first syllable of a word, by (�) preceding the letter on which the stress begins. Thus for�[.g]iefan is pronounced with the same stress as that of forgive, andswaru with that of answer.

PHONOLOGY.

Different vowels are related to one another in various ways in O.E., the most important of which are mutation (German umlaut) and gradation (G. ablaut). {5}

The following changes are mutations:--

a .. [e,]:--mann, pl. m[e,]nn; wand (wound prt.), w[e,]ndan (to turn).

ea (= a) .. ie (= [e,]):--eald (old), ieldra (older); feallan (fall), fiel� (falls).

[=a] .. [=�]:--bl[=a]wan (to blow), bl[=�]w� (bloweth); h[=a]l (sound), h[=�]lan (heal).

u .. y:--burg (city), pl. byri[.g]; trum (strong), trymman (to strengthen).

o .. y:--gold, gylden (golden); coss (a kiss), cyssan (to kiss).

e .. i:--beran (to bear), bire� (beareth); cwe�an (speak), cwide (speech).

eo (= e) .. ie (= i):--heord (herd), hierde (shepherd); [.c]eorfan (cut), [.c]ierf� (cuts).

u .. o:--curon (they chose), [.g]e�coren (chosen).

[=u] .. [=y]:--c[=u]� (known), c[=y]�an (to make known); f[=u]l (foul), [=a]�f[=y]lan (defile).

[=o] .. [=e]:--s[=o]hte (sought prt.), s[=e][.c]an (to seek); f[=o]da (food), f[=e]dan (to feed).

[=e]a .. [=i]e:--h[=e]awan (to hew), h[=i]ew� (hews); t[=e]am (progeny), t[=i]eman (teem).

[=e]o .. [=i]e:--st[=e]or (rudder), st[=i]eran (steer); [.g]e�str[=e]on (possession), [.g]es�tr[=i]enan (gain).

Before proceeding to gradation, it will be desirable to describe the other most important vowel-relations.

a, �, ea. In O.E. original a is preserved before nasals, as in mann, lang, nama (name), and before a single consonant followed by a, u, or o, as in dagas (days), dagum (to days), faran (go), gafol (profit), and in some words when e follows, as in ic fare (I go), faren (gone). Before r, l, h followed by another consonant, and before x it becomes ea, as in heard (hard), eall (all), eald (old), eahta (eight), weaxan (to grow). Not in b�rst (p. 7). In most other cases it becomes �:--d�[.g], (day), d�[.g]es (of a day), f�st (firm), w�r (wary). {6}

e before nasals always becomes i: compare bindan (to bind), pret. band, with beran (to bear), pret. b�r.

e before r (generally followed by a consonant) becomes eo:--eor�e (earth), heorte (heart). Not in berstan (p. 7). Also in other cases:--seolfor (silver), heofon (heaven).

i before r + cons. becomes ie:--bier� (beareth) contr. from bire�, hierde (shepherd) from heord (herd), wiersa (worse).

[e,] before r, or l + cons. often becomes ie:--fierd (army) from faran, bieldo (boldness) from beald, ieldra (elder) from eald.

By gradation the vowels are related as follows:--

e (i, eo) .. a (�, ea) .. u (o):--

bindan (inf.), band (pret.), bundon (they bound). beran (inf.), b�r (pret.), boren (past partic.). [.c]eorfan (cut), [.c]earf (pret.), curfon (they cut), corfen (past partic.). b[e,]nd (bond) = mutation of band, byr-�en (burden) of bor-en.

a (�, ea) .. [=�]:--spr�c (spoke), spr[=�]con (they spoke), spr[=�][.c] (speech).

a .. [=o]:--faran (to go), f[=o]r (pret.), f[=o]r (journey). [.g]e�f[=e]ra (companion) mutation of f[=o]r.

[=i] .. [=a] .. i:--wr[=i]tan, wr[=a]t, writon, [.g]e�writ (writing, subst.). (be)�l[=i]fan (remain), l[=a]f (remains), whence by mutation l[=�]fan (leave).

[=e]o ([=u]) .. [=e]a .. u (o):--[.c][=e]osan (choose), [.c][=e]as, curon, coren. cys-t (choice). (for)�l[=e]osan (lose), l[=e]as (loose), [=a]�l[=i]esan (release), losian (to be lost). b[=u]gan (bend), boga (bow).

We see that the laws of gradation are most clearly shown in the conjugation of the strong verbs. But they run through the whole language, and a knowledge of the laws of gradation and mutation is the main key to O.E. etymology.

It is often necessary to supply intermediate stages in connecting two words. Thus l[e,][.c][.g]an (lay) cannot be directly referred to li[.c][.g]an (lie), but only to a form *lag-, preserved in the preterite l�[.g]. So also bl[e,]ndan (to blind) can be referred only indirectly to the adjective blind through an intermediate *bland-. Again, the root-vowel of byr�en {7} (burden) cannot be explained by the infinitive beran (bear), but only by the past participle [.g]e�boren. In the same way hryre (fall sb.) must be referred, not to the infinitive hr[=e]osan, but to the preterite plural hruron.

The vowel-changes in the preterites of verbs of the 'fall'-conjugation (1) feallan, f[=e]oll, &c., are due not to gradation, but to other causes.

s becomes r in the preterite plurals and past participles of strong verbs, as in curon, [.g]e�coren from [.c][=e]osan, w[=�]ron pl. of w�s (was), and in other formations, such as hryre (fall) from hr[=e]osan.

� becomes d under the same conditions, as in wurdon, [.g]e�worden from weor�an (become), cw�� (quoth), pl. cw[=�]don, cwide (speech) from cwe�an (infin.).

r is often transposed, as in iernan (run) from original *rinnan (cp. the subst. ryne), berstan (burst) from *brestan, b�rst (burst pret.) from br�st, hors (horse) from *hross.

The combinations c�-, g�- become [.c]ea-, [.g]ea-, as in [.c]eaf (chaff) from *c�f, s[.c]eal (shall) from *sc�l, [.g]eaf (gave) = *g�f from [.g]iefan (cp. cw�� from cwe�an), [.g]eat (gate)--cp. f�t (vessel).

g[=�]- often becomes [.g][=e]a-, as in [.g][=e]afon (they gave), with which compare cw[=�]don (they said).

ge- becomes [.g]ie, as in [.g]iefan, [.g]ieldan (pay) from *gefan, *geldan--cp. cwe�an, delfan. Not in the prefix [.g]e- and [.g][=e] (ye).

When g comes before a consonant in inflection, it often becomes h, as in h[=e] l[=i]eh� (he lies) from l[=e]ogan (mentiri).

h after a consonant is dropt when a vowel follows, the preceding vowel being lengthened, thus Wealh (Welshman) has plural W[=e]alas.

INFLECTIONS.

NOUNS.

Gender. There are three genders in O.E.--masculine, neuter, and feminine. The gender is partly natural, partly {8} grammatical. By the natural gender names of male beings, such as se mann (the man), are masculine; of female beings, such as s[=e]o dohtor (the daughter), are feminine; and of young creatures, such as ��t [.c]ild (the child), neuter. Note, however, that ��t w[=i]f (woman) is neuter.

Grammatical gender is known only by the gender of the article and other words connected with the noun, and, to some extent, by its form. Thus all nouns ending in -a, such as se m[=o]na (moon), are masculine, s[=e]o sunne (sun) being feminine. Those ending in -d[=o]m, -h[=a]d, and -s[.c]ipe are also masculine:--se w[=i]sd[=o]m (wisdom), se [.c]ildh[=a]d (childhood), se fr[=e]onds[.c]ipe (friendship). Those in -nes, -o (from adjectives) -r[=�]den, and -ung are feminine:--s[=e]o rihtw[=i]snes (righteousness), s[=e]o bieldo (boldness) from beald, s[=e]o mann-r[=�]den (allegiance), s[=e]o scotung (shooting).

Compounds follow the gender of their last element, as in ��t burg-[.g]eat (city-gate), from s[=e]o burg and ��t [.g]eat. Hence also se w[=i]f-mann (woman) is masculine.

The gender of most words can be learnt only by practice, and the student should learn each noun with its proper definite article.

Strong and Weak. Weak nouns are those which form their inflections with n, such as se m[=o]na, plural m[=o]nan; s[=e]o sunne, genitive sing. �[=�]re sunnan. All the others, such as se d�[.g], pl. dagas, ��t h[=u]s (house), gen. sing. ��s h[=u]ses, are strong.

Cases. There are four cases, nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. The acc. is the same as the nom. in all plurals, in the sing. of all neuter nouns, and of all strong masculines. Masculine and neuter nouns never differ in the plural except in the nom. and acc., and in the singular they differ only in the acc. of weak nouns, which in neuters is the same as the nom. The dative plural of nearly all nouns ends in -um. {9}

STRONG MASCULINES.

(1) as-plurals.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom[3]. st[=a]n (stone). Nom. st[=a]n-as. Dat. st[=a]n-e. Dat. st[=a]n-um. Gen. st[=a]n-es. Gen. st[=a]n-a.

So also d[=�]l (part), cyning (king), [.c]ildh[=a]d (childhood).

d�[.g] (day) changes its vowel in the pl. (p. 5):--d�[.g], d�[.g]e, d�[.g]es; dagas, dagum, daga.

Nouns in -e have nom. and dat. sing. the same:--[e,]nde, (end), [e,]nde, [e,]ndes; [e,]ndas, [e,]ndum, [e,]nda.

Nouns in -el, -ol, -um, -en, -on, -er, -or often contract:--[e,]n[.g]el (angel), [e,]n[.g]le, [e,]n[.g]les; [e,]n[.g]las, [e,]n[.g]lum, [e,]n[.g]la. So also n�[.g]el (nail), �e[.g]en (thane), ealdor (prince). Others, such as �cer (field), do not contract.

h after a consonant is dropped in inflection (p. 7), as in feorh (life), f[=e]ore, f[=e]ores. So also in Wealh (Welshman), plur. W[=e]alas.

There are other classes which are represented only by a few nouns each.

(2) e-plurals.

A few nouns which occur only in the plur.:--l[=e]ode (people), l[=e]odum, l[=e]oda. So also several names of nations:--[E,]n[.g]le (English), D[e,]ne (Danes); Seaxe (Saxons), Mier[.c]e (Mercians), have gen. plur. Seaxna, Mier[.c]na.

(3) Mutation-plurals.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. f[=o]t (foot). Nom. f[=e]t. Dat. f[=e]t. Dat. f[=o]t-um. Gen. f[=o]t-es. Gen. f[=o]t-a.

So also t[=o]� (tooth). Mann (man), m[e,]nn, mannes; m[e,]nn, mannum, manna.

{10}

(4) u-nouns.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. sun-u (son). Nom. sun-a. Dat. sun-a. Dat. sun-um. Gen. sun-a. Gen. sun-a.

So also wudu (wood).

(5) r-nouns (including feminines).

SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. m[=o]dor (mother). Nom. m[=o]dor. Dat. m[=e]der. Dat. m[=o]dr-um. Gen. m[=o]dor. Gen. m[=o]dr-a.

So also br[=o]�or (brother); f�der (father), dohtor (daughter), have dat. sing. f�der, dehter.

(6) nd-nouns.

Formed from the present participle of verbs.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. fr[=e]ond (friend). Nom. fr[=i]end. Dat. fr[=i]end. Dat. fr[=e]ond-um. Gen. fr[=e]ond-es. Gen. fr[=e]ond-a.

So also f[=e]ond (enemy).

Those in -end inflect thus:--b[=u]end (dweller), b[=u]end, b[=u]endes; b[=u]end, b[=u]endum, b[=u]endra. So also H[=�]lend (saviour). The -ra is an adjectival inflection.

STRONG NEUTERS.

(1) u-plurals.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. s[.c]ip (ship). Nom. s[.c]ip-u. Dat. s[.c]ip-e. Dat. s[.c]ip-um. Gen. s[.c]ip-es. Gen. s[.c]ip-a.

So all neuters with short final syllable, such as [.g]e�bed (prayer), [.g]e�writ (writing), [.g]eat (gate). {11}

F�t (vessel), f�te, f�tes; fatu, fatum, fata (p. 5).

R[=i][.c]e (kingdom), r[=i][.c]e, r[=i][.c]es; r[=i][.c]u, r[=i][.c]um, r[=i][.c]a. So also all neuters in e, except [=e]age and [=e]are (p. 13): [.g]e��[=e]ode (language), sty[.c][.c]e (piece).

Those in -ol, -en, -or, &c. are generally contracted:--d[=e]ofol (devil), d[=e]ofles, d[=e]oflu. So also w[=�]pen (weapon), mynster (monastery), wundor (wonder).

(2) Unchanged plurals.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. h[=u]s (house). Nom. h[=u]s. Dat. h[=u]s-e. Dat. h[=u]s-um. Gen. h[=u]s-es. Gen. h[=u]s-a.

So all others with long final syllables (that is, containing a long vowel, or a short vowel followed by more than one consonant), such as bearn (child), folc (nation), w[=i]f (woman).

Feoh (money) drops its h in inflection and lengthens the eo:--feoh, f[=e]o, f[=e]os. So also bleoh (colour).

STRONG FEMININES.

(1) a-plurals.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. (a) Nom. [.g]ief-u (gift). Nom. [.g]ief-a. Acc. [.g]ief-e. Acc. [.g]ief-a. Dat. [.g]ief-e. Dat. [.g]ief-um. Gen. [.g]ief-e. Gen. [.g]ief-ena.

So also lufu (love), scamu (shame). Duru (door) is an u-noun: it has acc. duru, d., g. dura, g. pl. dura. Observe that all these nouns have a short syllable before the final vowel. When it is long, the u is dropped, and the noun falls under (b). {12}

SINGULAR. PLURAL. (b) Nom. spr[=�][.c] (speech). Nom. spr[=�][.c]-a. Acc. spr[=�][.c]-e. Acc. spr[=�][.c]-a. Dat. spr[=�][.c]-e. Dat. spr[=�][.c]-um. Gen. spr[=�][.c]-e. Gen. spr[=�][.c]-a.

So also str[=�]t (street), sorg (sorrow). Some have the acc. sing. the same as the nom., such as d[=�]d, hand, miht.

Those in -ol, -er, -or, &c. contract:--s[=a]wol (soul), s[=a]wle, s[=a]wla, s[=a]wlum. So also [.c]easter (city), hl[=�]dder (ladder).

Some in -en double the n in inflection:--byr�en (burden), byr�enne. So also those in -r[=�]den, such as hierdr[=�]den (guardianship). Those in -nes also double the s in inflection: g[=o]dnes (goodness), g[=o]dnesse.

(2) Mutation-plurals.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. b[=o]c (book). Nom. b[=e][.c]. Dat. b[=e][.c]. Dat. b[=o]c-um. Gen. b[=e][.c]. Gen. b[=o]c-a.

Burg (city), byri[.g], burge; byri[.g], burgum, burga.

(3) Indeclinable.

SINGULAR. Nom. bieldo (boldness). Dat. bieldo. Gen. bieldo.

So also ieldo (age).

For r-nouns, see under Masculines.

WEAK MASCULINES.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. nam-a (name). Nom. nam-an. Acc. nam-an. Acc. nam-an. Dat. nam-an. Dat. nam-um. Gen. nam-an. Gen. nam-ena.

{13}

So also all nouns in -a:--[.g]e�f[=e]ra (companion), guma (man), [.g]e�l[=e]afa (belief). Ieldran (elders) occurs only in the plural.

[.G]e�f[=e]a (joy) is contracted throughout:--[.g]ef[=e]a, [.g]ef[=e]an.

WEAK NEUTERS.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. [=e]ag-e (eye). Nom. [=e]ag-an. Acc. [=e]ag-e. Acc. [=e]ag-an. Dat. [=e]ag-an. Dat. [=e]ag-um. Gen. [=e]ag-an. Gen. [=e]ag-ena.

So also [=e]are 'ear.'

WEAK FEMININES.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. sunn-e (sun). Nom. sunn-an. Acc. sunn-an. Acc. sunn-an. Dat. sunn-an. Dat. sunn-um. Gen. sunn-an. Gen. sunn-ena.

So also [.c]iri[.c]e (church), f[=�]mne (virgin), heorte (heart).

L[=e]o (lion) has acc., &c. l[=e]on.

PROPER NAMES.

Native names of persons are declined like other nouns:--�lfred, gen. �lfredes, dat. �lfrede; [=E]ad-burg (fem.), gen. [=E]adburge, &c.

Foreign names of persons sometimes follow the analogy of native names, thus Cr[=i]st, Salomon have gen. Cr[=i]stes, Salomones, dat. Cr[=i]ste, Salomone. Sometimes they are declined as in Latin, especially those in -us, but often with a mixture of English endings, and the Latin endings are used {14} somewhat loosely, the accus. ending being often extended to the other oblique cases; thus we find nom. C[=y]rus, gen. C[=y]res, acc. C[=y]rum, dat. C[=y]rum (�[=�]m cyninge C[=y]rum).

Almost the only names of countries and districts in Old English are those taken from Latin, such as Breten (Britain), C[e,]nt (Kent), [.G]erm[=a]nia (Germany), and those formed by composition, generally with land, such as [E,]n[.g]la-land (land of the English, England), Isr�ah[=e]la-�[=e]od (Israel). In both of these cases the first element is in the gen. pl., but ordinary compounds, such as Scot-land, also occur. In other cases the name of the inhabitants of a country is used for the country itself:--on [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum = in East-anglia, lit. 'among the East-anglians.' So also on Angel-cynne = in England, lit. 'among the English race,' more accurately expressed by Angelcynnes land.

Uncompounded names of countries are sometimes undeclined. Thus we find on C[e,]nt, t[=o] Hierusal[=e]m.

[.G]erm[=a]nia, Asia, and other foreign names in -a take -e in the oblique cases, thus gen. [.G]erm[=a]nie.

ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, though with partly different endings, together with strong and weak inflection. In the masc. and neut. sing. they have an instrumental case, for which in the fem. and plur., and in the weak inflection the dative is used.

STRONG ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives with a short syllable before the endings take -u in the fem. sing. nom. and neut. pl. nom., those with a long one drop it. {15}

SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. (a) Nom. cwic (alive), cwic, cwic-u. Acc. cwic-ne, cwic, cwic-e. Dat. cwic-um, cwic-um, cwic-re. Gen. cwic-es, cwic-es, cwic-re. Instr. cwic-e, cwic-e. (cwicre).

PLURAL. Nom. cwic-e, cwic-u, cwic-e. \ / \/ Dat. cwic-um. Gen. cwic-ra.

So also sum (some), f[=�]rlic (dangerous).

Those with �, such as gl�d (glad), change it to a in dat. gladum, &c.

Those in -e, such as bl[=i]�e (glad), drop it in all inflections:--bl[=i]�ne, bl[=i]�u, bl[=i]�re.

Those in -ig, -el, -ol, -en, -er, -or often contract before inflections beginning with a vowel, as in h[=a]li[.g] (holy), h[=a]lges, h[=a]lgum; mi[.c]el (great), mi[.c]lu, mi[.c]le. Not, of course, before consonants:--h[=a]li[.g]ne, mi[.c]elne, mi[.c]elra.

Those in -u, such as [.g]earu (ready), change the u into a w before vowels:--[.g]earwes, [.g]earwe.

Adjectives with long syllable before the endings drop the u of the fem. and neuter:--

Masc. Neut. Fem. (b) Nom. Sing. g[=o]d (good), g[=o]d, g[=o]d. Plur. g[=o]de, g[=o]d, g[=o]de.

F[=e]a (few) has only the plural inflections, dat. f[=e]am, gen. f[=e]ara.

H[=e]ah (high) drops its second h in inflection and contracts:--h[=e]are, nom. pl. h[=e]a, dat. h[=e]am, acc. sing. masc. h[=e]anne.

Fela (many) is indeclinable. {16}

WEAK ADJECTIVES.

The weak inflections of adjectives agree exactly with the noun ones:-

SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. g[=o]d-a, g[=o]d-e, g[=o]d-e. Acc. g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-e, g[=o]d-an. Dat. g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an. Gen. g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an. \ / \/ PLURAL. Nom. g[=o]d-an. Dat. g[=o]d-um. Gen. g[=o]d-ra.

The vowel- and consonant-changes are as in the strong declension.

COMPARISON.

The comparative is formed by adding -ra, and is declined like a weak adjective:--l[=e]of (dear), l[=e]ofra masc., l[=e]ofre fem., l[=e]ofran plur., etc.; m[=�]re (famous), m[=�]rra. The superlative is formed by adding -ost, and may be either weak or strong:--l[=e]ofost (dearest).

The following form their comparisons with mutation, with superlative in -est (the forms in parentheses are adverbs):--

eald (old), ieldra, ieldest. lang (long), l[e,]n[.g]ra, l[e,]n[.g]est. n[=e]ah (near), (n[=e]ar), n[=i]ehst. h[=e]ah (high), h[=i]erra, h[=i]ehst.

The following show different roots:--

g[=o]d (good), b[e,]tera, b[e,]tst. yfel (evil), wiersa, wierrest. mi[.c]el (great), m[=a]ra (m[=a]), m[=�]st. l[=y]tel (little), l[=�]ssa (l[=�]s), l[=�]st.

{17}

The following are defective as well as irregular, being formed from adverbs:--

[=�]r (formerly), [=�]rra ([=�]ror), [=�]rest. fore (before), . . . forma, fyrmest. [=u]t (out), [=y]terra, [=y]temest.

NUMERALS.

CARDINAL. ORDINAL. [=a]n, one. forma (first). tw[=a], two. [=o]�er. �r[=e]o, three. �ridda. f[=e]ower, four. f[=e]or�a. f[=i]f, five. f[=i]f-ta. siex, six. siex-ta. seofon, seven. seofo�a. eahta, eight. eahto�a. nigon, nine. nigo�a. t[=i]en, ten. t[=e]o�a. [e,]ndlufon, eleven. [e,]ndlyf-ta. tw[e,]lf, twelve. tw[=e,]lf-ta. �r[=e]o-t[=i]ene, thirteen. �r[=e]o-t[=e]o�a. f[=e]ower-t[=i]ene, fourteen. f[=i]f-t[=i]ene, fifteen. siex-t[=i]ene, sixteen. seofon-t[=i]ene, seventeen. eahta-t[=i]ene, eighteen. nigon-t[=i]ene, nineteen. tw[e,]n-ti[.g], twenty. �ri-ti[.g], thirty. f[=e]ower-ti[.g], forty. f[=i]f-ti[.g], fifty. siex-ti[.g], sixty. {18} hund-�seofon-ti[.g], seventy. hund-�eahta-ti[.g], eighty. hund-�nigon-ti[.g], ninety. hund } hundred. hund-�t[=e]onti[.g], } hund-�[e,]ndlufonti[.g], hundred and ten. hund-�tw[e,]lfti[.g], hundred and twenty. �[=u]send, thousand.

[=A]n is declined like other adjectives.

Tw[=a] is declined thus:--

Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. tw[=e][.g]en, tw[=a], tw[=a]. \ / \/ Dat. tw[=�]m. Gen. tw[=e][.g]ra.

So also b[=e][.g]en (both), b[=a], b[=�]m, b[=e][.g]ra.

�r[=e]o is declined thus:--

Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. �r[=i]e, �r[=e]o, �r[=e]o. \ / \/ Dat. �rim. Gen. �r[=e]ora.

The others up to tw[e,]nti[.g] are generally indeclinable. Those in -ti[.g] are sometimes declined like neuter nouns, sometimes like adjectives, and are often left undeclined. When not made into adjectives they govern the genitive.

Hund and �[=u]send are either declined as neuters or left undeclined, always taking a genitive:--eahta hund m[=i]la (eight hundred miles), f[=e]ower �[=u]send wera (four thousand men).

Units are always put before tens:--[=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g] (twenty-one). {19}

The ordinals are always weak, except [=o]�er, which is always strong.

PRONOUNS.

PERSONAL.

SINGULAR. Nom. i[.c] (I), �[=u] (thou). Acc. m[=e], �[=e]. Dat. m[=e], �[=e]. Gen. m[=i]n, �[=i]n.

DUAL. Nom. wit (we two), [.g]it (ye two). Acc. unc, inc. Dat. unc, inc. Gen. uncer, incer.

PLURAL. Nom. w[=e] (we), [.g][=e] (ye). Acc. [=u]s, [=e]ow. Dat. [=u]s, [=e]ow. Gen. [=u]re, [=e]ower.

SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. h[=e] (he), hit (it), h[=e]o (she). Acc. hine, hit, h[=i]e. Dat. him, him, hiere. Gen. his, his, hiere. \ / \/ PLURAL. Nom. h[=i]e (they). Dat. him. Gen. hiera.

There are no reflexive pronouns in O.E., and the ordinary {20} personal pronouns are used instead:--h[=i]e [.g]e�samnodon h[=i]e (they collected themselves, assembled); h[=i]e [=a]�b[=�]don him w[=i]f (they asked for wives for themselves). Self is used as an emphatic reflexive adjective agreeing with its pronoun:--sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e w[=y]s[.c]ton him selfum (as they wished for themselves).

POSSESSIVE.

M[=i]n (my), �[=i]n (thy), [=u]re (our), [=e]ower (your), and the dual uncer and incer are declined like other adjectives. The genitives his (his, its), hiere (her), hiera (their) are used as indeclinable possessives.

INTERROGATIVE.

Masc. and Fem. Neut. Nom. hw[=a] (who), hw�t (what). Acc. hwone, hw�t. Dat. hw[=�]m, hw[=�]m. Gen. hw�s, hw�s. Instr. hw[=y], hw[=y].

Hwelc (which) is declined like a strong adjective: it is used both as a noun and an adjective.

DEMONSTRATIVE.

SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. se (that, the), ��t, s[=e]o. Acc. �one, ��t, �[=a]. Dat. �[=�]m, �[=�]m, �[=�]re. Gen. ��s, ��s, �[=�]re. Instr. �[=y], �on, �[=y], (�[=�]re). \ / \/ PLURAL. Nom. �[=a]. Dat. �[=�]m. Gen. �[=a]ra.

{21}

Se is both a demonstrative and a definite article. It is also used as a personal pronoun:--h[=e] [.g]e�h[=i]er� m[=i]n word, and wyr[.c]� �[=a] (he hears my words, and does them). S[=e] as a demonstrative and pers. pronoun has its vowel long.

SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. �es (this), �is, �[=e]os. Acc. �isne, �is, �[=a]s. Dat. �issum, �issum, �isse. Gen. �isses, �isses, �isse. Instr. �[=y]s, �[=y]s. (�isse). \ / \/ PLURAL. Nom. �[=a]s. Dat. �issum. Gen. �issa.

Other demonstratives, which are used both as nouns and as adjectives, are se ilca (same), which is always weak, swelc (such), which is always strong.

RELATIVE.

The regular relative is the indeclinable �e, as in [=�]lc �[=a]ra �e �[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]e�h[=i]er� (each of those who hears these my words). It is often combined with s[=e], which is declined:--s[=e] �e = who, masc., s[=e]o �e, fem., &c. S[=e] alone is also used as a relative:--h[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, �one ic [.g]e�[.c][=e]as (here is my servant, whom I have chosen); sometimes in the sense of 'he who':--h[=e]r �[=u] h�fst ��t �[=i]n is (here thou hast that which is thine).

INDEFINITE.

Indefinites are formed with sw[=a] and the interrogative pronouns, thus:--sw[=a] hw[=a] sw[=a], sw[=a] hwel[.c] sw[=a] (whoever), sw[=a] hw�t sw[=a] (whatever). {22}

[=A]n and sum (some) are used in an indefinite sense:--[=a]n mann, sum mann = 'a certain man,' hence 'a man.' But the indefinite article is generally not expressed.

[=�]l[.c] (each), [=�]ni[.g] (any), n[=�]ni[.g] (no, none), are declined like other adjectives.

[=O]�er (other) is always strong:--�[=a] [=o]�re m[e,]nn.

Man, another form of mann, is often used in the indefinite sense of 'one,' French on:--his br[=o]�or Horsan man of�sl[=o]g (they killed his brother Horsa).

VERBS.

There are two classes of verbs in O.E., strong and weak. The conjugation of strong verbs is effected mainly by means of vowel-gradation, that of weak verbs by the addition of d (-ode, -ede, -de) to the root-syllable.

The following is the conjugation of the strong verb bindan (bind), which will serve to show the endings which are common to all verbs:--

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. bind-e, bind-e. 2. bind-est, bintst, bind-e. 3. bind-e�, bint, bind-e. plur. bind-a�, bind-en.

Pret. sing. 1. band, bund-e. 2. bund-e, bund-e. 3. band, bund-e. plur. bund-on, bund-en.

Imper. sing. bind; plur. bind-a�. Infin. bind-an. Partic. pres. bind-ende; pret. [.g]e-�bund-en. Gerund. t[=o] bind-enne.

For the plural binda�, both indicative and imperative, binde is used when the personal pronoun follows immediately after {23} the verb:--w[=e] binda� (we bind), but binde w[=e] (let us bind); so also g[=a]�! (go plur.), but g[=a] [.g][=e]! (go ye).

The present participle may be declined like an adjective. Its declension when used as a noun is given above, p. 10.

The past participle generally prefixes [.g]e-, as in [.g]e�bunden, [.g]e�numen from niman (take), unless the other parts of the verbs have it already, as in [.g]e�h[=i]eran (hear), [.g]e�h[=i]ered. It is sometimes prefixed to other parts of the verb as well. No [.g]e is added if the verb has another prefix, such as [=a]-, be-, for-; thus for�[.g]iefan (forgive) has the past participle for�[.g]iefen. The past participle may be declined like an adjective.

Traces of an older passive voice are preserved in the form h[=a]t-te from h[=a]tan (call, name), which is both present 'is called,' and preterite 'was called':--se munuc h[=a]tte Abbo (the monk's name was Abbo).

STRONG VERBS.

In the strong verbs the plural of the pret. indic. generally has a different vowel from that of the sing. (ic band, w[=e] bundon). The 2nd sing. pret. indic. and the whole pret. subj. always have the vowel of the preterite plural indicative (�[=u] bunde, ic bunde, w[=e] bunden.)

The 2nd and 3rd persons sing. of the pres. indic. often mutate the root-vowel, thus:--

a becomes [e,] as in (h[=e]) st[e,]nt from standan (stand). ea " ie " fiel� " feallan (fall). e " i " cwi�� " cwe�an (say). eo " ie " wier� " weor�an (happen). [=a] " [=�] " h[=�]tt " h[=a]tan (command). [=o] " [=e] " gr[=e]w� " gr[=o]wan (grow). [=e]a " [=i]e " h[=i]ew� " h[=e]awan (hew). [=e]o " [=i]e " [.c][=i]est " [.c][=e]osan (choose). [=u] " [=y] " l[=y]c� " l[=u]can (close).

{24}

The full ending of the 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic. is -e�, which is generally contracted, with the following consonant-changes:--

-te� becomes -tt as in l[=�]tt from l[=�]tan (let). -de� " -tt " b[=i]tt " b[=i]dan (wait). -dde� " -tt " bitt " biddan (pray). -�e� " -�� " cwi�� " cwe�an (say). -se� " -st " [.c][=i]est " [.c][=e]osan (choose). -nde� " -nt " bint " bindan (bind).

Double consonants become single, as in h[=e] fiel� from feallan.

Before the -st of the 2nd pers. consonants are often dropt, as in �[=u] cwist from cwe�an, �[=u] [.c][=i]est from [.c][=e]osan; and d becomes t, as in �[=u] bintst from bindan.

For the changes between s and r, � and d, g and h, see p. 7.

Some verbs, such as s[=e]on (see), drop the h and contract before most inflections beginning with a vowel:--ic s[=e]o, w[=e] s[=e]o�, t[=o] s[=e]onne; but h[=e] sih�.

There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished mainly by the different formation of their preterites. The following lists comprise all the strong verbs that occur in the texts given in this book, together with several others of the commoner ones.

I. 'Fall'-conjugation.

The pret. sing. and pl. has [=e]o or [=e], and the past partic. retains the original vowel of the infinitive. {25}

(a) [=e]o-preterites.

ea:-- INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. feallan (fall) fiel� f[=e]oll f[=e]ollon feallen healdan (hold) hielt h[=e]old h[=e]oldon healden wealdan (wield) wielt w[=e]old w[=e]oldon wealden weaxan (grow) wiext w[=e]ox w[=e]oxon weaxen

[=a]:-- bl[=a]wan (blow) bl[=�]w� bl[=e]ow bl[=e]owon bl[=a]wen cn[=a]wan (know) cn[=�]w� cn[=e]ow cn[=e]owon cn[=a]wen s[=a]wan (sow) s[=�]w� s[=e]ow s[=e]owon s[=a]wen

[=e]:-- w[=e]pan (weep) w[=e]p� w[=e]op w[=e]opon w[=o]pen

W[=e]pan has really a weak present (p. 30) with mutation (the original [=o] re-appearing in the past partic.), but it makes no difference in the inflection.

[=o]:-- fl[=o]wan (flow) fl[=e]w� fl[=e]ow fl[=e]owon fl[=o]wen gr[=o]wan (grow) gr[=e]w� gr[=e]ow gr[=e]owon gr[=o]wen r[=o]wan (row) r[=e]w� r[=e]ow r[=e]owon r[=o]wen

[=e]a:-- b[=e]atan (beat) b[=i]ett b[=e]ot b[=e]oton b[=e]aten h[=e]awan (hew) h[=i]ew� h[=e]ow h[=e]owon h[=e]awen hl[=e]apan (leap) hl[=i]ep� hl[=e]op hl[=e]opon hl[=e]apen

(b) [=e]-preterites.

[=a]:-- h[=a]tan (command) h[=�]tt h[=e]t h[=e]ton h[=a]ten

[=�]:-- l[=�]tan (let) l[=�]tt l[=e]t l[=e]ton l[=�]ten

[=o]:-- f[=o]n (seize) f[=e]h� f[=e]ng f[=e]ngon fangen h[=o]n (hang) h[=e]h� h[=e]ng h[=e]ngon hangen

{26}

II. 'Shake'-conjugation.

Verbs in a (ea) and [e,] (ie). [=O] in pret. sing, and pl., a (�) in partic. pret. Standan drops its n in the pret. The partic. pret. of sw[e,]rian is irregular.

a:--

INFINITIVE. THIRD. PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. faran (go) f�r� f[=o]r f[=o]ron faren sacan (quarrel) s�c� s[=o]c s[=o]con sacen scacan (shake) sc�c� sc[=o]c sc[=o]con scacen standan (stand) st[e,]nt st[=o]d st[=o]don standen

The following shows contraction of original ea:--

sl[=e]an (strike) slieh� sl[=o]g sl[=o]gon sl�[.g]en

[e,]:--

h[e,]bban (lift) h[e,]f� h[=o]f h[=o]fon hafen s[.c]ieppan (create) s[.c]iep� sc[=o]p sc[=o]pon scapen sw[e,]rian (swear) sw[e,]re� sw[=o]r sw[=o]ron sworen

The presents of these verbs are inflected weak, so that their imperative sing. is h[e,]fe and sw[e,]re, like that of w[e,]nian (p. 32). Sw[e,]rian has indic. sw[e,]rige, sw[e,]rest, like w[e,]nian; h[e,]bban has h[e,]bbe, h[e,]fst, &c. like h[=i]eran (p. 30).

III. 'Bind'-conjugation.

I (ie, e, eo) followed by two consonants, one or both of which is nearly always a liquid (l, r) or nasal (m, n) in the infin., a (�, ea) in pret. sing., u in pret. pl., u (o) in ptc. pret. Findan has a weak preterite.

i:--

INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET.SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. bindan (bind) bint band bundon bunden drincan (drink) drinc� dranc druncon druncen findan (find) fint funde fundon funden [.g]ieldan (pay) [.g]ielt [.g]eald guldon golden (on)[.g]innan (begin) -[.g]in� -gann -gunnon -gunnen {27} grindan (grind) grint grand grundon grunden iernan (run) [p. 7] iern� arn urnon urnen [.g]e-�limpan (happen) -limp� -lamp -lumpon -lumpen scrincan (shrink) scrinc� scranc scruncon scruncen springan (spring) spring� sprang sprungon sprungen swincan (toil) swinc� swanc swuncon swuncen windan (wind) wint wand wundon wunden winnan (fight) win� wann wunnon wunnen

e:--

berstan (burst) bierst b�rst burston borsten bre[.g]dan (pull) ... br�[.g]d brugdon brogden delfan (dig) dilf� dealf dulfon dolfen sweltan (die) swilt swealt swulton swolten

eo:--

beorgan (protect) bierh� bearg burgon borgen beornan (burn)[p. 7] biern� barn burnon burnen [.c]eorfan (cut) [.c]ierf� [.c]earf curfon corfen feohtan (fight) fieht feaht fuhton fohten weorpan (throw) wierp� wearp wurpon worpen weor�an (become) wier� wear� wurdon worden

IV. 'Bear'-conjugation.

Verbs in e (i), followed by a single consonant, generally a liquid or nasal; in brecan the liquid precedes the vowel. A (�) in pret. sing., [=�] ([=a]) in pret. pl., o (u) in ptc. pret. Cuman is irregular.

INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SG. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. niman (take) nim� nam n[=a]mon numen

beran (bear) bier� b�r b[=�]ron boren brecan (break) bric� br�c br[=�]con brocen s[.c]eran (shear) s[.c]ier� s[.c]ear s[.c][=e]aron scoren stelan (steal) stil� st�l st[=�]lon stolen teran (tear) .. t�r t[=�]ron toren

{28}

u:--

cuman (come) cym� c[=o]m c[=o]mon cumen

V. 'Give'-conjugation.

Verbs in e (i, eo, ie) followed by single consonants, which are not liquids or nasals. This class differs from the last only in the ptc. pret. which keeps the vowel of the infinitive.

INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SG. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. cwe�an (say) cwi�� cw�� cw[=�]don cweden etan (eat) itt [=�]t [=�]ton eten sprecan (speak) spric� spr�c spr[=�]con sprecen wrecan (avenge) wric� wr�c wr[=�]con wrecen

biddan (pray) bitt b�d b[=�]don beden li[.c][.g]an (lie) l[=i]� l�[.g] l[=�]gon le[.g]en sittan (sit) sitt s�t s[=�]ton seten �i[.c][.g]an (receive) �i[.g]e� �eah �[=�]gon �e[.g]en

All these have weak presents:--imper. bide, li[.g]e, site, �i[.g]e. Their is are mutations of the e which appears in their past partic.

ie:--

[.g]iefan (give) [.g]ief� [.g]eaf [.g][=e]afon [.g]iefen (on)[.g]ietan (understand) -[.g]iett -[.g]eat -[.g][=e]aton -[.g]ieten

The following is contracted in most forms:--

s[=e]on (see) sih� seah s[=a]won sewen

VI. 'Shine'-conjugation.

Verbs in [=i], with pret. sing, in [=a], pl. i, ptc. pret. i.

INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. b[=i]dan (wait) b[=i]tt b[=a]d bidon biden b[=i]tan (bite) b[=i]tt b[=a]t biton biten dr[=i]fan (drive) dr[=i]f� dr[=a]f drifon drifen {29} (be)l[=i]fan (remain) -l[=i]f� -l[=a]f -lifon -lifen r[=i]dan (ride) r[=i]tt r[=a]d ridon riden r[=i]pan (reap) r[=i]p� r[=a]p ripon ripen ([=a])r[=i]san (rise) -r[=i]st -r[=a]s -rison -risen s[.c][=i]nan (shine) s[.c][=i]n� sc[=a]n s[.c]inon s[.c]inen sn[=i]�an (cut) sn[=i]�� sn[=a]� snidon sniden st[=i]gan (ascend) st[=i][.g]� st[=a]g stigon sti[.g]en (be)sw[=i]can (deceive) -sw[=i]c� -sw[=a]c -swicon -swicen [.g]e�w[=i]tan (depart) -w[=i]tt w[=a]t -witon -witen wr[=i]tan (write) wr[=i]tt wr[=a]t writon writen

VII. 'Choose'-conjugation.

Verbs in [=e]o and [=u], with pret. sing. [=e]a, pl. u, ptc. pret. o. Fl[=e]on and t[=e]on contract.

INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. b[=e]odan (offer) b[=i]ett b[=e]ad budon boden br[=e]otan (break) br[=i]ett br[=e]at bruton broten [.c][=e]osan (choose) [.c][=i]est [.c][=e]as curon coren fl[=e]ogan (fly) fl[=i]eh� fl[=e]ag flugon flogen fl[=e]on (flee) fl[=i]eh� fl[=e]ah flugon flogen fl[=e]otan (float) fl[=i]ett fl[=e]at fluton floten hr[=e]osan (fall) hr[=i]est hr[=e]as hruron hroren hr[=e]owan (rue) hr[=i]ew� hr[=e]aw hruwon hrowen for�l[=e]osan (lose) -l[=i]est -l[=e]as -luron -loren s[.c][=e]otan (shoot) s[.c][=i]ett s[.c][=e]at scuton scoten sm[=e]ocan (smoke) sm[=i]ec� sm[=e]ac smucon smocen t[=e]on (pull) t[=i]eh� t[=e]ah tugon togen [=a]-�r[=e]otan (fail) -�r[=i]ett -�r[=e]at -�ruton -�roten

[=u]:--

br[=u]can (enjoy) br[=y]c� br[=e]ac brucon brocen b[=u]gan (bow) b[=y]h� b[=e]ag bugon bogen l[=u]can (lock) l[=y]c� l[=e]ac lucon locen l[=u]tan (bow) l[=y]tt l[=e]at luton loten sc[=u]fan (push) sc[=y]f� s[.c][=e]af scufon scofen

{30}

WEAK VERBS.

There are three conjugations of weak verbs--(1) in -an, pret. -de (h[=i]eran, h[=i]erde, 'hear'); (2) in -ian, pret. -ede (w[e,]nian, w[e,]nede, 'wean'); (3) in -ian, pret. -ode (lufian, lufode, 'love'). The verbs of the first two conjugations nearly all have a mutated vowel in the present and infinitive, which those of the third conjugation very seldom have.

I. an-verbs.

This class of weak verbs has the same endings as the strong verbs, except in the pret. and past partic., which are formed by adding -de and -ed respectively, with the following consonant changes.

-ndde becomes -nde as in s[e,]nde from s[e,]ndan (send). -llde " -lde " fylde " fyllan (fill). -tde " -tte " m[=e]tte " m[=e]tan (find). -pde " -pte " dypte " dyppan (dip). -cde " -hte " t[=�]hte " t[=�][.c]an (show).

The past partic. is generally contracted in the same way:--s[e,]nd, m[=e]tt, t[=�]ht, but some of them often retain the uncontracted forms:--fylled, dypped. When declined like adjectives they drop their e where practicable:--fylled, plur. fylde; h[=i]ered, h[=i]erde.

The 2nd and 3rd pres. sing. ind. are contracted as in the strong verbs.

(a) 'Hear'-class.

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. h[=i]er-e (hear), h[=i]er-e. 2. h[=i]er-st, h[=i]er-e. 3. h[=i]er-�, h[=i]er-e. plur. h[=i]er-a�, h[=i]er-en. {31}

Pret. sing. 1. h[=i]er-de, h[=i]er-de. 2. h[=i]er-dest, h[=i]er-de. 3. h[=i]er-de, h[=i]er-de. plur. h[=i]er-don, h[=i]er-den.

Imper. sing. h[=i]er; plur. h[=i]er-a�. Infin. h[=i]er-an. Ptc. pres. h[=i]er-ende; pret. h[=i]er-ed. Gerund. t[=o] h[=i]er-enne.

Further examples of this class are:--

INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. PARTIC. PRET. �t�[=i]ewan (show) -[=i]ew� -[=i]ewde -[=i]ewed. c[=y]�an (make known) c[=y]�� c[=y]�de c[=y]�ed, c[=y]dd fyllan (fill) fyl� fylde fylled (n[=e]a)l[=�][.c]an (approach) -l[=�][.c]� -l[=�]hte -l[=�]ht l[=�]dan (lead) l[�]tt l[=�]dde l[=�]dd l[e,][.c][.g]an (lay) l[e,][.g]� l[e,][.g]de l[e,][.g]d [.g]e�l[=i]efan (believe) -l[=i]ef� -l[=i]efde -l[=i]efed n[e,]mnan (name) n[e,]mne� n[e,]mnde n[e,]mned s[e,]ndan (send) s[e,]nt s[e,]nde s[e,]nd s[e,]ttan (set) s[e,]tt s[e,]tte s[e,]tt sm[=e]an (consider) sm[=e]a� sm[=e]ade sm[=e]ad t[=�][.c]an (show) t[=�][.c]� t[=�]hte t[=�]ht w[e,]ndan (turn) w[e,]nt w[e,]nde w[e,]nd

(b) 'Seek'-class.

In this class the mutated vowels lose their mutation in the preterite and past partic., besides undergoing other changes in some verbs.

Those in double consonants (and [.c][.g]) simplify them in the contracted 2nd and 3rd sing. pres. indic.:--s[e,]lle, s[e,]lst, s[e,]l�; s[e,][.c][,g]e, s[e,][.g]st, s[e,][.g]�; also in the imperative, which is formed as in Conj. II:--s[e,]le, s[e,][.g]e, by[.g]e, &c. {32}

INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. PARTIC. PRET.

cw[e,]llan (kill) cw[e,]l� cwealde cweald r[e,][.c][.c]an (tell) r[e,][.c]� reahte reaht s[e,][.c][.g]an (say) s[e,][.g]� s�[.g]de s�[.g]d s[e,]llan (give) s[e,]l� sealde seald w[e,][.c][.c]an (wake) w[e,][.c]� weahte weaht �[e,]n[.c]an (think) �[e,]n[.c]� �[=o]hte �[=o]ht

bringan (bring) bring� br[=o]hte br[=o]ht

y:--

by[.c][.g]an (buy) by[.g]� bohte boht �yn[.c]an (appear) �yn[.c]� �[=u]hte �-uht wyr[.c]an (work) wyr[.c]� worhte worht

[=e]:--

r[=e][.c]an (care) r[=e][.c]� r[=o]hte r[=o]ht s[=e][.c]an (seek) s[=e][.c]� s[=o]hte s[=o]ht

II. 'Wean'-conjugation.

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. w[e,]n-i[.g]e (wean), w[e,]n-i[.g]e. 2. w[e,]n-est, w[e,]n-i[.g]e. 3. w[e,]n-e�, w[e,]n-i[.g]e. plur. w[e,]n-ia�, w[e,]n-ien.

Pret. sing. 1. w[e,]n-ede, w[e,]n-ede. 2. w[e,]n-edest, w[e,]n-ede. 3. w[e,]n-ede, w[e,]n-ede. plur. w[e,]n-edon, w[e,]n-eden.

Imper. w[e,]n-e, w[e,]n-ia�. Infin. w[e,]n-ian. Partic. pres. w[e,]n-iende; pret. w[e,]n-ed. Gerund. t[=o] w[e,]n-ienne.

{33}

So are conjugated all weak verbs with a short mutated root syllable, such as f[e,]rian (carry), w[e,]rian (defend), [.g]e�byrian (befit). There are not many of them.

III. 'Love'-conjugation.

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. luf-i[.g]e (love), luf-i[.g]e. 2. luf-ast, luf-i[.g]e. 3. luf-a�, luf-i[.g]e. plur. luf-ia�, luf-ien.

Pret. sing. 1. luf-ode, luf-ode. 2. luf-odest, luf-ode. 3. luf-ode, luf-ode. plur. luf-odon, luf-oden.

Imper. luf-a, luf-ia�. Infin. luf-ian. Partic. pres. luf-iende: pret. luf-od. Gerund. t[=o] luf-ienne.

So also [=a]scian (ask), macian (make), weor�ian (honour), and many others.

Irregularities.

Some verbs are conjugated partly after I, partly after III. Such are habban (have) and libban (live).

Habban has pres. indic. h�bbe, h�fst, h�f�; habba�, subj. h�bbe, h�bben, pret. h�fde, imper. hafa, habba�, particc. habbende, h�fd.

Libban has pres. libbe, leofast, leofa�; libba�, subj. libbe, pret. leofode, imper. leofa, libba�, particc. libbende, lifiende; leofod.

F[e,]tian (fetch) has pret. f[e,]tte.

STRONG-WEAK VERBS.

The strong-weak verbs have for their presents old strong preterites, from which new weak preterites are formed. Note the occasional second person sing. in t. {34}

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. w[=a]t (know), wite. 2. w[=a]st, wite. 3. w[=a]t, wite. plur. witon, witen.

Pret. wiste.

Imper. wite, wita�. Infin. witan. Partic. pres. witende; pret. witen.

The other most important weak-strong verbs are given below in the 1st and 2nd sing. pres. indic., in the plur. indic., in the pret., in the infin. and partic. pret. Of several the last two forms are doubtful, or do not exist.

[=A]h (possess), [=a]ge, [=a]gon; [=a]hte; [=a]gen (only as adjective)[4].

Cann (know) canst, cunnon; c[=u]�e; cunnan; c[=u]� (only as adjective.)

Dearr (dare), durre, durron; dorste.

[.G]e�man (remember), -manst; -munde; -munan.

M�[.g] (can), miht, magon, m�[.g]e (subj.); mihte.

M[=o]t (may), m[=o]st, m[=o]ton; m[=o]ste.

S[.c]eal (shall), s[.c]ealt, sculon, scyle (subj.); scolde.

�earf (need), �urfon, �yrfe (subj.); �orfte; �urfan.

ANOMALOUS VERBS.

(1) Willan (will) shows a mixture of subj. forms in the pres. indic. sing.:--

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. wile, wile. 2. wilt, wile. 3. wile, wile. plur. willa�, willen.

Pret. wolde, etc.

{35}

Similarly nyllan (will not):--

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. nyle, nyle. 2. nylt, nyle. 3. nyle, nyle. plur. nylla�, nyllen.

Pret. nolde, etc.

(2) Wesan (be).

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. eom; b[=e]o, s[=i]e; b[=e]o. 2. eart; bist, s[=i]e; b[=e]o. 3. is; bi�, s[=i]e; b[=e]o. plur. sind; b[=e]o�, s[=i]en; b[=e]on.

Pret. sing. 1. w�s, w[=�]re. 2. w[=�]re, w[=�]re. 3. w�s, w[=�]re. plur. w[=�]ron, w[=�]ren.

Imper. wes, wesa�; b[=e]o, b[=e]o�. Infin. wesan; b[=e]on. Partic. pres. wesende.

The contracted negative forms are:--neom, neart, nis; n�s, n[=�]re, n[=�]ron; n[=�]re, n[=�]ren.

(3) D[=o]n (do).

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. d[=o], d[=o]. 2. d[=e]st, d[=o]. 3. d[=e]�, d[=o]. plur. d[=o]�, d[=o]n.

Pret. dyde, etc.

Imper. d[=o], d[=o]�. Infin. d[=o]n. Partic. pres. d[=o]nde; pret. [.g]e�d[=o]n.

{36}

(4) G[=a]n (go).

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. g[=a], g[=a]. 2. g[=�]st, g[=a]. 3. g[=�]�, g[=a]. plur. g[=a]�, g[=a]n.

Pret. [=e]ode, [=e]ode.

Imper. g[=a], g[=a]�. Infin. g[=a]n. Partic. pres. gangende; pret. [.g]e�g[=a]n.

DERIVATION.

PREFIXES.

The following are the most important prefixes, some of which are verbal, being confined to verbs and words formed directly from them; some nominal, being confined to nouns and adjectives.

[=a]- (1) originally 'forth,' 'away,' as in [=a]�r[=i]san, 'rise forth,' 'arise'; [=a]�faran, 'go away,''depart'; but generally only intensive, as in [=a]�cw[e,]llan (kill), [=a]�hr[=e]osan (fall).

(2) = 'ever' in pronouns and particles, where it gives an indefinite sense, as in [=a]-hw[=�]r (anywhere), [=a]-wiht (anything).

[=�][.g]- from [=a]-[.g]e-, the [=a] being mutated and the e dropped, has a similar meaning, as in [=�][.g]-hwelc (each), [=�][.g]�er = [=�][.g]-hw��er (either).

be-, originally 'by,' 'around' (cp. the preposition be), (1) specializes the meaning of a transitive verb, as in be�s[e,]ttan (beset, surround), be�s[.c]ieran (shear); (2) makes an intransitive verb transitive, as in be��[e,]n[.c]an (consider) from �[e,]n[.c]an (think); (3) gives a privative meaning, as in be�h[=e]afdian (behead). In some words, such as be�cuman (come), it is practically unmeaning. {37}

for- (which is distinct from the preposition for) generally has the sense of 'loss' or 'destruction,' as in for�d[=o]n (destroy), for�weor�an (perish). Of course, if the verb with which it is compounded already has this meaning, it acts merely as an intensitive, as in for�br[=e]otan (break up, break), for�scrincan (shrink up). It also modifies in a bad sense generally, as in for�s[=e]on (despise), or negatives, as in for�b[=e]odan (forbid).

[.g]e- originally meant 'together,' as in [.g]e�f[=e]ra (fellow-traveller, companion) from f[=e]ran (travel). With verbs it often signifies 'completion,' 'attainment,' and hence 'success,' as in [.g]e�g[=a]n (conquer), originally 'go over,' or 'reach,' [.g]e�winnan (win) from winnan (fight). Hence generally prefixed to h[=i]eran and s[=e]on, [.g]e�h[=i]eran and [.g]e�s[=e]on strictly meaning 'succeed in hearing, seeing.' It is generally prefixed to past participles (p. 23), where it originally gave the meaning of completion--[.g]e�lufod = 'completely loved.'

mis- = 'mis,' as in mis-d[=�]d (misdeed).

n- = ne (not), as in n[=a] (not), literally 'never,' n[=�]fre (never), n�s (was not) = ne w�s.

on- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition on. It properly signifies 'separation,' as in on�l[=u]can (open) from l[=u]can (lock, close), but is often practically unmeaning, as in on�[.g]innan (begin).

or-, literally 'out of,' is privative, as in orsorg (unconcerned) from sorg (sorrow).

t[=o]- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition t[=o] (which occurs in t[=o]�g�dre, 'together,' &c.), but signifies 'separation,' as in t[=o]�berstan (burst asunder), t[=o]�bre[.g]dan (shake off), and hence 'destruction,' as in t[=o]�cw[=i]esan (crush to pieces, bruise).

un- negatives, as in un-[.g]es[=�]li[.g] (unhappy). {38}

ENDINGS.

(a) NOUNS.

Personal.

-end, from the present participle -ende, = '-er':--H[=�]lend (healer, Saviour), b[=u]end (dweller).

-ere = '-er':--s[=a]were (sower), mynetere (money-changer, minter) from mynet (coin).

-ing, patronymic, ��eling (son of a noble, prince) from ��ele (noble).

Abstract.

-nes, fem. from adjectives:--g[=o]d-nes (goodness), rihtw[=i]snes (righteousness).

-u�, -�o, fem., generally from adjectives:--[.g][=e]ogu� (youth), str[e,]n[.g]�o (strength) from strang.

-ung, fem. from verbs:--scotung (shooting, shot), h[e,]rgung (ravaging), from scotian, h[e,]rgian.

The following are also independent words:--

-d[=o]m, masc.:--w[=i]s-d[=o]m (wisdom), �[=e]ow-d[=o]m (servitude).

-h[=a]d, masc.:--[.c]ild-h[=a]d (childhood).

-r[=�]den, fem.:--[.g]e�cwid-r[=�]den (agreement) from cwide (speech); mann-r[=�]den (allegiance).

-s[.c]ipe, masc.:--fr[=e]ond-s[.c]ipe (friendship). Concrete in w�ter-s[.c]ipe (piece of water, water).

(b) ADJECTIVES.

-en, with mutation, denotes 'material,' 'belonging to':--gylden (golden), st[=�]nen (of stone), h[=�]�en (heathen) from h[=�]� (heath). In seolcen (silken) there is no mutation.

-feald = '-fold':--hund-feald (hundred-fold).

-i[.g]:--miht-i[.g] (mighty); h[=a]l-i[.g] (holy) from h[=a]l (whole). {39}

-isc, with mutation:--[E,]n[.g]lisc (English) from Angel; m[e,]nn-isc (human) from mann.

-ol:--swic-ol (deceitful).

-iht, with mutation, denotes 'material,' 'nature':--st[=�]n-iht (stony).

-sum = 'some':--h[=i]er-sum (obedient).

The following exist (sometimes in a different form) as independent words:--

-f�st:--s[=o]�-f�st (truthful).

-full:--sorg-full (sorrowful), [.g]e�l[=e]af-full (believing, pious).

-l[=e]as = '-less':--[=a]r-l[=e]as (dishonoured, wicked).

-lic (cp. [.g]e�l[=i]c) = '-ly':--folc-lic (popular), heofon-lic (heavenly).

-weard = '-ward':--s[=u]�an-weard (southward).

-l[=�][.c]an:--[=a]n-l[=�][.c]an (unite), [.g]e��w[=�]r-l[=�][.c]an (agree).

ADVERBS.

-e, the regular adverb-termination:--lange (long), [.g]e�l[=i]ce (similarly) from lang, [.g]e�l[=i]c. Sometimes -l[=i]ce (from -lic) is used to form adverbs, as bl[=i]�e-l[=i]ce (gladly) from bl[=i]�e.

DERIVATIONS FROM PARTICIPLES.

Many abstract words are formed from present participles (often in a passive sense) and past participles (often in an active sense):--

-nes:--for�[.g]iefen-nes (forgiveness), [.g]e�r[e,][.c]ed-nes (narrative), welwillend-nes (benevolence).

-lic:--un[=a]r[=i]med-lic (innumerable).

-l[=i]ce:--welwillend-l[=i]ce (benevolently).

* * * * * {40}

SYNTAX.

GENDER.

When masculine and feminine beings are referred to by the same adjective or pronoun, the adjective or pronoun is put in the neuter:--h[=i]e [.g]e�samnodon h[=i]e, ealle �[=a] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, and [=e]ac swelce w[=i]f-menn ... and �[=a] h[=i]e bl[=i]�ost w[=�]ron ... (they gathered themselves, all the chief men, and also women ... and when they were most merry ...). Here bl[=i]�ost is in the neuter plur.

CASES.

Accusative. Some verbs of asking (a question) and requesting, together with l[=�]ran (teach), take two accusatives, one of the person, and another of the thing:--h[=i]e hine ne dorston [=�]ni[.g] �ing [=a]scian (they durst not ask him anything); w[=e] magon [=e]ow r[=�]d [.g]e�l[=�]ran (we can teach you a plan).

The accusative is used adverbially to express duration of time: hw[=y] stande [.g][=e] h[=e]r ealne d�[.g] [=i]dle? (why stand ye here all the day idle?)

Dative. The dative in Old E. is of two kinds, (1) the dative proper, and (2) the instrumental dative, interchanging with the regular instrumental. It is not always easy to separate the two.

(1) The dative proper usually designates personal relations, and is frequently used with verbs, together with an accusative (generally of the thing). The dative is also used with adjectives. It is used not only with verbs of giving, &c., as in h[=e] sealde [=�]lcum [=a]nne p[e,]ning (he gave each a penny); addressing, as in ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e (I say to you), h[=e] �ancode his Dryhtne (he thanked his Lord); but also with many verbs of benefiting, influencing, &c., as in ne d[=o] ic �[=e] n[=a]nne t[=e]onan (I do thee no injury), h[=i]e noldon him l[=i]efan (they would not allow {41} them to do so); �[=�]m r[=e]�um st[=i]erde (restrained the cruel ones). Also in looser constructions, to denote the person indirectly affected, benefited, &c., as in by[.c][.g]a� [=e]ow ele (buy for yourselves oil). Note especially the following idiom: h[=i]e [.g]e�s[=o]hton Bretene Brettum t[=o] fultume (they came to Britain as a help to the Britains--to help them); h[=e] clipode Cr[=i]st him t[=o] fultume (he called Christ to his help).

The dative is also used with adjectives of nearness, likeness, &c.:--[=E]admund cyning clipode [=a]nne biscop �e him [.g]e�h[e,]ndost w�s (King Edmund summoned a bishop who was nearest at hand to him); heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e�l[=i]c �[=�]m mangere �e s[=o]hte ��t g[=o]de m[e,]regrot (the kingdom of the heavens is like the merchant who sought the good pearl).

(2) The instrumental dative is used to denote the instrument and manner of an action: h[=e] [.g]e�[e,]ndode yflum d[=e]a�e (he ended with an evil death). Hence its use to form adverbs, as in s[.c][=e]afm[=�]lum (sheafwise). It also signifies time when:--�rim [.g][=e]arum [=�]r �[=�]m �e h[=e] for��f[=e]rde (three years before he died), which is also expressed by the instrumental itself:--s[=e]o wolde [e,]fsian [=�]lce [.g][=e]are �one sanct (she used to cut the saint's hair every year); �[=y] f[=e]or�an [.g][=e]are his r[=i][.c]es (in the fourth year of his reign). A past participle with a noun in the instrumental dative is used like the ablative absolute in Latin: Hubba be�l[=a]f on Nor�hymbra-lande, [.g]e�wunnenum si[.g]e mid w�lhr[=e]ownesse (H. remained in Northumbria, victory having been won with cruelty).

Genitive. The genitive is often used in a partitive sense:--his f[=e]onda sum (one of his enemies); hiera f[=i]f w[=�]ron dysi[.g]e (five of them were foolish). Hence it is generally used with fela, as in fela wundra (many miracles); also with numerals when used as substantives (p. 18).

The genitive is often used like an accusative to denote the object of various emotions and mental states, such as {42} joy, desire, remembering:--h[=i]e ��s f�[.g]nodon sw[=i]�e (they rejoiced at it greatly); m[=e] l[=e]ofre w[=�]re ��t ic on [.g]e�feohte f[=e]olle wi� �[=�]m �e m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera eardes br[=u]can (it would be pleasanter to me to fall in fight that my people might enjoy (possess) their country); ic ��s [.g]e�wilni[.g]e (I desire that); [.g]if h[=e] his f[=e]ores r[=o]hte (if he cared about his life); h[=e] w�s ��s H[=�]lendes [.g]e�myndi[.g] (he was mindful of--he remembered the Saviour).

Some of these verbs, such as biddan (ask), take an accusative of the person and a genitive of the thing:--h[=e] hine hl[=a]fes bitt (he asks him for bread).

Verbs of depriving, restraining, &c., have the same construction:--nis Angel-cynn be�d[=�]led Dryhtnes h[=a]lgena (England is not deprived of the Lord's saints).

Some verbs of giving, &c., take a genitive of the thing and a dative of the person:--him w�s of�togen [=�]lces f[=o]dan (they were deprived of all food).

The genitive is often used to define an adjective or noun:--�[=u] eart wier�e sl[e,][.g]es (thou art worthy of death); on �[=�]m [.g][=e]are �e �lfred ��eling [=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g] [.g][=e]ara w�s (in the year when Prince Alfred was twenty-one).

CONCORD.

Adjectives agree with their nouns not only when used attributively (g[=o]de m[e,]nn), but also when the adjective follows the noun, either predicatively or in apposition:--�[=a] m[e,]nn sind g[=o]de; h[=e] [.g]e�seah [=o]�re [=i]dle standan (he saw others standing idle); h[=i]e c[=o]mon mid langum s[.c]ipum, n[=a] manigum (they came with long ships, not many).

APPOSITION.

In such expressions as 'the island of Britain,' the second noun is not put in the genitive, but the two are simply put in {43} apposition, both being declined separately:--Breten [=i]e[.g]land, on Bretene (�[=�]m) [=i]e[.g]lande. In 'king Alfred,' &c., the proper name is put first in the same way:--�lfred ��eling (prince Alfred); on ��elredes cyninges d�[.g]e (in the days of king ��elred).

There is a similar apposition with the adjective sum followed by a noun or pronoun, as in sume �[=a] m[e,]nn (some of the men); �[=a] �[=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon wi� we[.g] (while he sowed, some of them [the seeds] fell by the road). Sometimes the pronoun precedes, as in �[=a] b[=�]don h[=i]e sume ��t Samson m[=o]ste him macian sum gamen (then some of them asked that Samson might make some sport for them).

Another kind of apposition occurs in instances like the following, where we have an adjective agreeing with a following noun, and denoting a part of it:--h[=i]e [.g]e�s[=�]ton s[=u]�anwearde Bretene [=�]rest (they occupied the south of Britain first); s[=u]�anweard hit (= ��t land) h�fdon Peohtas (the Picts had the south part of it).

The weak forms are used:

(1) after the definite article:--se ��ela cyning (the noble king); ��s ��elan cyninges, ��t g[=o]de m[e,]regrot, �[=a] g[=o]dan m[e,]regrotu.

(2) after �is:--�[=a]s earman landl[=e]ode (these poor people, pl.); �es h[=a]lga cyning (this holy king), �isses h[=a]lgan cyninges.

(3) occasionally after other demonstrative and indefinite adjectives, and often after possessive pronouns:--�[=i]ne d[=i]eglan gold-hordas (thy hidden treasures).

(4) in the vocative:--�[=u] yfla �[=e]ow and sl[=a]wa! (thou bad and slothful servant); [=e]al[=a] �[=u] l[=e]ofa cyning! (oh, thou dear king).

Note that [=o]�er always keeps the strong form: �[=a] [=o]�ru d[=e]or (the other wild beasts). So also do the possessive pronouns: {44} �[=a]s m[=i]n word (these my words). [=A]n in the sense of 'one' keeps the strong form to distinguish it from the weak [=a]na = 'alone': ��t [=a]n d[=e]orwier�e m[e,]regrot (the one precious pearl).

ARTICLES.

The definite article is omitted as in Modern English before names such as God, and also before Dryhten (the Lord), D[=e]ofol (the Devil), although se D[=e]ofol also occurs, and names of nations:--Bretta cyning (king of the Britons).

It is omitted in many prepositional combinations, not only in those where it is omitted in Modern English also, as in si[.g]ef�st on s[=�] and on lande (victorious on sea and on land), but also in many others: [.g]ew[e,]nde t[=o] wuda on�[.g][=e]an (went back to the wood); se floth[e,]re f[=e]rde eft t[=o] s[.c]ipe (the army of pirates went back to their ships); h[=e] f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e (he took the government--came to the throne).

The definite article is, on the other hand, sometimes used where it would not be in Modern E., as in se mann = 'man' (men in general).

The indefinite article is often not expressed at all:--��t dyde unhold mann (an enemy did that); h[=e] be�stealcode on land sw[=a] sw[=a] wulf (he stole to land like a wolf). Or it is expressed by sum: on �[=�]m lande w�s sum mann, L[=e]ofr[=i][.c] [.g]e�h[=a]ten (in that country was a man called L.). Or by [=a]n, as in Modern English:--[=a]n wulf wear� [=a]�s[e,]nd t[=o] be�w[e,]rienne ��t h[=e]afod wi� �[=a] [=o]�ru d[=e]or (a wolf was sent to protect the head against the other wild beasts).

Hw�t is used interrogatively of persons where we should use 'who':--h[=e] nyste hw�t h[=i]e w[=�]ron (he did not know who they were). {45}

NUMBER.

After [=�]lc �[=a]ra �e (each of-those-who) the verb is put in the sing., agreeing not with �[=a]ra �e but with [=�]lc:--[=�]lc �[=a]ra �e �[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]e�h[=i]er� (each of those who hear these my words).

When ��t or �is is connected with a plural predicate by means of the verb 'to be,' the verb is put in the plural:--��t w[=�]ron �[=a] [=�]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna �e Angel-cynnes land [.g]e�s[=o]hton (those were the first ships of Danish men which came to the land of the English race).

Impersonal verbs take an accusative of the person, sometimes also with a genitive of the thing.

Others, such as �yn[.c]an (appear), take a dative of the person:--w�s him [.g]e��[=u]ht ��t h[=i]e be�h[=y]dden ��t h[=e]afod (they thought they (the Danes) had hidden the head).

TENSES.

There being no future inflection in Old E., the present is used instead:--ne [=a]�b[=y]h� n[=�]fre E[=a]dmund Hinguare (Edmund will never submit to H.); g[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard, and ic s[e,]lle [=e]ow ��t riht bi� (go ye into my vineyard, and I will give you what is right). As we see in this example, there is a tendency to use b[=e]on in a future sense. Another example is [.g]if ic b[=e]o [.g]e�bunden mid seofon r[=a]pum, s[=o]na ic b[=e]o [.g]e�wield (if I am bound with seven ropes, I shall at once be overcome). The future is sometimes expressed by will and shall, as in Modern English, though generally with a sense of volition with the one, and of necessity with the other, the idea of simple futurity coming out most clearly in the preterites wolde and scolde:--

H[=e] [.g]e�l[=�]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on �e hine [=a]�b[=i]tan wolde (he seized a lion {46} that was going to devour him); h[=i]e w[=e]ndon ��t h[=i]e scolden m[=a]re on�f[=o]n (they expected to receive more).

The preterite has the meaning of the modern

(1) Preterite and imperfect:--se s[=a]were [=u]t [=e]ode his s[=�]d t[=o] s[=a]wenne, and �[=a] �[=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow ... (the sower went out to sow his seed, and while he was sowing ...).

(2) Perfect:--h[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, �one ic [.g]e[.c][=e]as (here is my servant, whom I have chosen);--[=u]re cyning c[=o]m n[=u] h[=e]r t[=o] lande (our king has just landed here).

(3) Pluperfect:--�[=a] �[=a] [.g]e�c[=o]mon �e ymb �[=a] [e,]ndlyftan t[=i]d c[=o]mon (when those came who had come at the eleventh hour).

Periphrastic tenses are sometimes formed, as in Modern E., by h�bbe and h�fde with the past participles, and often have the meanings of the modern perfect and pluperfect respectively, as in n[=u] ic h�bbe [.g]estr[=i]ened [=o]�ru tw[=a] pund (now I have gained two other pounds), but even the pluperfect often has the sense of a simple preterite. The participle is undeclinable in the later language, but originally it was declined, being really an adjective in apposition to the noun or pronoun governed by habban: h[=i]e h�fdon hiera cyning [=a]�worpenne (they had deposed their king).

The pluperfect sense is often indicated by the addition of the adverb [=�]r (before):--his sw[=e]ora, �e [=�]r w�s for�sl�[.g]en (his neck, which had been cut through).

The periphrastic forms of intransitive verbs are formed with wesan:--si��an h[=i]e [=a]�farene w[=�]ron (after they had gone away). Here the participle always agrees with the noun or pronoun with which it is connected.

The periphrases with the present participle have no distinctive meanings of duration, &c.:--[=a]n mann w�s eardiende on Israh[=e]la �[=e]ode, Manu[=e] [.g]e�h[=a]ten (a man dwelt in Israel called Manue). {47}

PASSIVE.

The passive is formed with wesan or weor�an with the past participle. These forms are very vague in meaning, and the distinction between the two auxiliaries is not clearly marked, but wesan appears to indicate a state, weor�an an action.

wear� [.g]e�lufod is generally preterite or perfect in meaning: [=a]n wulf wear� [=a]�s[e,]nd (a wolf was sent); m[=i]ne l[=e]ofe �e[.g]nas, �e on hiera b[e,]ddum wurdon of�sl�[.g]ene (my beloved thanes, who have been killed in their beds).

w�s [.g]e�lufod, indicating a state, is naturally pluperfect in meaning:--se [=�]rendraca s�[.g]de his hl[=a]forde h[=u] him [.g]e�andwyrd w�s (the messenger told his lord how he had been answered).

SUBJUNCTIVE.

The subjunctive states something not as a fact, as in the indicative, but merely as an object of thought. Hence it is used to express wish, conditions, doubt, &c.

A. In principal sentences.

Wish and command (often nearly equivalent to the imperative):--��s him s[=i]e wuldor and lof [=a] b[=u]tan [e,]nde (therefore let there be to him praise and glory ever without end); ne h[=e] ealu ne drince n[=�]fre o��e w[=i]n (nor shall he ever drink ale or wine).

B. In dependent sentences.

The chief cases are the following:--

(1) In indirect narrative and question: s[=e]o cw[=e]n s�[.g]de ��t hiere n[=�]re be healfum d[=�]le [.g]e�s�[.g]d be Salomones m[=�]r�o (the queen said that she had not been told about Solomon's glory by half); ic [=a]sci[.g]e hw[=�]r s[=e]o offrung s[=i]e (I ask where the offering is); m[e,]nn woldon s[.c][=e]awian h[=u] h[=e] l[=�][.g]e (men {48} wished to see how he lay). When the statement in the indirect narration is perfectly certain in itself, and not merely accepted on the authority of the speaker, it is put in the indicative:--h[=e] hiere s�[.g]de on hw[=�]m his miht w�s (he told her what his strength consisted in).

(2) After verbs of desiring and commanding:--

��s ic [.g]e�wilni[.g]e and [.g]e�wys[.c]e mid m[=o]de ��t ic [=a]na ne be�l[=i]fe �fter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum �e[.g]num (that I desire and wish with heart that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes).

(3) To express purpose:--�[=y] l[=�]s [.g][=e] �one hw[=�]te [=a]�wyrtwalien (lest ye root up the wheat);--Dryhten [=a]s�t[=a]g ni�er, t[=o] b[=�]m ��t h[=e] [.g]e�s[=a]we �[=a] burg (the Lord descended, in order that he might see the city).

(4) To express result:--�[=u] n�fst �[=a] mihte ��t �[=u] m�[.g]e him wi��standan (thou hast not the power that thou canst withstand him).

(5) To express hypothetical comparison (as if):--se wulf folgode for� mid �[=�]m h[=e]afde, swelce h[=e] tam w[=�]re (the wolf followed on with the head, as if he were tame); h[=e] [.g]e�l[=�]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on, and t[=o]�br�[.g]d h[=i]e t[=o] sty[.c][.c]um, swelce h[=e] t[=o]�t[=�]re ti[.c][.c]en (he seized a lion and tore her to pieces, as if he were rending a kid).

(6) In conditional clauses, generally with [.g]if or b[=u]tan, and in concessive clauses with �[=e]ah, �[=e]ah �e:--God w[=a]t ��t ic nyle [=a]�b[=u]gan fram his b[=i]g[e,]ngum [=�]fre, swelte ic, libbe ic (God knows that I will not swerve from his worship ever, whether I die or live); �[=a]s flotm[e,]nn cuma�, and �[=e] cwicne [.g]e�binda�, b[=u]tan �[=u] mid fl[=e]ame �[=i]num f[=e]ore [.g]e�beorge (these pirates will come and bind thee alive, unless thou savest thy life with flight); God hielt [=E]admund h[=a]lne his l[=i]chaman o� �one mi[.c]lan d�[.g], �[=e]ah �e h[=e] on moldan c[=o]me (God will keep Edmund {49} with his body whole until the great day, although he has come to earth--been buried). Sometimes the idea of 'if' must be got from the context:--clipia� t[=o] �issum [.g]ieftum sw[=a] hwelce sw[=a] [.g][=e] [.g]e�m[=e]ten (summon to this wedding whomsoever ye meet, = if ye meet any one); h[=i]e be�h[=e]ton hiere s[.c]eattas wi� �[=�]m �e h[=e]o be�swice Samson (they promised her money in consideration of her betraying Samson, = if she would...).

When the statement is assumed as unreal, instead of merely hypothetical, as in the above instances, both clauses are put in the subjunctive, the preterite being substituted for the present, as in Modern English also, where if I were ... implies I am not.... The modern distinction between if I were and if I had been, the former corresponding to the present indicative I am not, the latter to the preterite I was not, is not made in Old English, which uses gif ic w[=�]re in both instances. Sometimes the 'if'-clause has to be supplied in thought:--m[=e] l[=e]ofre w[=�]re ��t ic on [.g]e�feohte f[=e]olle wi� �[=�]m �e m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera eardes br[=u]can (I would rather fall in fight that my people might possess their country), where we must supply some such clause as [.g]if hit sw[=a] b[=e]on mihte (if it might be so--if it were possible to save my people by my death).

(7) In clauses dependant on a negative sentence:--nis n[=a]n �ing �e his mihte wi��stande (there is nothing that resists his might). Sometimes the negation must be gathered from the context, as in se h[=a]lga is m[=�]rra �onne m[e,]nn m�[.g]en [=a]�sm[=e]an (the saint is more illustrious than men can conceive = the saint is so illustrious that no men can conceive it).

(8) In other cases, to express uncertainty, futurity, &c.: �[=i]n r[=i][.c]e [.g]e�w[=i]tt fram �[=e], o� ��t �[=u] wite ��t God [.g]e�wielt manna r[=i][.c]a (thy kingdom shall depart from thee, till thou knowest that God rules the kingdoms of men); uton {50} weor�ian [=u]rne naman, [=�]r �[=�]m �e w[=e] s[=i]en t[=o]�d[=�]lde [.g]eond ealle eor�an! (let us make our name famous, before we are dispersed over the earth).

The preterite subjunctive is often expressed by should and would with an infinitive, as in Modern English.

Scolde is used after verbs of desiring, requesting and commanding:--biddende �one �lmihtigan ��t h[=e] him [=a]rian scolde (praying the Almighty to have mercy on him). In the following example the verb of commanding is understood from the noun [=�]rende:--h[=e] s[e,]nde t[=o] ��m cyninge b[=e]otlic [=�]rende, ��t h[=e] [=a]�b[=u]gan scolde t[=o] his mannr[=�]denne, [.g]if h[=e] his f[=e]ores r[=o]hte (he sent to the king an arrogant message, that he was to turn to his allegiance, if he cared about his life).

Wolde is used after verbs of purpose:--se cyning [=e]ode inn ��t he wolde [.g]e�s[=e]on �[=a] �e �[=�]r s[=�]ton (the king went in to see those who were sitting there).

INFINITIVE.

After verbs of commanding the infinitive often seems to have a passive sense:--h[=i]e h[=e]ton him s[e,]ndan m[=a]ran fultum (they ordered that more forces should be sent to them). So also after verbs of hearing, &c.:--��t m[=�]ste w�l �e w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon (the greatest slaughter we have heard told of). In such cases an indefinite pronoun has been omitted: 'ordered them to send ...' etc.

GERUND.

The gerund is used--

(1) to express purpose:--[=u]t [=e]ode se s[=a]were his s[=�]d t[=o] s[=a]wenne (the sower went forth to sow his seed).

(2) it defines or determines an adjective (adverb or noun): hit is scandlic ymb swelc t[=o] sprecenne (it is shameful to speak of such things). {51}

PREPOSITIONS.

Some prepositions govern the accusative, such as �urh (through), ymbe (about); some the dative (and instrumental), such as �fter (after), [=�]r (before), �t (at), be (by), binnan (within), b[=u]tan (without), for (for), fram (from), of (of), t[=o] (to).

Some govern both accusative and dative, such as ofer (over), on (on, in), under (under). The general rule is that when motion is implied they take the accusative, when rest is implied, the dative. Thus on with the accusative signifies 'into,' with the dative 'in.' But this rule is not strictly followed, and we often find the accusative used with verbs of rest, as in h[=e] his h[=u]s [.g]e�timbrode ofer st[=a]n (he built his house on a rock), and conversely, the dative with verbs of motion, as in h[=i]e f[=e]ollon on st[=�]nihte (they fell on stony ground).

As regards the use and meaning of the prepositions, it must be noticed that in is very seldom used, its place being supplied by on, the meaning 'on' being in its turn often expressed by ofer, as in the passage just quoted.

When a thing is referred to, �[=�]r is substituted for hit, the preposition being joined on to the �[=�]r, so that, for instance, �[=�]r-t[=o] corresponds to t[=o] him; h[=i]e l[=�]ddon �one cyning t[=o] [=a]num tr[=e]owe, and t[=i]e[.g]don hine �[=�]r-t[=o] (they led the king to a tree, and tied him to it). So also h[=e]r-be[=e]astan is equivalent to 'east of this (country).'

Prepositions sometimes follow, instead of preceding the words they modify, sometimes with other words intervening: h[=i]e scuton mid gafelocum him t[=o] (they shot at him with missiles); h[=i]e cw[=�]don him be�tw[=e]onan (they said among themselves); �[=�]m �lmihtigan t[=o] lofe, �e h[=i]e on [.g]e�l[=i]efdon (to the praise of the Almighty, in whom they believed), where on {52} refers to the indeclinable �e. So also in ��t h[=u]s �e h[=e] inne wunode (the house he dwelt in).

Where the noun modified by such a preposition is not expressed, the preposition becomes an adverb: se cyning s[e,]nde his h[e,]re t[=o], and for�dyde �[=a] mannslagan (the king sent his army to the place, and destroyed the murderers).

NEGATION.

The negative particle is ne, which drops its e before some common verbs and pronouns, as in nis = ne is, n[=a]n = ne [=a]n. The negative particle is prefixed to every finite verb in a sentence, and to all the words besides which admit the contracted forms:--t[=o]�cw[=i]esed hr[=e]od h[=e] ne for�br[=i]ett (he breaks not the bruised reed), hit n[=a] ne f[=e]oll (it did not fall); n[=a]n mann nyste n[=a]n �ing (no man knew anything). So also with ne ... ne = 'neither ... nor': ne fl[=i]tt h[=e] ne h[=e] ne hr[=i]em� (he neither disputes nor cries out).

CORRELATION.

Correlation is often more fully expressed in Old than in Modern English, as in �[=a] �[=a] m[e,]nn sl[=e]pon, �[=a] c[=o]m his f[=e]onda sum = 'when the men slept, then came one of his enemies.' In �[=a] �[=a] = 'when' the two correlatives are brought immediately together:--�[=a] �[=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon wi� we[.g] = 'then when he sowed, some of them fell by the road.' In the following example the conjunction ��t is correlative with the pronoun ��t:--��s ic [.g]e�wilni[.g]e ��t ic [=a]na ne be�l[=i]fe �fter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum �e[.g]num--'that I desire, that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes.' Sometimes a word is used to include both the demonstrative and the relative meaning:--h[=e] [.g]e�br[=o]hte hine �[=�]r h[=e] hine [=�]r [.g]e�nam (he brought him to the place where he took him from). {53}

WORD-ORDER.

The Old English word-order resembles that of German in many respects, though it is not so strict, thus:--

The verb comes before its nominative when the sentence is headed by an adverb or adverbial group, or when the object or predicate is put at the head of the sentence:--�[=a] cw�� se cyning (then said the king); [=�]rest w[=�]ron b[=u]end �isses landes Brettas (at first the Britons were the inhabitants of this country); on his dagum c[=o]mon [=�]rest �r[=e]o s[.c]ipu (in his days three ships first came); ��t b[=�]ron olfendas (camels carried it); m[=�]re is se God �e Dani[=e]l on be�l[=i]ef� (great is the God that Daniel believes in).

The infinite often comes at the end of the sentence; w[=e] magon [=e]ow r[=�]d [.g]e�l[=�]ran (we can teach you a plan).

The finite verb often comes at the end in dependent sentences, an auxiliary verb often coming after an infinitive or participle; ��t w[=�]ron �[=a] [=�]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna �e Angel-cynnes land [.g]e�s[=o]hton (those were the first ships of Danish men which came to the land of the English race); ��t m[=�]ste w�l �e w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon o� �isne andweardan d�[.g] (the greatest slaughter that we have heard tell of up to this present day); ��t h[=i]e �one Godes mann [=a]�bitan scolden (in order that they should devour the man of God).

There is a tendency to put the verb at the end in principal sentences also, or, at least, to bring it near the end: hiene man of�sl[=o]g (they killed him); h[=i]e �[=�]r si[.g]e n[=a]mon (they got the victory there).

{54}

GENERAL TABLE OF ENDINGS.

NOUNS. STRONG. WEAK. M. N. F. M. N. F. Sg. N. -- -- -(u) -a -e -e A. -- -- -(e) -an -e -an D. -e -e -e -an -an -an G. -es -es -e -an -an -an \ / \/ Pl. N. -as -(u) -a -an D. -um -um -um -um G. -a -a -(en)a -ena

ADJECTIVES. Sg. N. -- -- -(u) -a -e -e A. -ne -- -(e) -an -e -an D. -um -um -re -an -an -an G. -es -es -re -an -an -an I. -e -e (-re) (-an -an -an) Pl. N. -e -(u) -e \ / \ / \/ \/ -an D. -um -um G. -ra -ra

VERBS. PRESENT. PRETERITE. Indic. Subj. Indic. Subj. Sg. 1. -e; -i[.g]e -(i[.g])e - ; -de -e; -de 2. -(e)st; -ast -(i[.g])e -e; -dest -e; -de 3. -(e)�; -a� -(i[.g])e - ; -de -e; -de Pl. -a�; -ia� -(i)en -on; -don -en; -den Imper. sg. -(a); pl. -(i)a�. Infin. -(i)an. Partic. pres. -(i)ende; pret. -en, -ed, -od. Ger. (i)enne.

{55}

TEXTS.

I.

SENTENCES.

[=A]n on-[.g]inn is ealra �inga, ��t is God �l-mihti[.g]. Se [.g]e�l[=e]afa �e bi� b[=u]tan g[=o]dum weorcum, s[=e] is d[=e]ad; �is sind �[=a]ra apostola word. Ic eom g[=o]d hierde: se g[=o]da hierde s[e,]l� his [=a]gen l[=i]f for his s[.c][=e]apum. [=U]re [=A]�l[=i]esend is se g[=o]da hierde, and w[=e] cr[=i]stene m[e,]nn sind his s[.c]eap. Se m[=o]na his 5 leoht ne s[e,]l�, and steorran of heofone fealla�. Sw[=a] sw[=a] w�ter [=a]�dw[=�]s[.c]� f[=y]r, sw[=a] [=a]�dw[=�]s[.c]� s[=e]o �lmesse synna.

Ealle [.g]e�s[.c]eafta, heofonas and [e,]n[.g]las, sunnan and m[=o]nan, steorran and eor�an, eall n[=i]etenu and ealle fuglas, s[=�] and ealle fiscas God [.g]e�sc[=o]p and [.g]e�worhte on siex dagum; and 10 on �[=�]m seofo�an d�[.g]e h[=e] [.g]e�[e,]ndode his weorc; and h[=e] be�h[=e]old �[=a] eall his weorc �e h[=e] [.g]e�worhte, and h[=i]e w[=�]ron eall sw[=i]�e g[=o]d. H[=e] f[=e]rde [.g]eond manigu land, bodiende Godes [.g]e�l[=e]afan. H[=e] for�l[=e]t eall woruld-�ing. Se cyning be�b[=e]ad ��t man scolde ofer eall Angel-cynn s[.c]ipu wyr[.c]an; 15 and hiera w�s sw[=a] fela sw[=a] n[=�]fre [=�]r ne w�s on n[=a]nes cyninges d�[.g]e. Se cyning h[=e]t of�sl[=e]an ealle �[=a] D[e,]niscan m[e,]nn �e on Angel-cynne w[=�]ron.

�[=a] ne mihton h[=i]e him n[=a]n word and-swarian, ne n[=a]n mann ne dorste hine n[=a]n �ing m[=a]re [=a]scian. H[=i]e fuhton 20 {56} on �[=a] burg ealne d�[.g], and �[=o]hton ��t h[=i]e h[=i]e scolden [=a]�brecan. Se eorl [.g]e�w[e,]nde west t[=o] [=I]r-lande, and w�s �[=�]r ealne �one winter. ��elred cyning and �lfred his br[=o]�or fuhton wi� ealne �one h[e,]re on �sces-d[=u]ne.

Se mann is [=e][.c]e on [=a]num d[=�]le, ��t is, on �[=�]re s[=a]wle; 25 h[=e]o ne [.g]e�[e,]nda� n[=�]fre. [.G]if se biscop d[=e]� be his [=a]gnum willan, and wile bindan �one un-scyldigan, and �one scyldigan [=a]�l[=i]esan, �onne for�l[=i]est h[=e] �[=a] miht �e him God for�[.g]eaf. �[=e]od win� on�[.g][=e]an �[=e]ode, and r[=i][.c]e on�[.g][=e]an r[=i][.c]e. Ealle m[e,]nn [=e]ow hatia� for m[=i]num naman. H[=e] [.g]e�worhte 30 fela wundra binnan �[=�]m fierste �e h[=e] biscop w�s. H[=e] [.g]e�h[=�]lde sum w[=i]f mid h[=a]lgum w�tre. Se cyning wear� of�sl�[.g]en fram his [=a]gnum folce. On �[=�]m ilcan [.g][=e]are w�s se mi[.c]la hungor [.g]eond Angel-cynn. Se m�sse-pr[=e]ost [=a]sca� ��t [.c]ild, and cwi��: 'Wi��s�cst �[=u] d[=e]ofle?' �onne andwyrt 35 se god-f�der, and cwi��: 'Ic wi��sace d[=e]ofle.' God �lmihtiga, [.g]e�miltsa m[=e] synn-fullum! ��elred cyning c[=o]m h[=a]m t[=o] his [=a]genre �[=e]ode, and h[=e] gl�dl[=i]ce fram him eallum on�fangen wear�.

Cr[=i]st, [=u]re Dryhten, be�b[=e]ad his leornung-cnihtum ��t 40 h[=i]e scolden t[=�][.c]an eallum �[=e]odum �[=a] �ing �[=a] h[=e] self him t[=�]hte. [.G]if [.g][=e] for�[.g]iefa� mannum hiera synna, �onne for�gief� [=e]ower se heofonlica F�der [=e]owre synna. Ne m�[.g] n[=a]n mann tw[=�]m hl[=a]fordum �[=e]owian: o��e h[=e] [=a]nne hata� and [=o]�erne lufa�, o��e h[=e] bi� [=a]num [.g]e�h[=i]ersum and [=o]�rum un[.g]eh[=i]ersum. 45

Se cyning nam ��s eorles sunu mid him t[=o] [E,]n[.g]la-lande. M[e,]nn be�h[=o]fia� g[=o]dre l[=a]re on �issum t[=i]man, �e is [.g]e�[e,]ndung �isse worulde. Se l[=i]chama, �e is �[=�]re s[=a]wle r[=e]af, andb[=i]da� ��s mi[.c]lan d[=o]mes; and �[=e]ah h[=e] b[=e]o t[=o] d[=u]ste for�molsnod, 50 {57} God hine [=a]�r[=�]r�, and [.g]e�bring� t[=o]�g�dre s[=a]wle and l[=i]chaman t[=o] �[=�]m [=e][.c]an l[=i]fe. Hwelc f�der wile s[e,]llan his [.c]ilde st[=a]n, [.g]if hit hine hl[=a]fes bitt? [=A]�[.g]iefa� �[=�]m c[=a]sere �[=a] �ing �e ��s c[=a]seres sind, and Gode �[=a] �ing �e Godes sind. S[=e]o s[=a]wol and-b[=i]da� ��s [=e][.c]an [=�]ristes. 55

H[=e] w�s cyning ofer eall [E,]n[.g]la-land tw[e,]nti[.g] wintra. God �lmihti[.g] is ealra cyninga cyning, and ealra hl[=a]forda hl[=a]ford. D[=e]ofol is ealra un-riht-w[=i]sra manna h[=e]afod, and �[=a] yflan m[e,]nn sind his limu. Synnfulra manna d[=e]a� is yfel and earmlic, for �[=�]m �e h[=i]e fara� of �issum scortan l[=i]fe t[=o] [=e][.c]um 60 w[=i]tum. H[=u] fela hl[=a]fa h�bbe [.g][=e]? Seofon, and f[=e]a fisca. Ne [.g]e�wilna �[=u] [=o]�res mannes [=�]hta!

On �[=�]m landum eardodon [E,]n[.g]le, [=�]r �[=�]m �e h[=i]e hider on land c[=o]mon. H[=i]e fuhton on �[=a] burg ealne d�[.g], ac h[=i]e ne mihton h[=i]e [=a]�brecan. �[=a] [=e]odon h[=i]e t[=o] hiera s[.c]ipum. �[=�]r 65 b[=e]o� sw[=i]�e mani[.g]e byri[.g] on �[=�]m lande, and on [=�]lcre byri[.g] bi� cyning.

God cw�� t[=o] No[=e]: 'Ic wile for�d[=o]n eall mann-cynn mid w�tre for hiera synnum, ac ic wile [.g]e�healdan �[=e], and �[=i]n w[=i]f, and �[=i]ne �r[=i]e suna.' [=A]n mann h�fde tw[=e][.g]en suna; �[=a] 70 cw�� h[=e] t[=o] �[=�]m ieldran: 'g[=a] and wyr[.c] t[=o]�d�[.g] on m[=i]num w[=i]n-[.g]earde.' �[=a] cw�� h[=e]: 'ic nyle:' [=e]ode �[=e]ah si��an t[=o] �[=�]m w[=i]n[.g]earde. H[=e] dyde his f�der willan. Se pr[=e]ost cw�� t[=o] �[=�]m folce: 'Ic [=e]ow bl[=e]tsi[.g]e on naman ��s F�der, ��s Suna, and ��s H[=a]lgan G[=a]stes.' [=A]ra �[=i]num f�der and 75 �[=i]nre m[=e]der! Sum w[=i]f c[=o]m t[=o] Cr[=i]ste, and b�d for hiere dehter. S[=e]o dohtor wear� [.g]e�h[=�]led �urh [.g]e�l[=e]afan �[=�]re m[=o]dor.

B[=e]o� [.g]e�myndi[.g]e �[=a]ra tw[=e][.g]ra worda �e Dryhten cw�� on {58} his god-spelle! H[=e] cw��: 'For�[.g]iefa�, and [=e]ow bi� for�[.g]iefen; 80 s[e,]lla�, and [=e]ow bi� [.g]e�seald.'

Tw[=e][.g]en m[e,]nn [=e]odon int[=o] Godes temple h[=i]e t[=o] [.g]e�biddenne. �lfred cyning f[=o]r mid �rim s[.c]ipum [=u]t on s[=�], and [.g]e�feaht wi� f[=e]ower s[.c]ip-hl�stas D[e,]niscra manna, and �[=a]ra s[.c]ipa tw[=a] [.g]e�nam, and �[=a] m[e,]nn of�sl�[.g]ene w[=�]ron �e 85 �[=�]r-on w[=�]ron. �[=a] c[=o]mon �r[=e]o s[.c]ipu. �[=a] [.g]e�f[=e]ngon h[=i]e �[=a]ra �r[=e]ora s[.c]ipa tw[=a], and �-a m[e,]nn of�sl[=o]gon, ealle b[=u]tan f[=i]fum. Se w[=i]tega [=a]�wr[=a]t be �[=�]m f[=e]ower n[=i]etenum �e him �t�[=i]ewdu w[=�]ron, ��t h[=i]e h�fden [=e]agan him on [=�]lce healfe. [=A]n �[=a]ra n[=i]etena w�s on m[e,]nniscre ons[=i]ene him �t�[=i]ewed, 90 [=o]�er on l[=e]on ons[=i]ene, �ridde on [.c]ealfes, f[=e]or�e on earnes.

God �one [=�]restan mann rihtne and g[=o]dne [.g]e�sc[=o]p, and eall mann-cynn mid him. �lfred ��elwulfing w�s cyning ofer eall Angel-cynn b[=u]tan �[=�]m d[=�]le �e under D[e,]na onwealde w�s. [=�]lc g[=o]d tr[=e]ow bier� g[=o]de w�stmas, and [=�]lc 95 yfel tr[=e]ow bier� yfle w�stmas; ne m�[.g] ��t g[=o]de tr[=e]ow beran yfle w�stmas, ne ��t yfle tr[=e]ow g[=o]de w�stmas. [=E]adigu sind [=e]owru [=e]agan, for �[=�]m �e h[=i]e [.g]e�s[=e]o�, and [=e]owru [=e]aran, for �[=�]m �e h[=i]e [.g]e�h[=i]era�. Sw[=a] hw[=a] sw[=a] s[e,]l� [=a]num �urstigum m[e,]nn [.c]eald w�ter on m[=i]num naman, ne 100 for�l[=i]est h[=e] his m[=e]de. Ne fare [.g][=e] on h[=�]�enra manna we[.g]e! G[=o]d mann of g[=o]dum gold-horde bring� g[=o]d for�; and yfel mann of yflum goldhorde bring� yfel for�.

Greg[=o]rius se h[=a]lga p[=a]pa is rihtl[=i]ce [.g]e�cweden [E,]n[.g]liscre �[=e]ode apostol. �[=a] h[=e] [.g]e�seah ��t se m[=�]sta d[=�]l �[=�]re �[=e]ode 105 his l[=a]re for�s[=a]won, �[=a] for�l[=e]t h[=e] h[=i]e, and [.g]e�[.c][=e]as �[=a] h[=�]�nan l[=e]ode. [.G]if se blinda blindne l[=�]tt, h[=i]e fealla� b[=e][.g]en on [=a]nne pytt. Se H[=a]lga G[=a]st is lufu and willa ��s F�der and ��s Suna; and h[=i]e sind ealle [.g]e�l[=i]ce mihti[.g]e. B[e,]tere is s[=e]o s[=a]wol �onne se m[e,]te, and b[e,]tera se l[=i]chama �onne his scr[=u]d. 110 {59} S[=e]o s[=a]wol is g[=a]st, and be eor�licum m[e,]ttum ne leofa�. Be�healda� �[=a]s fl[=e]ogendan fuglas, �e ne s[=a]wa� ne ne r[=i]pa�, ac se heofonlica F�der h[=i]e [=a]�f[=e]tt. H[=e] cw��, 'Ic neom [=o]�rum mannum [.g]e�l[=i]c;' swelce h[=e] cw[=�]de, 'Ic [=a]na eom rihtw[=i]s, and �[=a] [=o]�re sind synn-fulle.' 115

�[=a] se H[=�]lend �anon f[=o]r, �[=a] folgodon him tw[=e][.g]en blinde, cwe�ende: '[.G]e�miltsa unc, Dav[=i]des sunu!' H[=e] cw�� t[=o] him: '[.G]e�l[=i]efe [.g]it ��t ic inc m�[.g]e [.g]e�h�lan?' H[=e] cw��: 'S[=i]e inc �fter incrum [.g]e�l[=e]afan.' ��elst[=a]n cyning f[=o]r inn on Scot-land, [=�][.g]�er [.g]e mid land-h[e,]re [.g]e mid s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, 120 and his mi[.c]el ofer�h[e,]rgode. Se mann �e God for�[.g]iett, God for�[.g]iett [=e]ac hine. Fara�, and l[=�]ra� ealle �[=e]oda! L[=�]ra� h[=i]e ��t h[=i]e healden eall �[=a] �ing �e ic [=e]ow be�b[=e]ad! Sume m[e,]nn s�[.g]don be him ��t h[=e] w[=�]re �lfredes sunu cyninges. Se H[=�]lend [=a]scode his leornung-cnihtas, 'Hwone s[e,][.c][.g]a� 125 m[e,]nn ��t s[=i]e mannes Sunu?' Hw�t s[e,][.c][.g]e [.g][=e] ��t ic s[=i]e? �[=u] eart ��s libbendan Godes sunu. Cr[=i]st cw�� be his F�der: '[.G][=e] s[e,][.c][.g]a� ��t h[=e] [=e]ower God s[=i]e, and [.g][=e] hine ne on�cn[=e]owon.' [.G]if h[=i]e �one h[=a]lgan F�der on�cn[=e]owen, �onne under�f[=e]ngen h[=i]e mid [.g]e�l[=e]afan his Sunu, �e h[=e] [=a]�s[e,]nde 130 t[=o] middan-[.g]earde. Se we[.g] is sw[=i]�e nearu and sticol s[=e] �e l[=�]tt t[=o] heofona r[=i][.c]e; and se we[.g] is sw[=i]�e br[=a]d and sm[=e]�e s[=e] �e l[=�]tt t[=o] h[e,]lle w[)i]te. Dysi[.g] bi� se we[.g]-f[=e]renda mann s[=e] �e nim� �one sm[=e]�an we[.g] �e h[=i]ne mis-l[=�]tt, and for�l[=�]tt �one sticolan �e hine [.g]e�bring� t[=o] �[=�]re byri[.g]. ��t 135 ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e on �[=e]ostrum, s[e,][.c][.g]a� hit on leohte; and ��t [.g][=e] on [=e]are [.g]e�h[=i]era�, bodia� uppan hr[=o]fum. H[=i]e scufon [=u]t hiera s[.c]ipu, and [.g]e�w[e,]ndon him be�[.g]eondan s[=�].

Healda� and d[=o]� sw[=a] hw�t sw[=a] h[=i]e s[e,][.c][.g]a�; and ne d[=o] [.g][=e] n[=a], �fter hiera weorcum: h[=i]e s[e,][.c][.g]a�, and ne d[=o]�. Eall 140 hiera weorc h[=i]e d[=o]� ��t m[e,]nn h[=i]e [.g]e�s[=e]on. H[=i]e lufia� ��t {60} man h[=i]e gr[=e]te on str[=�]tum. [=E]al[=a] [.g][=e] n[=�]ddran and n[=�]ddrena cynn, h[=u] fl[=e]o [.g][=e] fram h[e,]lle d[=o]me?

W[=e] sind ealle cuman on �issum and-weardan l[=i]fe, and [=u]re eard nis n[=a] h[=e]r; ac w[=e] sind h[=e]r swelce we[.g]-f[=e]rende 145 m[e,]nn: [=a]n cym�, [=o]�er f�r�. Hwelc mann s[e,]l� his bearne n[=�]ddran, [.g]if hit fisces bitt? [=�]lc �[=a]ra �e bitt, h[=e] on�f[=e]h�; and s[=e] �e s[=e][.c]�, h[=e] hit fint. Ne g[=�]� [=�]lc �[=a]ra on heofona r[=i][.c]e �e cwi�� t[=o] m[=e], 'Dryhten, Dryhten;' ac s[=e] �e wyr[.c]� m[=i]nes F�der willan �e on heofonum is, s[=e] g[=�]� on heofona 150 r[=i][.c]e. Nis hit n[=a] g[=o]d �[=�]t man nime bearna hl[=a]f and hundum weorpe. Ic h�bbe �e[.g]nas under m[=e]: and ic cwe�e t[=o] �issum, 'g[=a],' and h[=e] g[=�]�; and t[=o] [=o]�rum, 'cum,' and h[=e] cym�, and t[=o] m[=i]num �[=e]owe, 'wyr[.c] �is,' and h[=e] wyr[.c]�.

Se H[=�]lend [.g]e�nam �[=a] f[=i]f hl[=a]fas, and bl[=e]tsode, and t[=o]�br�c, 155 and t[=o]�d[=�]lde be�twix �[=�]m sittendum; sw[=a] [.g]e�l[=i]ce [=e]ac �[=a] fiscas t[=o]�d[=�]lde; and h[=i]e ealle [.g]e�n[=o]g h�fdon. �[=a] �e �[=�]r [=�]ton w[=�]ron f[=e]ower �[=u]send manna, b[=u]tan [.c]ildum and w[=i]fum. H[=i]e c[=o]mon t[=o] him, and t[=o] him [.g]eb[=�]don, and �us cw[=�]don: 'S[=o]�l[=i]ce �[=u] eart Godes sunu.' Ne w[=e]ne [.g][=e] ��t 160 ic c[=o]me sibbe on eor�an to s[e,]ndenne: ne c[=o]m ic sibbe t[=o] s[e,]ndenne, ac sweord. H[=e] be�b[=e]ad ��t h[=i]e s[=�]ten ofer �[=�]re eor�an. H[=e] s�[.g]de ��t Nor�-manna land w[=�]re sw[=i]�e lang and sw[=i]�e sm�l.

H[=i]e ealle on �one cyning w[=�]ron feohtende, o� ��t h[=i]e 165 hine ofsl�[.g]enne h�fdon. [=�]lc mann �e [=o]�re m[e,]nn for�sih� bi� fram Gode for�sewen. S[=e] �e [=e]aran h�bbe t[=o] [.g]e�hi[=e]renne, [.g]e�h[=i]ere. G[=o]d is [=u]s h[=e]r t[=o] b[=e]onne.

God cw�� t[=o] [=a]num w[=i]tegan, s[=e] w�s Ionas [.g]e�h[=a]ten: 'Far t[=o] �[=�]re byri[.g], and boda �[=�]r �[=a] word �e ic �[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]e.' 170 {61} Lufia� [=e]owre f[=i]end, and d[=o]� wel �[=�]m �e [=e]ow yfel d[=o]�. Lufa Dryhten �[=i]nne God on ealre �[=i]nre heortan, and on ealre �[=i]nre sawle, and on eallum �[=i]num m[=o]de. S[=e] �e ne lufa� his br[=o]�or, �one �e h[=e] [.g]e�sih�, h[=u] m�[.g] h[=e] lufian God, �one �e h[=e] ne [.g]e�sih� l[=i]cham-l[=i]ce? S[e,][.g]e [=u]s hwonne �[=a]s 175 �ing [.g]e�weor�en, and hwelc t[=a]cen s[=i]e �[=i]nes t[=o]-cymes and worulde [.g]e�[e,]ndunge.

Se H[=�]lend cw�� t[=o] [=a]num his leornung-cnihta, s[=e] w�s h[=a]ten Philippus: 'Mid hw[=�]m magon w[=e] by[.c][.g]an hl[=a]f �issum folce?' Wel wiste Cr[=i]st hw�t h[=e] d[=o]n wolde, and h[=e] wiste 180 ��t Philippus ��t nyste. God m�[.g] d[=o]n eall �ing; w[=e] sculon wundrian his mihte, and [=e]ac [.g]e�l[=i]efan. Cr[=i]st [=a]�r[=�]rde Lazarum of d[=e]a�e, and cw�� t[=o] his leornung-cnihtum: 'T[=o]�l[=i]esa� his b[e,]ndas, ��t h[=e] g[=a]n m�[.g]e.' God is �lmihti[.g], and m�[.g] d[=o]n eall ��t h[=e] wile. [.G][=e] nyton on hwelcre t[=i]de 185 [=e]ower hl[=a]ford cuman wile. For �[=�]m b[=e]o [.g][=e] [.g]earwe; for �[=�]m �e mannes Sunu wile cuman on �[=�]re t[=i]de �e [.g][=e] nyton. Se H[=�]lend cw�� be his F�der: 'Ic hine cann, and [.g]if ic s[e,][.c][.g]e ��t ic hine ne cunne, �onne b[=e]o ic l[=e]as, [=e]ow [.g]e�l[=i]c.'

Se d[=e]ofol cw�� t[=o] Cr[=i]ste: '[.G]if �[=u] s[=i]e Godes sunu, cwe� 190 t[=o] �issum st[=a]num ��t h[=i]e b[=e]on [=a]�w[e,]nde t[=o] hl[=a]fum.' �[=a] and-wyrde se H[=�]lend, and cw��: 'Hit is [=a]�writen, "ne leofa� se mann n[=a] be hl[=a]fe [=a]num, ac leofa� be eallum �[=�]m wordum �e g[=a]� of Godes m[=u]�e."' Se H[=�]lend c[=o]m t[=o] him, �[=�]r h[=i]e w[=�]ron [.g]e�gadrode, and cw��: 'S[=i]e sibb be�twix 195 [=e]ow; ic hit eom; ne b[=e]o [.g][=e] n[=a] [=a]�fyrhte.' F�der [=u]re, �[=u] �e eart on heofonum, s[=i]e �[=i]n nama [.g]e�h[=a]lgod. W[=e] syngodon, w[=e] dydon un-rihtl[=i]ce; s[e,]le [=u]s for�[.g]iefnesse: hw�t sculon w[=e] d[=o]n?

{62}

II.

FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW.

VII. 24-7.

[=�]lc �[=a]ra �e �[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]e�h[=i]er�, and �[=a] wyr[.c]�, bi� [.g]e�l[=i]c �[=�]m w[=i]san were, s[=e] his h[=u]s ofer st[=a]n [.g]et�imbrode. �[=a] c[=o]m �[=�]r re[.g]en and mi[.c]el fl[=o]d, and �[=�]r bl[=e]owon windas, and [=a]�hruron on ��t h[=u]s, and hit n[=a] ne f[=e]oll: s[=o]�l[=i]ce hit w�s ofer st[=a]n [.g]e�timbrod. 5

And [=�]lc �[=a]ra �e [.g]e�h[=i]er� �[=a]s m[=i]n word, and �[=a] ne wyr[.c]�, s[=e] bi� [.g]e�l[=i]c �[=�]m dysigan m[e,]nn, �e [.g]e�timbrode his h[=u]s ofer sand-[.c]eosol. �[=a] r[=i]nde hit, and �[=�]r c[=o]m fl[=o]d, and bl[=e]owon windas, and [=a]�hruron on �[=�]t h[=u]s, and ��t h[=u]s f[=e]oll; and his hryre w�s mi[.c]el. 10

XII. 18-21.

H[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, �one ic [.g]e�[.c][=e]as; m[=i]n [.g]e�corena, on �[=�]m wel [.g]e�l[=i]code m[=i]nre s[=a]wle: ic [=a]�s[e,]tte m[=i]nne g[=a]st ofer hine, and d[=o]m h[=e] boda� �[=e]odum. Ne fl[=i]tt h[=e], ne h[=e] ne hriem�, ne n[=a]n mann ne [.g]e�h[=i]er� his stefne on str[=�]tum. T[=o]�cw[=i]esed hr[=e]od h[=e] ne for�br[=i]ett, and sm[=e]ocende fleax h[=e] ne [=a]�dw[=�]sc�, 15 [=�]r �[=�]m �e h[=e] [=a]�weorpe d[=o]m t[=o] si[.g]e. And on his naman �[=e]oda [.g]e�hyhta�.

XIII. 3-8.

S[=o]�l[=i]ce [=u]t [=e]ode se s[=a]were his s[=�]d t[=o] s[=a]wenne. And �[=a] �[=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon wi� we[.g], and fuglas c[=o]mon and [=�]ton �[=a]. S[=o]�l[=i]ce sumu f[=e]ollon on st[=�]nihte, �[=�]r hit 20 {63} n�fde mi[.c]le eor�an, and hr�dl[=i]ce [=u]p sprungon, for �[=�]m �e h[=i]e n�fdon p[=�]re eor�an d[=i]epan; s[=o]�l[=i]ce, [=u]p sprungenre sunnan, h[=i]e [=a]�dr[=u]godon and for�scruncon, for �[=�]m �e h[=i]e n�fdon wyrtruman. S[=o]�l[=i]ce sumu f[=e]ollon on �ornas, and �[=a] �ornas w[=e]oxon, and for��rysmdon �[=a]. Sumu s[=o]�l[=i]ce 25 f[=e]ollon on g[=o]de eor�an, and sealdon w�stm, sum hund-fealdne, sum siexti[.g]-fealdne, sum �riti[.g]-fealdn[e,].

XIII. 24-30.

Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e�worden �[=�]m m[e,]nn [.g]e�l[=i]c �e s[=e]ow g[=o]d s[=�]d on his �cere. S[=o]�l[=i]ce, �[=a] �[=a] m[e,]nn sl[=e]pon, �[=a] c[=o]m his f[=e]onda sum, and ofer�s[=e]ow hit mid coccele on�middan �[=�]m 30 hw[=�]te, and f[=e]rde �anon. S[=o]�l[=i]ce, �[=a] s[=e]o wyrt w[=e]ox, and �one w�stm br[=o]hte, �[=a] �t�[=i]ewde se coccel hine. �[=a] [=e]odon ��s hl[=a]fordes �[=e]owas and cw[=�]don: 'Hl[=a]ford, h[=u], ne s[=e]owe �[=u] g[=o]d s[=�]d on �[=i]num �cere? hwanon h�fde h[=e] coccel?' �[=a] cw�� h[=e]: '��t dyde unhold mann.' �[=a] cw[=�]don �[=a] 35 �[=e]owas: 'Wilt �[=u], w[=e] g[=a]� and gadria� h[=i]e?' �[=a] cw�p h[=e]: 'Nese: �[=y] l[=�]s [.g][=e] �one hw[=�]te [=a]�wyrtwalien, �onne [.g][=e] �one coccel gadria�. L[=�]ta� [=�][.g]�er weaxan o� r[=i]p-t[=i]man; and on p[=�]m r[=i]pt[=i]man ic s[e,][.c][.g]e �[=�]m r[=i]perum: "gadria� [=�]rest �one coccel, and binda� s[.c][=e]af-m[=�]lum t[=o] for�b�rnenne; 40 and gadria� �one hw[=�]te int[=o] m[=i]num b[e,]rne."'

XIII. 44-8.

Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e�l[=i]c [.g]e�h[=y]ddum gold-horde on �[=�]m �cere. �one be�h[=y]tt se mann �e hine fint, and for his blisse g[=�]�, and s[e,]l� eall ��t h[=e] [=a]h, and [.g]e�by[.g]� �one �cer.

Eft is heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]e�l[=i]c �[=�]m mangere �e s[=o]hte ��t g[=o]de 45 m[e,]re-grot. �[=a] h[=e] funde ��t [=a]n d[=e]or-wier�e m[e,]regrot, �[=a] [=e]ode h[=e], and sealde eall ��t h[=e] [=a]hte, and bohte ��t m[e,]regrot. {64}

Eft is heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]e�l[=i]c [=a]�s[e,]ndum n[e,]tte on �[=a] s[=�], and of [=�]lcum fisc-cynne gadriendum. �[=a] h[=i]e �[=a] ��t n[e,]tt [=u]p 50 [=a]�tugon, and s[=�]ton be �[=�]m strande, �[=a] [.g]e�curon h[=i]e �[=a] g[=o]dan on hiera fatu, and �[=a] yflan h[=i]e [=a]�wurpon [=u]t.

XVIII. 12-14.

[.G]if hwelc mann h�f� hund s[.c][=e]apa, and him losa� [=a]n of �[=�]m, h[=u], ne for�l[=�]tt h[=e] �[=a] nigon and hund�nigonti[.g] on �[=�]m muntum, and g[=�]�, and s[=e][.c]� ��t [=a]n �e for�wear�? And [.g]if 55 hit [.g]e�limp� ��t h[=e] hit fint, s[=o]�l[=i]ce ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e ��t h[=e] sw[=i]�or [.g]e�blissa� for �[=�]m [=a]num �onne for �[=�]m nigon and hund�nigontigum �e n[=a] ne losodon.

XX. 1-16.

Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e�l[=i]c �[=�]m h[=i]redes ealdre, �e on [=�]rnemer[.g]en [=u]t [=e]ode [=a]�h[=y]ran wyrhtan on his w[=i]n-[.g]eard. [.G]e�wordenre 60 [.g]e�cwid-r[=�]denne �[=�]m wyrhtum, h[=e] sealde [=�]lcum [=a]nne �[e,]ning wi� his d�[.g]es weorce, and [=a]�s[e,]nde h[=i]e on his w[=i]n[.g]eard. And �[=a] h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode ymbe undern-t[=i]d, h[=e] [.g]e�seah o�re on str[=�]te [=i]dle standan. �[=a] cw�� h[=e]: 'G[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard, and ic s[e,]lle [=e]ow ��t riht bi�.' And h[=i]e �[=a] 65 f[=e]rdon. Eft h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode ymbe �[=a] siextan and nigo�an t[=i]d, and dyde �[=�]m sw[=a] [.g]e�l[=i]ce. �[=a] ymbe �[=a] [e,]ndlyftan t[=i]d h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode, and funde [=o]�re standende, and �[=a] s�[.g]de h[=e]: 'Hw[=y] stande [.g][=e] h[=e]r ealne dae[.g] [=i]dle?' �[=a] cw[=�]don h[=i]e: 'For �[=�]m �e [=u]s n[=a]n mann ne h[=y]rde.' �[=a] cw�� h[=e]: 'And 70 g[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard.'

S[=o]�l[=i]ce �[=a] hit w�s [=�]fen [.g]e�worden, �[=a] s�[.g]de se w[=i]n[.g]eardes hl[=a]ford his [.g]e�r[=e]fan: 'Clipa �[=a] wyrhtan, and [=a]�[.g]ief him hiera m[=e]de; on�[.g]inn fram �[=�]m [=y]t�emestan o� �one fyrmestan.' Eornostl[=i]ce �[=a] �[=a] [.g]e�c[=o]mon �e ymbe �[=a] [e,]ndlyftan 75 t[=i]d c[=o]mon, �[=a] on�f[=e]ngon h[=i]e [=�]lc his p[e,]ning. And �[=a] �e {65} �[=�]r [=�]rest c[=o]mon, w[=e]ndon ��t h[=i]e scolden m[=a]re on�f[=o]n; �[=a] on�f[=e]ngon h[=i]e syndri[.g]e �[e,]ningas. �a on�gunnon h[=i]e murcnian on�[.g][=e]an �one h[=i]redes ealdor, and �us cw[=�]don: '�[=a]s [=y]temestan worhton [=a]ne t[=i]d, and �[=u] dydest h[=i]e [.g]e�l[=i]ce [=u]s, 80 �e b[=�]ron byr�enna on �isses d�[.g]es h[=�]tan.' �[=a] cw�� h[=e] and-swariende hiera [=a]num: '[=E]al[=a] �[=u] fr[=e]ond, ne d[=o] ic �[=e] n[=a]nne t[=e]onan; h[=u], ne c[=o]me �[=u] t[=o] m[=e] t[=o] wyr[.c]enne wi� [=a]num p[e,]ninge? Nim ��t �[=i]n is, and g[=a]; ic wile �issum [=y]temestum s[e,]llan eall sw[=a] mi[.c]el sw[=a] �[=e]. O��e ne m[=o]t ic 85 d[=o]n ��t ic wile? Hw��er �e �[=i]n [=e]age m[=a]nfull is for �[=�]m �e ic g[=o]d eom? Sw[=a] b[=e]o� �a fyrmestan [=y]temeste, and �[=a] [=y]temestan fyrmeste; s[=o]�l[=i]ce mani[.g]e sind [.g]e�clipode, and f[=e]a [.g]e�corene.'

XXII. 2-14.

Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e�l[=i]c �[=�]m cyninge �e macode his suna 90 [.g]iefta, and s[e,]nde his �[=e]owas, and clipode �[=a] [.g]e�la�odan t[=o] �[=�]m [.g]ieftum. �[=a] noldon h[=i]e cuman. �[=a] s[e,]nde h[=e] eft [=o]�re �[=e]owas, and s�[.g]de �[=�]m [.g]e�la�odum: 'N[=u] ic [.g]e�[.g]earwode m[=i]ne feorme: m[=i]ne fearras and m[=i]ne fuglas sind of�sl�[.g]ene, and eall m[=i]n �ing sind [.g]earu; cuma� t[=o] �[=�]m [.g]ieftum.' �[=a] 95 for�g[=i]emdon h[=i]e ��t, and f[=e]rdon, sum t[=o] his t[=u]ne, sum t[=o] his mangunge. And �[=a] [=o]�re n[=a]mon his �[=e]owas, and mid t[=e]onan [.g]e�sw[e,]n[.c]ton, and of�sl[=o]gon. �[=a] se cyning ��t [.g]e�hierde, �[=a] w�s h[=e] ierre, and s[e,]nde his h[e,]re t[=o], and for�dyde �[=a] mann-slagan, and hiera burg for�b�rnde. 100

�[=a] cw�� h[=e] t[=o] his �[=e]owum: 'Witodl[=i]ce �[=a]s [.g]iefta sind [.g]earwe, ac �[=a] �e [.g]e�la�ode w[=�]ron ne sind wier�e. G[=a]� n[=u] t[=o] wega [.g]el[=�]tum, and clipia� t[=o] �issum [.g]ieftum sw[=a] hwelce sw[=a] [.g][=e] [.g]e�m[=e]ten.' �[=a] [=e]odon �[=a] �[=e]owas [=u]t on �[=a] wegas, and [.g]e�gadrodon ealle �[=a] �e h[=i]e [.g]e�m[=e]tton, g[=o]de and yfle; 105 �[=a] w[=�]ron �[=a] [.g]ieft-h[=u]s mid sittendum mannum [.g]efyldu.

�[=a] [=e]ode se cyning inn, ��t h[=e] wolde [.g]e�s[=e]on �[=a] �e �[=�]r {66} s[=�]ton, and �[=a] [.g]e�seah h[=e] �[=�]r [=a]nne mann �e n�s mid [.g]ieftlicum r[=e]afe [.g]escr[=y]dd. �[=a] cw�� h[=e]: 'L[=a], fr[=e]ond, h[=u]meta [=e]odest �[=u] inn, and n�fdest [.g]ieftlic r[=e]af?' �a sw[=i]gode h[=e]. 110 And se cyning cw�� t[=o] his �e[.g]num: '[.G]e�binda� his handa and his f[=e]t, and weorpa� hine on �[=a] [=y]terran �[=e]ostru; �[=�]r bi� w[=o]p and t[=o]�a gr[=i]st-b[=i]tung.' Witodl[=i]ce mani[.g]e sind [.g]e�la�ode, and f[=e]a [.g]e�corene.

XXV. 1-13.

�onne bi� heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]e�l[=i]c �[=�]m t[=i]en f[=�]mnum, �e �[=a] 115 leoht-fatu n[=a]mon, and f[=e]rdon on�[.g][=e]an �one br[=y]d-guman and �[=a] br[=y]d. Hiera f[=i]f w[=�]ron dysi[.g]e, and f[=i]f gl[=e]awe. And �[=a] f[=i]f dysigan n[=a]mon leohtfatu, and ne n[=a]mon n[=a]nne ele mid him; �[=a] gl[=e]awan n[=a]mon ele on hiera fatum mid �[=�]m leohtfatum. �[=a] se br[=y]dguma ielde, �[=a] hnappodon h[=i]e ealle, and sl[=e]pon. 120 Witodl[=i]ce t[=o] middre nihte man hr[=i]emde, and cw��: 'N[=u] se br[=y]dguma cym�, fara� him t[=o]�[.g][=e]anes.' �[=a] [=a]�rison ealle �[=a] f[=�]mnan, and gl[e,]n[.g]don hiera leohtfatu. �[=a] cw[=�]don �[=a] dysigan to p[=�]m w[=i]sum: 'S[e,]lla� [=u]s of [=e]owrum ele, for �[=�]m [=u]re leohtfatu sind [=a]�cw[e,]n[.c]tu.' �[=a] and�swarodon �[=a] gl[=e]awan, 125 and cw[=�]don: 'Nese; �[=y] l[=�]s �e w[=e] and [.g][=e] n�bben [.g]en[=o]g: g[=a]� t[=o] �[=�]m [.c][=i]ependum, and by[.c][.g]a� [=e]ow ele.' Witodl[=i]ce, �[=a] h[=i]e f[=e]rdon, and woldon by[.c][.g]an, �[=a] c[=o]m se br[=y]dguma; and �[=a] �e [.g]earwe w[=�]ron [=e]odon inn mid him t[=o] �[=�]m [.g]ieftum; and s[=e]o duru w�s be�locen. �[=a] �t n[=i]ehstan c[=o]mon 130 �a [=o]�re f[=�]mnan, and cw[=�]don: 'Dryhten, Dryhten, l[=�]t [=u]s inn.' �[=a] and-swarode h[=e] him, and cw��: 'S[=o]� ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e, ne cann ic [=e]ow.' Witodl[=i]ce, wacia�, for �[=�]m �e [.g][=e] nyton ne �one d�[.g] ne �[=a] t[=i]d.

XXV. 14-30.

Sum mann f[=e]rde on [e,]l�[=e]odi[.g]nesse, and clipode his 135 {67} �[=e]owas, and be�t[=�]hte him his [=�]hta. And [=a]num h[=e] sealde f[=i]f pund, sumum tw[=a], sumum [=a]n: [=�][.g]hwelcum be his [=a]gnum m�[.g]ne; and f[=e]rde s[=o]na.

�[=a] f[=e]rde s[=e] �e �[=a] f[=i]f pund under�f[=e]ng, and [.g]e�str[=i]ende [=o]�ru f[=i]f. And eall-sw[=a] s[=e] �e �[=a] tw[=a] under�feng, [.g]e�str[=i]ende 140 [=o]�ru tw[=a]. Witodl[=i]ce s[=e] �e ��t [=a]n under�f[=e]ng, f[=e]rde, and be�dealf hit on eor�an, and be�h[=y]dde his hl[=a]fordes feoh.

Witodl[=i]ce �fter mi[.c]lum fierste c[=o]m �[=a]ra �[=e]owa hl[=a]ford, and dihte him [.g]e�rad. �[=a] c[=o]m s[=e] �e �[=a] f[=i]f pund under�f[=e]ng, and br[=o]hte [=o]�ru f[=i]f, and cw��: 'Hl[=a]ford, f[=i]f pund �[=u] sealdest 145 m[=e]; n[=u] ic [.g]e�str[=i]ende [=o]�ru f[=i]f.' �[=a] cw�p his hl[=a]ford t[=o] him: 'B[=e]o bl[=i]�e, �[=u] g[=o]da �[=e]ow and [.g]e�tr[=e]owa: for �[=�]m �e �[=u] w[=�]re [.g]e�tr[=e]owe ofer l[=y]tlu �ing, ic [.]ge�s[e,]tte �[=e] ofer mi[.c]lu; g[=a] int[=o] �[=i]nes hl[=a]fordes blisse.' �[=a] c[=o]m s[=e] �e �[=a] tw[=a] pund under�f[=e]ng, and cw��: 'Hl[=a]ford, tw[=a] pund �[=u] 150 m[=e] sealdest; n[=u] ic h�bbe [.g]e�str[=i]ened [=o]�ru tw[=a].' �[=a] cw�� his hl[=a]ford t[=o] him: '[.G]e�blissa, �[=u] g[=o]da �[=e]ow and [.g]etr[=e]owa: for �[=�]m �e �[=u] w[=�]re [.g]e�tr[=e]owe ofer f[=e]a, ofer fela ic �[=e] [.g]e�s[e,]tte; g[=a] on �[=i]nes hl[=a]fordes [.g]e�f[=e]an.' �[=a] c[=o]m s[=e] �e ��t [=a]n pund under�f[=e]ng, and cw��: 'Hl[=a]ford, ic w[=a]t ��t 155 �[=u] eart heard mann: �[=u] r[=i]pst �[=�]r �[=u] ne s[=e]owe, and gaderast �[=�]r �[=u] ne spr[e,]n[.g]dest. And ic f[=e]rde of�dr[=�]dd, and be�h[=y]dde �[=i]n pund on eor�an; h[=e]r �[=u] h�fst ��t �[=i]n is.' �[=a] andswarode his hl[=a]ford him, and cw��: '�[=u] yfla �[=e]ow and sl[=a]wa, �[=u] wistest ��t ic r[=i]pe �[=�]r ic ne s[=e]owe, 160 and ic gadri[.g]e �[=�]r ic ne str[=e]dde: hit [.g]e�byrede ��t �[=u] be�f�ste m[=i]n feoh myneterum, and ic n[=a]me, �onne ic c[=o]me, ��t m[=i]n is, mid �[=�]m gafole. [=A]�nima� ��t pund �t him, and s[e,]lla� �[=�]m �e m[=e] �[=a] t[=i]en pund br[=o]hte. Witodl[=i]ce [=�]lcum �[=a]ra �e h�f� man s[e,]l�, and h[=e] h�f� [.g]e�n[=o]g; �[=�]m �e n�f�, 165 ��t him �yn[.c]� ��t h[=e] h�bbe, ��t him bi� �t�brogden. And weorpa� �one un�nyttan �[=e]ow on �[=a] [=y]terran �[=e]ostru; �[=�]r bi� w[=o]p and t[=o]�a grist�b[=i]tung.'

{68}

III.

OLD TESTAMENT PIECES.

�fter �[=�]m s[=o]�l[=i]ce ealle m[e,]nn spr[=�]con [=a]ne spr[=�][.c]e. �[=a] �[=a] h[=i]e f[=e]rdon fram [=E]ast-d[=�]le, h[=i]e fundon [=a]nne feld on Senna[=a]r-lande, and wunodon �[=�]r-on.

�[=a] cw[=�]don h[=i]e him be�tw[=e]onan: 'Uton wyr[.c]an [=u]s ti[.g]elan, and [=�]lan h[=i]e on f[=y]re!' Witodl[=i]ce h[=i]e h�fdon ti[.g]elan for 5 st[=a]n and tierwan for weal-l[=i]m. And h[=i]e cw[=�]don: 'Uton timbrian [=u]s [.c]eastre, and st[=i]epel o� heofon h[=e]anne! uton weor�ian [=u]rne naman, [=�]r �[�]m �e w[=e] s[=i]en t[=o]�d[=�]lde [.g]eond ealle eor�an!'

Witodl[=i]ce Dryhten [=a]�st[=a]g ni�er, t[=o] �[=�]m ��t h[=e] [.g]e�s[=a]we 10 �[=a] burg and �one st[=i]epel, �e Ad[=a]mes bearn [.g]e�timbrodon. And h[=e] cw��: '�is is [=a]n folc, and ealle h[=i]e spreca� [=a]n l�den, and h[=i]e be�gunnon �is t[=o] wyr[.c]enne: ne [.g]e�sw[=i]ca� h[=i]e [=�]r �[=�]m �e hit [.g]earu s[=i]e; s[=o]�l[=i]ce uton cuman and t[=o]�d[=�]lan hiera spr[=�][.c]e!' 15

Sw[=a] Dryhten h[=i]e t[=o]�d[=�]lde of �[=�]re st[=o]we [.g]eond ealle eor�an. And for �[=�]m man n[e,]mnde �[=a] st[=o]we Bab[=e]l for �[=�]m �e �[=�]r w[=�]ron t[=o]�d[=�]lde ealle spr[=�][.c]a.

God wolde p[=a] fandian Abrah[=a]mes [.g]e�h[=i]ersumnesse, and clipode his naman, and cw�� him �us t[=o]: 'Nim �[=i]nne 20 [=a]n-c[e,]nnedan sunu Isa[=a]c, �e �[=u] lufast, and far t[=o] �[=�]m {69} lande Visionis hra�e, and [.g]e�offra hine �[=�]r uppan [=a]nre d[=u]ne.'

Abrah[=a]m �[=a] [=a]�r[=a]s on �[=�]re ilcan nihte, and f[=e]rde mid tw[=�]m cnapum t[=o] �[=�]m fierlenum lande, and Isa[=a]c samod, 25 on assum r[=i]dende.

�[=a] on �[=�]m �riddan d�[.g]e, �[=a] h[=i]e �[=a] d[=u]ne [.g]e�s[=a]won, �[=�]r �[=�]r h[=i]e t[=o] scoldon t[=o] of�sl[=e]anne Isa[=a]c, �[=a] cw�� Abrah[=a]m t[=o] �[=�]m tw[=�]m cnapum �us: 'Andb[=i]dia� [=e]ow h[=e]r mid �[=�]m assum sume hw[=i]le! ic and �[=�]t [.c]ild g[=a]� unc t[=o] [.g]e�biddenne, 30 and wit si��an cuma� s[=o]na eft t[=o] [=e]ow.'

Abrah[=a]m �[=a] h[=e]t Isa[=a]c beran �one wudu t[=o] �[=�]re st[=o]we, and h[=e] self b�r his sweord and f[=y]r. Isa[=a]c �a [=a]scode Abrah[=a]m his f�der: 'F�der m[=i]n, ic [=a]sci[.g]e hw[=�]r s[=e]o offrung s[=i]e; h[=e]r is wudu and f[=y]r.' Him andwyrde se f�der: 'God fores[.c][=e]awa�, 35 m[=i]n sunu, him self �[=a] offrunge.'

H[=i]e c[=o]mon �[=a] t[=o] �[=�]re st[=o]we �e him [.g]e�sweotolode God; and h[=e] �[=�]r weofod [=a]�r[=�]rde on �[=a] ealdan w[=i]san, and �one wudu [.g]e�l[=o]gode sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e] hit wolde habban t[=o] his suna b�rnette, si��an h[=e] of�sl�[.g]en wurde. H[=e] [.g]e�band �[=a] his 40 sunu, and his sweord [=a]�t[=e]ah, ��t h[=e] hine [.g]e�offrode on �[=a] ealdan w[=i]san.

Mid �[=�]m �e h[=e] wolde �[=�]t weorc be�[.g]innan, �[=a] clipode Godes [e,]n[.g]el arodl[=i]ce of heofonum: 'Abrah[=a]m!' H[=e] andwyrde s[=o]na. Se [e,]n[.g]el him cw�� t[=o]: 'Ne [=a]�cw[e,]le �[=u] 45 ��t [.c]ild, ne �[=i]ne hand ne [=a]�str[e,][.c]e ofer his sw[=e]oran! N[=u] ic on�cn[=e]ow s[=o]�l[=i]ce ��t p[=u] on�dr[=�]tst sw[=i]�e God, n[=u] p[=u] p[=i]nne [=a]n-c[e,]nnedan sunu woldest of�sl[=e]an for him.'

�[=a] be�seah Abrah[=a]m s[=o]na under b�c, and [.g]e�seah �[=�]r [=a]nne ramm be�twix �[=�]m br[=e]mlum be �[=�]m hornum [.g]e�h�ftne, 50 and h[=e] h�fde �one ramm t[=o] �[=�]re offrunge, and hine �[=�]r of�sn[=a]� Gode t[=o] l[=a]ce for his sunu Isa[=a]c. H[=e] h[=e]t �[=a] st[=o]we Dominus videt, ��t is 'God [.g]e�sih�,' and [.g]iet is [.g]e�s�[.g]d sw[=a], In monte Dominus videbit, ��t is, 'God [.g]e�sih� on d[=u]ne.' {70}

Eft clipode se [e,]n[.g]el Abrah[=a]m, and cw��: 'Ic s�[.g]de 55 �urh m[=e] selfne, s�[.g]de se �lmihtiga, n[=u] �[=u] noldest [=a]rian �[=i]num [=a]nc[e,]nnedum suna, ac �[=e] w�s m[=i]n [e,][.g]e m[=a]re �onne his l[=i]f, ic �[=e] n[=u] bl[=e]tsi[.g]e, and �[=i]nne of-spring ge�mani[.g]-fielde sw[=a] sw[=a] steorran on heofonum, and sw[=a] sw[=a] sand-[.c]eosol on s[=�]; �[=i]n ofspring s[.c]eal [=a]gan hiera f[=e]onda [.g]eatu. And on 60 �[=i]num s[=�]de b[=e]o� ealle �[=e]oda [.g]e�bl[=e]tsode, for �[=�]m �e �[=u] [.g]e�h[=i]ersumodest m[=i]nre h[=�]se �us.'

Abrah[=a]m �[=a] [.g]e�[.c]ierde s[=o]na t[=o] his cnapum, and f[=e]rdon him h[=a]m s[=o]na mid heofonlicre bl[=e]tsunge.

Sum cw[=e]n w�s on s[=u]�-d[=�]le, Saba [.g]e�h[=a]ten, snotor and 65 w[=i]s. �[=a] [.g]e�h[=i]erde h[=e]o Salomones hl[=i]san, and c[=o]m fram �[=�]m s[=u]�ernum [.g]e�m[=�]rum to Salomone binnan Hierusal[=e]m mid mi[.c]elre fare, and hiere olfendas b[=�]ron s[=u]�erne wyrta, and d[=e]or-wier�e [.g]imm-st[=a]nas, and un-[.g]er[=i]m gold. S[=e]o cw[=e]n �[=a] h�fde spr[=�][.c]e wi� Salomon, and s�[.g]de him sw[=a] hw�t 70 sw[=a] h[=e]o on hiere heortan [.g]e��[=o]hte. Salomon �[=a] h[=i]e l[=�]rde, and hiere s�[.g]de ealra �[=a]ra worda and[.g]iet �e h[=e]o hine [=a]scode. �[=a] [.g]e�seah s[=e]o cw[=e]n Salomones w[=i]sd[=o]m, and ��t m[=�]re tempel �e h[=e] [.g]e�timbrod h�fde, and �[=a] l[=a]c �e man Gode offrode, and ��s cyninges mani[.g]-fealde �e[.g]nunga, and w�s 75 t[=o] �[=�]m sw[=i]�e of�wundrod ��t h[=e]o n�fde fur�or n[=a]nne g[=a]st, for �[=�]m �e h[=e]o ne mihte n[=a] fur�or sm[=e]an. H[=e]o cw�� �[=a] t[=o] �[=�]m cyninge: 'S[=o]� is ��t word �e ic [.g]e�h[=i]erde on m[=i]num earde be �[=e] and be �[=i]num w[=i]sd[=o]me, ac ic nolde [.g]e�l[=i]efan [=�]r �[=�]m �e ic self hit [.g]e�s[=a]we. N[=u] h�bbe ic [=a]�fandod 80 ��t m[=e] n�s be healfum d[=�]le �[=i]n m[=�]r�o [.g]e�c[=y]ped. M[=a]re is �[=i]n w[=i]sd[=o]m and �[=i]n weorc �onne se hl[=i]sa w[=�]re �e ic [.g]e�h[=i]erde. [=E]adige sind �[=i]ne �e[.g]nas and �[=i]ne �[=e]owas, �e simle �t�foran �[=e] standa�, and �[=i]nne w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]e�h[=i]era�. [.G]e�bl[=e]tsod s[=i]e se �lmihtiga God, �e �[=e] [.g]e�[.c][=e]as and [.g]e�s[e,]tte 85 {71} ofer Israh[=e]la r[=i][.c]e, ��t �[=u] d[=o]mas s[e,]tte and riht-w[=i]snesse,' H[=e]o for�[.g]eaf �[=�]em cyninge �[=a] hund�tw[e,]lfti[.g] punda goldes, and un[.g]er[=i]m d[=e]orwier�ra wyrta and d[=e]orwier�ra [.g]immst[=a]na. Salomon [=e]ac for�[.g]eaf �[=�]re cw[=e]ne sw[=a] hw�s sw[=a] h[=e]o [.g]iernde �t him; and h[=e]o [.g]e�w[e,]nde on�[.g]e[=a]n t[=o] hiere [=e]�le mid hiere 90 �e[.g]num. Salomon �[=a] w�s [.g]e�m[=�]rsod ofer eallum eor�licum cyningum, and ealle �[=e]oda [.g]e�wilnodon ��t h[=i]e hine [.g]e�s[=a]wen, and his w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]e�h[=i]erden, and h[=i]e him mani[.g]feald l[=a]c br[=o]hton.

S[=e]o cw[=e]n h�fde [.g]e�t[=a]cnunge �[=�]re h[=a]lgan [.g]e�la�unge ealles 95 cr[=i]stenes folces, �e c[=o]m t[=o] �[=�]m [.g]e�sibbsuman Cr[=i]ste t[=o] [.g]e�h[=i]erenne his w[=i]sd[=o]m and �[=a] god-spellican l[=a]re �a h[=e] [=a]�stealde, and be on�liehtunge ��s s[=o]�an [.g]e�l[=e]afan, and be �[=�]m t[=o]weardan d[=o]me, be [=u]rre s[=a]wle un-d[=e]adlicnesse, and be hyhte and wuldre ��s [.g]e�m[=�]nelican [=�]ristes. 100

S[=e]o cw[=e]n c[=o]m t[=o] Salomone mid mi[.c]lum l[=a]cum on golde and on d[=e]orwier�um [.g]immst[=a]num and wyrt-br[=�]�um; and ��t b[=�]ron olfendas. S[=e]o [.g]e�l[=e]affulle [.g]e�la�ung, �e cym� of [=�]lcum earde t[=o] Cr[=i]ste, bring� him �[=a]s fore-s�[.g]dan l[=a]c �fter g[=a]stlicum and[.g]iete. H[=e]o offra� him gold �urh s[=o]�ne 105 [.g]e�l[=e]afan, and wyrtbr[=�]�as �urh [.g]e�bedu, and d[=e]orwier�e [.g]immas �urh f�[.g]ernesse g[=o]dra �[=e]awa and h[=a]li[.g]ra m�[.g]na. Be �isse [.g]e�la�unge cw�� se w[=i]tega t[=o] Gode: Adstitit regina a dextris tuis, in vestitu deaurato, circumdata varietate, ��t is, 's[=e]o cw[=e]n st[e,]nt �t �[=i]nre sw[=i]�ran, on ofergyldum 110 [.g]ierlan, ymb�scr[=y]dd mid mani[.g]fealdre f[=a]gnesse.' S[=e]o g[=a]stlice cw[=e]n, Godes [.g]e�la�ung, is [.g]e�gl[e,]n[.g]ed mid d[=e]orwier�re fr�twunge and mani[.g]fealdum bl[=e]o g[=o]dra drohtnunga and mihta.

H[=e]o s�[.g]de Salomone ealle hiere d[=i]egolnessa, and s[=e]o 115 [.g]e�la�ung [.g]e�opena� Cr[=i]ste hiere inn-[.g]ehy[.g]d and �a d[=i]eglan [.g]e��[=o]htas on s[=o]�re andetnesse.

Olfendas b[=�]ron �[=a] d[=e]orwier�an l[=a]c mid �[=�]re cw[=e]ne {72} int[=o] Hierusal[=e]m; for �[=�]m �e �[=a] h[=�]�nan, �e [=�]r w[=�]ron [.g]e�hoferode �urh [.g][=i]tsunge and atollice �urh leahtras, b[=�]ron, 120 �urh hiera [.g]e�[.c]ierrednesse and [.g]e�l[=e]afan, �[=a] g[=a]stlican l[=a]c t[=o] Cr[=i]stes handum.

S[=e]o cw[=e]n wundrode Salomones w[=i]sd[=o]mes, and his [.g]e�timbrunga, and �e[.g]nunga; and s[=e]o [.g]e�la�ung wundra� Cr[=i]stes w[=i]sd[=o]mes, for �[=�]m �e h[=e] is s[=o]� w[=i]sd[=o]m, and eall w[=i]sd[=o]m is 125 of him. H[=e] [.g]e�timbrode �[=a] h[=e]alican heofonas and ealne middan[.g]eard, and ealle [.g]e�sceafta [.g]e�s[e,]tte on �rim �ingum, in mensura, et pondere, et numero, ��t is, on [.g]e�mete, and on h[e,]fe, and on [.g]e�tele. Cr[=i]stes �e[.g]nung is [=u]re h[=�]lo and folca [=a]�l[=i]esednes, and �[=a] sind [.g]e�s[=�]li[.g]e �e him �e[.g]nia� t[=o] 130 [.g]e�cw[=e]mednesse on �[=�]m g[=a]stlicum [.g]e�r[=y]num.

S[=e]o cw[=e]n s�[.g]de ��t hiere n[=�]re be healfum d[=�]le [.g]e�s�[.g]d be Salomones m[=�]r�o, and s[=e]o g[=a]stlice cw[=e]n, Godes [.g]e�la�ung, o��e [.g]e�hwelc h[=a]li[.g] s[=a]wol, �onne h[=e]o cym� t[=o] �[=�]re heofonlican Hierusal[=e]m, �onne [.g]e�sih� h[=e]o mi[.c]le m[=a]ran m[=�]r�o 135 and wuldor �onne hiere [=�]r on l[=i]fe �urh w[=i]tegan o��e apostolas [.g]e�c[=y]dd w[=�]re. Ne m�[.g] n[=a]n [=e]age on �issum l[=i]fe [.g]e�s[=e]on, ne n[=a]n [=e]are [.g]e�h[=i]eran, ne n[=a]nes mannes heorte [=a]�sm[=e]an �[=a] �ing �e God [.g]earca� �[=�]m �e hine lufia�. �[=a] �ing w[=e] magon be�[.g]ietan, ac w[=e] ne magon h[=i]e [=a]�sm[=e]an, 140 ne [=u]s n[=�]fre ne [=a]��r[=i]ett �[=a]ra g[=o]da [.g]e�nyhtsumnes.

Cr[=i]st is ealra cyninga cyning, and sw[=a] sw[=a] ealle �[=e]oda woldon [.g]e�s[=e]on �one [.g]e�sibbsuman Salomon, and his w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]e�h[=i]eran, and him mislicu l[=a]c br[=o]hton, sw[=a] [=e]ac n[=u] of eallum �[=e]odum [.g]e�wilnia� m[e,]nn t[=o] [.g]e�s[=e]onne �one [.g]e-sibbsuman 145 Cr[=i]st �urh [.g]e�l[=e]afan, and �one godspellican w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]e�h[=i]eran, and h[=i]e him d�[.g]-hw[=�]ml[=i]ce �[=a] g[=a]stlican l[=a]c [.g]e�offria� on mani[.g]fealdum [.g]e�metum.

IV.

On C[=y]res dagum cyninges wr[=e][.g]don �[=a] Babil[=o]niscan �one {73} w[=i]tegan Dani[=e]l, for �[=�]m �e h[=e] t[=o]�wearp hiera d[=e]ofol-[.g]ield, 150 and cw[=�]don [=a]n-m[=o]dl[=i]ce t[=o] �[=�]m fore-s�[.g]dan cyninge C[=y]rum: 'Bet[=�][.c] [=u]s Dani[=e]l, �e [=u]rne god B[=e]l t[=o]�wearp, and �one dracan [=a]�cwealde �e w[=e] on be�l[=i]efdon; [.g]if �[=u] hine for�st[e,]ntst, w[=e] for�dilgia� �[=e] and �[=i]nne h[=i]red.'

�[=a] [.g]e�seah se cyning ��t h[=i]e [=a]n-m[=o]de w[=�]ron, and n[=i]edunga 155 �one w[=i]tegan him t[=o] handum [=a]�s[.c][=e]af. H[=i]e �[=a] hine [=a]�wurpon int[=o] [=a]num s[=e]a�e, on �[=�]m w[=�]ron seofon l[=e]on, �[=�]m man sealde d�[.g]hw[=�]ml[=i]ce tw[=a] hr[=i]�eru and tw[=a] s[.c][=e]ap, ac him w�s �[=a] of�togen [=�]lces f[=o]dan siex dagas, ��t h[=i]e �one Godes mann [=a]�b[=i]tan scolden. 160

On �[=�]re t[=i]de w�s sum [=o]�er w[=i]tega on J[=u]d[=e]a-lande, his nama waes Abacuc, s[=e] b�r his rifterum m[e,]te t[=o] �cere. �[=a] c[=o]m him t[=o] Godes [e,]n[.g]el, and cw��: 'Abacuc, ber �one m[e,]te t[=o] Babil[=o]ne, and s[e,]le Dani[=e]le, s[=e] �e sitt on �[=a]ra l[=e]ona s[=e]a�e.' Abacuc andwyrde �[=�]m [e,]n[.g]le: 'L[=a] l[=e]of, ne [.g]e�seah 165 ic n[=�]fre �[=a] burg, ne ic �one s[=e]a� n[=a]t.'

�[=a] se [e,]n[.g]el [.g]e�l[=�]hte hine be �[=�]m feaxe, and hine b�r t[=o] Babil[=o]ne, and hine s[e,]tte bufan �[=�]m s[=e]a�e. �[=a] clipode se Abacuc: '�[=u] Godes �[=e]ow, Dani[=e]l, nim �[=a]s l[=a]c �e �[=e] God s[e,]nde!' Dani[=e]l cw��: 'M[=i]n Dryhten H[=�]lend, s[=i]e �[=e] lof 170 and weor�-mynd ��t �[=u] m[=e] [.g]e�mundest.' And h[=e] �[=a] �[=�]re sande br[=e]ac. Witodl[=i]ce Godes [e,]n[.g]el �[=�]r-rihte mid swiftum flyhte [.g]e�br[=o]hte �one disc-�e[.g]n, Abacuc, �[=�]r h[=e] hine [=�]r [.g]e�nam.

Se cyning �[=a] C[=y]rus on �[=�]m seofo�an d�[.g]e [=e]ode dr[=e]ori[.g] 175 t[=o] �[=a]ra l[=e]ona s[=e]a�e, and inn be�seah, and efne �[=a] Dani[=e]l sittende w�s [.g]e�sundfull on�middan �[=�]m l[=e]onum. �[=a] clipode se cyning mid mi[.c]elre stefne: 'M[=�]re is se God �e Dani[=e]l on be�l[=i]ef�.' And h[=e] �[=a] mid �[=�]m worde hine [=a]�t[=e]ah of �[=�]m scr�fe, and h[=e]t inn weorpan �[=a] �e hine [=�]r for�d[=o]n woldon. 180 ��s cyninges h[=�]s wear� hr�dl[=i]ce [.g]e�fr[e,]mmed, and ��s w[=i]tegan [=e]hteras wurdon [=a]�scofene be�twix �[=a] l[=e]on, and h[=i]e {74} �[=�]r-rihte mid gr[=�]digum [.c]eaflum h[=i]e ealle t[=o]�t[=�]ron. �[=a] cw�� se cyning: 'Forhtien and on�dr[=�]den ealle eor�-b[=u]end Dani[=e]les God, for �[=�]m �e h[=e] is [=A]�l[=i]esend and H[=�]lend, 185 wyr[.c]ende t[=a]cnu and wundru on heofonan and on eor�an.'

V.

Nabochodonosor, se h[=�]�ena cyning, [.g]e�h[e,]rgode on Godes folce, on J[=u]d[=e]a-lande, and for hiera m[=a]n-d[=�]dum God ��t [.g]e��afode. �[=a] [.g]e�nam h[=e] �[=a] m[=a]�m-fatu, gyldenu and silfrenu, binnan Godes temple, and t[=o] his lande mid him 190 [.g]e�l[=�]dde. Hit [.g]e�lamp eft si��an ��t h[=e] on swefne [=a]ne [.g]e�sih�e be him selfum [.g]e�seah, sw[=a] sw[=a] him si��an [=a]�[=e]ode.

�fter �issum ymb twelf m[=o]na�, [=e]ode se cyning binnan his healle mid orm[=�]tre [=u]p-[=a]hafennesse, h[e,]riende his weorc and his miht, and cw��: 'H[=u], ne is �is s[=e]o mi[.c]le Babil[=o]n, 195 �e ic self [.g]e�timbrode t[=o] cyne-st[=o]le and t[=o] �rymme, m[=e] selfum to wlite and wuldre, mid m[=i]num [=a]gnum m�[.g]ne and str[e,]n[.g]�o?' Ac him clipode �[=�]rrihte t[=o] sw[=i]�e [e,][.g]eslic stefn of heofonum, �us cwe�ende: '�[=u] Nabochodonosor, �[=i]n r[=i][.c]e [.g]e�w[=i]tt fram �[=e], and �[=u] bist fram mannum [=a]�worpen, 200 and �[=i]n wunung bi� mid wild[=e]orum, and �[=u] itst g�rs, sw[=a] sw[=a] oxa, seofon [.g][=e]ar, o� ��t �[=u] wite ��t se h[=e]alica God [.g]e�wielt manna r[=i][.c]a, and ��t h[=e] for�[.g]ief� r[=i][.c]e �[=�]m �e h[=e] wile.'

Witodl[=i]ce on �[=�]re ilcan t[=i]de w�s �[=e]os spr[=�][.c] [.g]e�fylled 205 ofer Nabochodonosor, and h[=e] arn t[=o] wuda, and wunode mid wild[=e]orum, leofode be g�rse, sw[=a] sw[=a] n[=i]eten, o� ��t his feax w[=e]ox sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=i]f-manna, and his n�[.g]las sw[=a] sw[=a] earnes clawa.

Eft si��an him for�[.g]eaf se �lmihtiga Wealdend his [.g]e�witt, 210 and h[=e] cw��: 'Ic Nabochodonosor [=a]�h[=o]f m[=i]n [=e]agan [=u]p t[=o] heofonum, and m[=i]n and[.g]iet m[=e] wear� for�[.g]iefen, and ic �[=a] bl[=e]tsode �one h[=i]ehstan God, and ic h[e,]rede and wuldrode {75} �one �e leofa� on [=e][.c]nesse, for �[=�]m �e his miht is [=e][.c]e, and his r[=i][.c]e st[e,]nt on m[=�][.g]�e and on m[=�][.g]�e. Ealle eor�-b[=u]end 215 sind t[=o] n[=a]hte [.g]e�tealde on his wi��metennesse. �fter his willan h[=e] d[=e]� [=�][.g]�er [.g]e on heofone [.g]e on eor�an, and nis n[=a]n �ing �e his mihte wi��stande, o��e him t[=o] cwe�e 'hw[=y] d[=e]st �[=u] sw[=a]?' On �[=�]re t[=i]de m[=i]n and[.g]iet [.g]e�w[e,]nde t[=o] m[=e], and ic be�c[=o]m t[=o] weor�-mynde m[=i]nes cyne-r[=i][.c]es, and m[=i]n 220 m[e,]nnisce h[=i]w m[=e] be�c[=o]m. M[=i]ne witan m[=e] s[=o]hton, and m[=i]n m[=�]r�o wear� [.g]e�[=e]acnod. N[=u] eornostl[=i]ce ic m[=�]rsi[.g]e and wuldri[.g]e �one heofonlican cyning, for �[=�]m �e eall his weorc sind s[=o]�, and his wegas riht-w[=i]se, and h[=e] m�[.g] [.g]e�[=e]a�-m[=e]dan �[=a] �e on m[=o]di[.g]nesse fara�.' 225

�us [.g]e�[=e]a�m[=e]dde se �lmihtiga God �one m[=o]digan cyning Nabochodonosor.

{76}

SAMSON.

[=A]n mann w�s eardiende on Israh[=e]la �[=e]ode, Manu[=e] [.g]e�h[=a]ten, of �[=�]re m[=�][.g]�e Dan; his w[=i]f w�s un-t[=i]emend, and h[=i]e wunodon b[=u]tan [.c]ilde. Him c[=o]m �[=a] gangende t[=o] Godes [e,]n[.g]el, and cw�� ��t h[=i]e scolden habban sunu him [.g]e�m[=�]nne; 'ne h[=e] ealu ne drince n[=�]fre o��e w[=i]n, ne n[=a]ht 5 f[=u]les ne �i[.c][.g]e; s[=e] bi� Gode h[=a]li[.g] fram his [.c]ildh[=a]de; and man ne m[=o]t hine [e,]fsian o��e be�s[.c]ieran, for �[=�]m �e h[=e] on�[.g]in� t[=o] [=a]�l[=i]esenne his folc, Israh[=e]la �[=e]ode, of Philist[=e]a �[=e]owte.'

H[=e]o [=a]�c[e,]nde �[=a] sunu, sw[=a] sw[=a] hiere s�[.g]de se [e,]n[.g]el, and 10 h[=e]t hine Samson; and h[=e] sw[=i]�e w[=e]ox; and God hine bl[=e]tsode, and Godes g[=a]st w�s on him. H[=e] wear� �[=a] mihti[.g] on mi[.c]elre str[e,]n[.g]�o, sw[=a] ��t h[=e] [.g]e�l[=�]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on be we[.g]e, �e hine [=a]�b[=i]tan wolde, and t[=o]�br�[.g]d h[=i]e t[=o] sty[.c][.c]um, swelce he t[=o]�t[=�]re sum [=e]a�elic ti[.c][.c]en. 15

H[=e] be�gann �[=a] t[=o] winnenne wi� �[=a] Philist[=e]os, and hiera fela of�sl[=o]g and t[=o] scame t[=u]code, �[=e]ah �e h[=i]e onweald h�fden ofer h[=i]s l[=e]ode. �[=a] f[=e]rdon �[=a] Philist[=e]i for� �fter Samsone, and h[=e]ton his l[=e]ode ��t h[=i]e hine [=a]�[.g][=e]afen t[=o] hiera onwealde, ��t h[=i]e wrecan mihten hiera t[=e]on-r[=�]denne mid tintregum 20 on him. H[=i]e �[=a] hine [.g]e�bundon mid tw[=�]m b�stenum r[=a]pum and hine [.g]e�l[=�]ddon t[=o] �[=�]m folce. And �[=a] Philist[=e]iscan ��s f�[.g]nodon sw[=i]�e; urnon him t[=o]�[.g][=e]anes ealle hl[=y]dende; woldon hine tintre[.g]ian for hiera t[=e]onr[=�]denne. �[=a] t[=o]�br�[.g]d Samson b[=e][.g]en his earmas, ��t �[=a] r[=a]pas t[=o]-burston �e h[=e] mid 25 {77} [.g]e�bunden w�s. And h[=e] [.g]e�l[=�]hte �[= a] s[=o]na sumes assan [.c]inn-b[=a]n �e h[=e] �[=�]r funde, and [.g]e�feaht wi� h[=i]e, and of�sl[=o][.g] [=a]n �[=u]send mid ��s assan [.c]innb[=a]ne. H[=e] wear� �[=a] sw[=i]�e of��yrst for �[=�]m wundorlican sl[e,][.g]e, and b�d �one heofonlican God ��t h[=e] him [=a]�s[e,]nde drincan, for �[=�]m �e on �[=�]re 30 n[=e]awiste n�s n[=a]n w�ters[.c]ipe. �[=a] arn of �[=�]n [.c]innb[=a]ne of [=a]num t[=e]� w�ter; and Samson �[=a] dranc, and his Dryhtne �ancode.

�fter �issum h[=e] f[=e]rde t[=o] Philist[=e]a lande, int[=o] [=a]nre byri[.g] on hiera onwealde, Gaza [.g]e�h[=a]ten. And h[=i]e ��s f�[.g]nodon; 35 be�s[e,]tton �[=a] �[=�]t h[=u]s �e h[=e] inne wunode; woldon hine [.g]e�niman mid �[=�]m �e h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode on [=�]rne-mer[.g]en, and hine of�sl[=e]an. Hw�t �[=a] Samson hiera sierwunga under�[.g]eat; and [=a]�r[=a]s on middre nihte t[=o]�middes his f[=e]ondum, and [.g]e�nam �[=a] burg-[.g]eatu, and [.g]e�b�r on his hry[.c][.g]e mid �[=�]m postum, 40 sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e be�locenu w[=�]ron, [=u]p t[=o] [=a]nre d[=u]ne t[=o] ufeweardum �[=�]m cnolle; and [=e]ode sw[=a] or-sorg of hiera [.g]e�sih�um.

Hine be�sw[=a]c sw[=a]��[=e]ah si��an [=a]n w[=i]f, Dalila [.g]e�h[=a]ten, of �[=�]m h[=�]�nan folce, sw[=a] ��t h[=e] hiere s�[.g]de, �urh hiere sw[=i]cd[=o]m 45 be�p[=�]ht, on hw[=�]m his str[e,]n[.g]�o w�s and his wundorlicu miht. �[=a] h[=�]�nan Philist[=e]i be�h[=e]ton hiere s[.c]eattas wi� �[=�]m �e h[=e]o be�swice Samson �one strangan. �[=a] [=a]scode h[=e]o hine [.g]eorne mid hiere [=o]l[=�][.c]unge on hw[=�]m his miht w[=�]re; and h[=e] hiere andwyrde: '[.G]if ic b[=e]o [.g]e�bunden mid seofon 50 r[=a]pum, of sinum [.g]eworhte, s[=o]na ic b[=e]o [.g]e�wield.' ��t swicole w[=i]f �[=a] be�[.g]eat �[=a] seofon r[=a]pas, and h[=e] �urh sierwunge sw[=a] wear� [.g]e�bunden. And him man c[=y]�de ��t �[=�]r c[=o]mon his f[=i]end; �[=a] t[=o]�br�c h[=e] s[=o]na �[=a] r[=a]pas, sw[=a] sw[=a] h[e,]fel-�r[=�]das; and ��t w[=i]f nyste on hw[=�]m his miht 55 w�s. H[=e] wear� eft [.g]e�bunden mid eall-n[=i]wum r[=a]pum; and h[=e] �[=a] t[=o]�br�c, sw[=a] sw[=a] �[=a] [=o]�re.

H[=e]o be�sw[=a]c hine sw[=a]��[=e]ah, ��t h[=e] hiere s�[.g]de �t {78} n[=i]ehstan: 'Ic eom Gode [.g]e�h[=a]lgod fram m[=i]num [.c]ildh[=a]de; and ic n�s n[=�]fre [.g]e�[e,]fsod, ne n[=�]fre be�scoren; and [.g]if ic b[=e]o 60 be�scoren, �onne b[=e]o ic un-mihti[.g], [=o]�rum mannum [.g]e�l[=i]c;' and h[=e]o l[=e]t �[=a] sw[=a].

H[=e]o �[=a] on sumum d�[.g]e, �[=a] �[=a] h[=e] on sl[=�]pe l�[.g], for�[.c]earf his seofon loccas, and [=a]�weahte hine si��an; �[=a] w�s h[=e] sw[=a] unmihti[.g] sw[=a] sw[=a] [=o]�re m[e,]nn. And �[=a] Philist[=e]i 65 [.g]e�f[=e]ngon hine s[=o]na, sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e]o hine be�l[=�]wde, and [.g]e�l[=�]ddon hine on�we[.g]; and h[=e]o h�fde �one s[.c]eatt, sw[=a] sw[=a] him [.g]e�wear�.

H[=i]e �[=a] hine [=a]�bl[e,]ndon, and [.g]e�bundenne l[=�]ddon on heardum racent[=e]agum h[=a]m t[=o] hiera byri[.g], and on cwearterne 70 be�lucon t[=o] langre fierste: h[=e]ton hine grindan �t hiera hand-cweorne. �[=a] w[=e]oxon his loccas and his miht eft on him. And �[=a] Philist[=e]i full�bl[=i]�e w[=�]ron: �ancodon hiera Gode, Dagon [.g]e�h[=a]ten, swelce h[=i]e �urh his fultum hiera f[=e]ond [.g]e�wielden. 75

�[=a] Philist[=e]i �[=a] mi[.c]le feorme [.g]e�worhton, and [.g]e�samnodon h[=i]e on sumre [=u]p-fl[=o]ra, ealle �[=a] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, and [=e]ac swelce w[=i]f-m[e,]nn, �r[=e]o �[=u]send manna on mi[.c]elre blisse. And �[=a] �[=a] h[=i]e bl[=i]�ost w[=�]ron, �[=a] b[=�]don h[=i]e sume ��t Samson m[=o]ste him macian sum gamen; and hine man s[=o]na 80 [.g]e�f[e,]tte mid sw[=i]�licre w[=a]funge, and h[=e]ton hine standan be�twix tw[=�]m st[=�]nenum sw[=e]orum. On �[=�]m tw[=�]m sw[=e]orum st[=o]d ��t h[=u]s eall [.g]e�worht. And Samson �[=a] plegode sw[=i]�e him �t�foran; and [.g]e�l[=�]hte �[=a] sw[=e]oras mid sw[=i]�licre mihte, and sl[=o]g h[=i]e t[=o]�g�dre ��t h[=i]e s[=o]na t[=o]�burston; and 85 ��t h[=u]s �[=a] [=a]�f[=e]oll eall, �[=�]m folce t[=o] d[=e]a�e, and Samson for� mid, sw[=a] ��t h[=e] mi[.c]le m[=a] on his d[=e]a�e [=a]�cwealde �onne h[=e] [=�]r cwic dyde.

{79}

FROM THE CHRONICLE.

Breten [=i]e[.g]-land is eahta hund m[=i]la lang, and tw[=a] hund m[=i]la br[=a]d; and h[=e]r sind on �[=�]m [=i]e[.g]lande f[=i]f [.g]e��[=e]odu: [E,]n[.g]lisc, Brettisc, Scyttisc, Pihtisc, and B[=o]c-l�den.

[=�]rest w[=�]ron b[=u]end �isses landes Brettas. �[=a] c[=o]mon of Armenia, and [.g]e�s[=�]ton s[=u]�an-wearde Bretene [=�]rest. �[=a] 5 [.g]e�lamp hit ��t Peohtas c[=o]mon s[=u]�an of Scithian mid langum s[.c]ipum, n[=a] manigum; and �[=a] c[=o]mon [=�]rest on Nor�-ibernian [=u]p; and �[=�]r b[=�]don Scottas ��t h[=i]e �[=�]r m[=o]sten wunian. Ac h[=i]e noldon him l[=i]efan, for �[=�]m �e h[=i]e cw[=�]don ��t h[=i]e ne mihten ealle �t�g�dre [.g]e�wunian �[=�]r. 10 And �[=a] cw[=�]don �[=a] Scottas: 'W[=e] magon [=e]ow hw��re r[=�]d [.g]e�l[=�]ran: w[=e] witon [=o]�er [=i]e[.g]land h[=e]r-be�[=e]astan; �[=�]r [.g][=e] magon eardian, [.g]if [.g][=e] willa�; and [.g]if hw[=a] [=e]ow wi��st[e,]nt, w[=e] [=e]ow fultumia� ��t [.g][=e] hit m�[.g]en [.g]e�g[=a]n.'

�[=a] f[=e]rdon �[=a] Peohtas, and [.g]ef[=e]rdon �is land nor�an-weard; 15 s[=u]�an-weard hit h�fdon Brettas, sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=e] [=�]r cw[=�]don. And �[=a] Peohtas him [=a]�b[=�]don w[=i]f �t Scottum on �[=a] [.g]e�r[=a]d ��t h[=i]e [.g]e�curen hiera cyne-cynn [=a] on �[=a] w[=i]f-healfe. ��t h[=i]e h[=e]oldon sw[=a] lange si��an.

And �[=a] [.g]e�lamp ymbe [.g][=e]ara ryne ��t Scotta sum d[=�]l 20 [.g]e�w[=a]t of Ibernian on Bretene, and ��s landes sumne d[=�]l [.g]e�[=e]odon; and w�s hiera h[e,]re-toga R[=e]oda [.g]e�h[=a]ten: fram ��m h[=i]e sind [.g]e�n[e,]mnede D[=a]lr[=e]odi. {80}

Anno 449. H[=e]r Marti[=a]nus and Valent[=i]nus on�f[=e]ngon r[=i][.c]e, and r[=i][.c]sodon seofon winter. 25

And on hiera dagum, H[e,]n[.g]est and Horsa, fram Wyrt[.g]eorne [.g]e�la�ode, Bretta cyninge, [.g]e�s[=o]hton Bretene on �[=�]m st[e,]de �e is [.g]e�n[e,]mned Ypwines-fl[=e]ot, [=�]rest Brettum t[=o] fultume, ac h[=i]e eft on h[=i]e fuhton.

Se cyning h[=e]t h[=i]e feohtan on�[.g][=e]an Peohtas; and h[=i]e sw[=a] 30 dydon, and si[.g]e h�fdon sw[=a] hw[=�]r sw[=a] h[=i]e c[=o]mon.

H[=i]e �[=a] s[e,]ndon t[=o] Angle, and h[=e]ton him s[e,]ndan m[=a]ran fultum; and h[=e]ton him s[e,][.c][.g]an Bret-w[=e]ala n[=a]htnesse and ��s landes cysta. H[=i]e �[=a] s[e,]ndon him m[=a]ran fultum. �[=a] c[=o]mon �[=a] m[e,]nn of �rim m[=�][.g]�um [.G]erm[=a]nie: of Eald-seaxum, of 35 [E,]n[.g]lum, of [=I]otum.

Of [=I]otum c[=o]mon Cant-ware and Wiht-ware--��t is s[=e]o m[=�][.g]� �e n[=u] earda� on Wiht--and ��t cynn on West-seaxum �e man n[=u]�[.g]iet h[=�]tt '[=I]otena cynn.' Of Eald-seaxum c[=o]mon [=E]ast-seaxe, and S[=u]�-seaxe, and West-seaxe. 40 Of Angle c[=o]mon--s[=e] [=a] si��an st[=o]d w[=e]ste be�twix [=I]otum and Seaxum--[=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]le, Middel-[e,]n[.g]le, Mier[.c]e, and ealle Nor�hymbre.

455. H[=e]r H[e,]n[.g]est and Horsa fuhton wi� Wyrt[.g]eorne �[=�]m cyninge in �[=�]re st[=o]we �e is [.g]e�cweden �[.g]les-�rep; 45 and his br[=o]�or Horsan man of�sl[=o]g. And �fter �[=�]m H[e,]n[.g]est f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e, and �sc his sunu.

457. H[=e]r H[e,]n[.g]est and �sc fuhton wi� Brettas in �[=�]re st[=o]we �e is [.g]e�cweden Cr[e,][.c][.g]an-ford, and �[=�]r of�sl[=o]gon f[=e]ower �[=u]send wera. And �[=a] Brettas �[=a] for�l[=e]ton C[e,]nt-land, 50 and mid mi[.c]le [e,][.g]e flugon t[=o] Lunden-byri[.g].

473. H[=e]r Hen[.g]est and �sc [.g]e�fuhton wi� W[=e]alas, and [.g]e�n[=a]mon un-[=a]r[=i]medlicu h[e,]re-r[=e]af, and �[=a] W[=e]alas flugon �[=a] [E,]n[.g]le sw[=a] sw[=a] f[=y]r.

787. H[=e]r nam Beorht-r[=i][.c] cyning Offan dohtor [=E]ad-burge. 55 And on his dagum c[=o]mon [=�]rest �r[=e]o s[.c]ipu; and �[=a] se {81} [.g]e�r[=e]fa �[=�]r t[=o] r[=a]d, and h[=i]e wolde dr[=i]fan t[=o] ��s cyninges t[=u]ne, �[=y] h[=e] nyste hw�t h[=i]e w[=�]ron; and hine man of�sl[=o]g. ��t w[=�]ron �[=a] [=�]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna �e Angel-cynnes land [.g]e�s[=o]hton. 60

851. H[=e]r [.C]eorl ealdor-mann [.g]e�feaht wi� h[=�]�ne m[e,]nn mid Defena-s[.c][=i]re �t Wi[.c][.g]an-beorge, and �[=�]r mi[.c]el w�l [.g]e�sl[=o]gon, and si[.g]e n[=a]mon.

And �[=y] ilcan [.g][=e]are ��elst[=a]n cyning and Ealhh[e,]re dux mi[.c]elne h[e,]re of�sl[=o]gon �t Sand-w[=i]c on C[e,]nt; and nigon 65 s[.c]ipu [.g]e�f[=e]ngon, and �[=a] [=o]�ru [.g]e�fl[=i]emdon; and h[=�]�ne m[e,]nn [=�]rest ofer winter s[=�]ton.

And �[=y] ilcan [.g][=e]are c[=o]m f[=e]or�e healf hund s[.c]ipa on T[e,]mese-m[=u]�an, and br[=�]con Cantwara-burg, and Lunden-burg, and [.g]e�fl[=i]emdon Beorhtwulf Mier[.c]na cyning mid his 70 fierde; and f[=e]rdon �[=a] s[=u]� ofer T[e,]mese on S[=u]�ri[.g]e; and him [.g]e�feaht wi� ��elwulf cyning and ��elbeald his sunu �t [=A]c-l[=e]a mid West-seaxna fierde, and �[=�]r ��t m[=�]ste w�l [.g]e�sl[=o]gon on h[=�]�num h[e,]re �e w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon o� �isne andweardan d�[.g], and �[=�]r si[.g]e n[=a]mon. 75

867. H[=e]r f[=o]r se h[e,]re of [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum ofer Humbre-m[=u]�an t[=o] Eoforw[=i]c-[.c]eastre on Nor�-hymbre. And �[=�]r w�s mi[.c]el un-[.g]e�w[=�]rnes �[=�]re �[=e]ode be�twix him selfum, and h[=i]e h�fdon hiera cyning [=a]�worpenne [=O]sbryht, and un-[.g]ecyndne cyning under�f[=e]ngon �llan. And h[=i]e late on [.g][=e]are t[=o] �[=�]m 80 [.g]e�[.c]ierdon ��t h[=i]e wi� �one h[e,]re winnende w[=�]ron; and h[=i]e �[=e]ah mi[.c]le fierd [.g]e�gadrodon, and �one h[e,]re s[=o]hton �t Eoforw[=i]c-[.c]eastre; and on �[=a] [.c]eastre br[=�]con, and h[=i]e sume inne wurdon; and �[=�]r w�s un-[.g]emetlic w�l ge�sl�[.g]en Nor�anhymbra, sume binnan, sume b[=u]tan, and �[=a] cyningas 85 b[=e][.g]en ofsl�[.g]ene; and s[=e]o l[=a]f wi� �one h[e,]re fri� nam.

{82}

VI.

KING EDMUND.

Sum sw[=i]�e [.g]e�l[=�]red munuc c[=o]m s[=u]�an ofer s[=�] fram sancte Benedictes st[=o]we, on ��elredes cyninges d�[.g]e, to D[=u]nst[=a]ne �r[.c]e-biscope, �rim [.g][=e]arum [=�]r �[=�]m �e h[=e] for��f[=e]rde, and se munuc h[=a]tte Abbo. �[=a] wurdon h[=i]e �t spr[=�][.c]e, o� ��t D[=u]nst[=a]n reahte be sancte [=E]admunde, sw[=a] sw[=a] [=E]admundes 5 sweord-bora hit reahte ��elst[=a]ne cyninge, �[=a] �[=a] D[=u]nst[=a]n [.g][=e]ong mann w�s, and se sweord-bora w�s for�ealdod mann. �[=a] [.g]e�s[e,]tte se munuc ealle �[=a], [.g]e�r[e,][.c]ednesse on [=a]nre b[=e]c, and eft, �[=a] �[=a] s[=e]o b[=o]c c[=o]m t[=o] [=u]s, binnan f[=e]am [.g][=e]arum, �[=a] [=a]�w[e,]ndon w[=e] hit on [E,]n[.g]lisc, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit h[=e]r��fter 10 st[e,]nt. Se munuc �[=a] Abbo binnan tw[=�]m [.g][=e]arum [.g]e�w[e,]nde h[=a]m t[=o] his mynstre, and wear� s[=o]na t[=o] abbode [.g]e�s[e,]tt on �[=�]m ilcan mynstre.

[=E]admund se [=e]adiga, [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]la cyning, w�s snotor and weor�full, and weor�ode simle mid ��elum �[=e]awum �one 15 �lmihtigan God. H[=e] w�s [=e]a�-m[=o]d and [.g]e��ungen, and sw[=a] [=a]n-r[=�]d �urh�wunode ��t h[=e] nolde [=a]�b[=u]gan t[=o] bismerfullum leahtrum, ne on n[=a]w�re healfe h[=e] ne [=a]�hielde his �[=e]awas, ac w�s simle [.g]e�myndi[.g] �[=�]re s[=o]�an l[=a]re: '[.G]if �[=u] eart t[=o] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn [.g]e�s[e,]tt, ne [=a]�h[e,]fe �[=u] �[=e], ac b[=e]o be�twix 20 mannum sw[=a] sw[=a] [=a]n mann of him.' H[=e] w�s cysti[.g] w[=�]dlum and widewum sw[=a] sw[=a] f�der, and mid wel-willendnesse [.g]e�wissode his folc simle t[=o] riht-w[=i]snesse, and �[=�]m r[=e]�um st[=i]erde, and [.g]e�s[=�]li[.g]l[=i]ce leofode on s[=o]�um [.g]e�l[=e]afan. 25 {83}

Hit [.g]e�lamp �[=a] �t n[=i]ehstan ��t �[=a] D[e,]niscan l[=e]ode f[=e]rdon mid s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, h[e,]rgiende and sl[=e]ande w[=i]de [.g]eond land, sw[=a] sw[=a] hiera [.g]e�wuna is. On �[=�]m flotan w[=�]ron �[=a] fyrmestan h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, Hinguar and Hubba, [.g]e�[=a]nl[=�]hte �urh d[=e]ofol, and h[=i]e on Nor�hymbra-lande [.g]e�l[e,]ndon mid �scum, and 30 [=a]�w[=e]ston ��t land, and �[=a] l[=e]ode of�sl[=o]gon. �[=a] [.g]e�w[e,]nde Hinguar [=e]ast mid his s[.c]ipum, and Hubba be�l[=a]f on Nor�hymbra-lande, [.g]e�wunnenum si[.g]e mid w�l-hr[=e]ownesse. Hinguar �[=a] be�c[=o]m t[=o] [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum r[=o]wende on �[=�]m [.g][=e]are �e �lfred ��eling [=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g] [.g][=e]ara w�s, s[=e] �e West-seaxna 35 cyning si��an wear� m[=�]re. And se fore-s�[.g]da Hinguar f[=�]rl[=i]ce, sw[=a] sw[=a] wulf, on lande be�stealcode, and �[=a] l[=e]ode sl[=o]g, weras and w[=i]f, and �[=a] un[.g]ewittigan [.c][=i]ld, and to bismere t[=u]code �[=a] bilew[=i]tan Cr[=i]stenan. H[=e] s[e,]nde �[=a] si��an s[=o]na t[=o] �[=�]m cyninge b[=e]otlic [=�]rende, ��t h[=e] 40 [=a]�b[=u]gan scolde t[=o] his mann-r[=�]denne, [.g]if h[=e] his f[=e]ores r[=o]hte. Se [=�]rend-raca c[=o]m �[=a] t[=o] [=E]admunde cyninge, and Hinguares [=�]rende him arodl[=i]ce [=a]�b[=e]ad: 'Hinguar [=u]re cyning, c[=e]ne and si[.g]ef�st on s[=�] and on lande, h�f� fela �[=e]oda [.g]e�weald, and c[=o]m n[=u] mid fierde f[=�]rl[=i]ce h[=e]r t[=o] lande, ��t 45 h[=e] h[=e]r winter-setl mid his werode h�bbe. N[=u] h[=�]tt h[=e] �[=e] d[=�]lan �[=i]ne d[=i]eglan gold-hordas and �[=i]nra ieldrena [.g]e�str[=e]on arodl[=i]ce wi� hine, and �[=u] b[=e]o his under-cyning, [.g]if �[=u] cwic b[=e]on wilt, for �[=�]m �e �[=u] n�fst �[=a] miht ��t �[=u] m�[.g]e him wi��standan.' 50

Hw�t �[=a] [=E]admund cyning clipode [=a]nne biscop �e him �[=a] [.g]e�h[e,]ndost w�s, and wi� hine sm[=e]ade h[=u] h[=e] �[=�]m r[=e]�an Hinguare andwyrdan scolde. �[=a] forhtode se biscop for �[=�]m f[=�]rlican [.g]e�limpe, and for ��s cyninges l[=i]fe, and cw�� ��t him r[=�]d �[=u]hte ��t h[=e] t[=o] �[=�]m [.g]e�buge �e 55 him b[=e]ad Hinguar. �[=a] sw[=i]gode se cyning, and be�seah t[=o] �[=�]re eor�an, and cw�� �[=a] �t n[=i]ehstan cynel[=i]ce him t[=o]: '[=E]al[=a] �[=u] biscop, t[=o] bismere sind [.g]e�t[=a]wode �[=a]s earman {84} land-l[=e]ode, and m[=e] n[=u] l[=e]ofre w[=�]re ��t ic on [.g]e�feohte f[=e]olle wi� �[=�]m �e m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera eardes br[=u]can.' 60 And se biscop cw��: '[=E]al[=a] �[=u] l[=e]ofa cyning, �[=i]n folc l[=i]� of�sl�[.g]en, and �[=u] n�fst �one fultum ��t �[=u] feohtan m�[.g]e, and �[=a]s flot-m[e,]nn cuma�, and �[=e] cwicne [.g]e�binda�, b[=u]tan �[=u] mid fl[=e]ame �[=i]num f[=e]ore [.g]e�beorge, o��e �[=u] �[=e] sw[=a] [.g]e�beorge ��t �[=u] b[=u]ge t[=o] him.' �[=a] cw�� [=E]admund cyning, 65 sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e] full�c[=e]ne w�s: '��s ic [.g]e�wilni[.g]e and [.g]e�w[=y]s[.c]e mid m[=o]de ��t ic [=a]na ne be�l[=i]fe �fter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum �e[.g]num, �e on hiera b[e,]ddum wurdon mid bearnum and w[=i]fum f[=�]rl[=i]ce of�sl�[.g]ene fram �issum flot-mannum. N�s m[=e] n[=�]fre [.g]e�wunelic ��t ic worhte fl[=e]ames, ac ic wolde sw[=i]�or sweltan, 70 [.g]if ic �orfte, for m[=i]num [=a]gnum earde, and se �lmihtiga God w[=a]t ��t ic nyle [=a]�b[=u]gan fram his b[=i]-g[e,]n[.g]um [=�]fre, ne fram his s[=o]�re lufe, swelte ic, libbe ic.'

�fter �issum wordum h[=e] [.g]e�w[e,]nde t[=o] �[=�]m [=�]rend-racan �e Hinguar him t[=o] s[e,]nde, and s�[.g]de him un�forht: 'Witodl[=i]ce 75 �[=u] w[=�]re n[=u] wier�e sl[e,][.g]es, ac ic nyle [=a]�f[=y]lan on �[=i]num f[=u]lum bl[=o]de m[=i]ne cl[=�]nan handa, for �[=�]m �e ic Cr[=i]ste folgi[.g]e, �e [=u]s sw[=a] [.g]e�b[=y]snode; ac ic bl[=i]�el[=i]ce wile b[=e]on of�sl�[.g]en �urh [=e]ow, [.g]if hit sw[=a] God fore-s[.c][=e]awa�. Far n[=u] sw[=i]�e hra�e, and s[e,][.g]e �[=i]num r[=e]�an hl[=a]forde, "ne [=a]�b[=y]h� n[=�]fre [=E]admund 80 Hinguare on l[=i]fe, h[=�]�num h[e,]re-togan, b[=u]tan h[=e] to H[=�]lende Cr[=i]ste [=�]rest mid [.g]e�l[=e]afan on �issum lande [.g]e�b[=u]ge."'

�[=a] [.g]e�w[e,]nde se [=�]rend-raca arodl[=i]ce on�we[.g], and [.g]e�m[=e]tte be we[.g]e �one w�l-hr[=e]owan Hinguar mid ealre his fierde f[=u]se to [=E]admunde, and s�[.g]de �[=�]m [=a]rleasan h[=u] him [.g]e�andwyrd 85 w�s. Hinguar beb[=e]ad �[=a] mid bieldo �[=�]m s[.c]ip-h[e,]re ��t h[=i]e ��s cyninges [=a]nes ealle c[=e]pan scolden, �e his h[=�]se for�seah, and hine s[=o]na bindan.

Hw�t �[=a] [=E]admund cyning, mid �[=�]m �e Hinguar c[=o]m, st[=o]d innan his healle, ��s H[=�]lendes [.g]e�myndi[.g], and [=a]�wearp 90 his w[=�]pnu: wolde [.g]e�efenl[=�][.c]an Cr[=i]stes [.g]e�b[=y]snungum, �e {85} for�b[=e]ad Petre mid w[=�]pnum t[=o] winnenne wi� �[=a] w�lhr[=e]owan I[=u]d[=e]iscan. Hw�t �[=a] [=a]rl[=e]asan �[=a] [=E]admund [.g]e�bundon, and [.g]e�bismrodon huxl[=i]ce, and b[=e]oton mid s[=a]glum, and sw[=a] si��an l[=�]ddon �one [.g]e�l[=e]affullan cyning t[=o] [=a]num eor�-faestan 95 tr[=e]owe, and t[=i]e[.g]don hine �[=�]r-t[=o] mid heardum b[e,]ndum, and hine eft swungon langl[=i]ce mid swipum; and h[=e] simle clipode be�twix �[=�]m swinglum mid s[=o]�um [.g]e�l[=e]afan t[=o] H[=�]lende Cr[=i]ste; and �[=a] h[=�]�nan �[=a] for his [.g]e�l[=e]afan wurdon w[=o]dl[=i]ce ierre, for �[=�]m �e h[=e] clipode Cr[=i]st him t[=o] fultume: 100 h[=i]e scuton �[=a] mid gafelocum him t[=o], swelce him to gamene, o� ��t h[=e] eall w�s be�s[e,]tt mid hiera scotungum, swelce [=i]les byrsta, sw[=a] sw[=a] Sebasti[=a]nus w�s. �[=a] [.g]e�seah Hinguar, se [=a]rl[=e]asa flotmann, ��t se ��ela cyning nolde Cr[=i]ste wi��sacan, ac mid [=a]nr[=�]dum [.g]e�l[=e]afan hine [=�]fre clipode: h[=e]t hine �[=a] 105 be�h[=e]afdian, and �[=a] h[=�]�nan sw[=a] dydon. Be�twix �[=�]m �e h[=e] clipode t[=o] Cr[=i]ste �[=a]�[.g]iet, �[=a] tugon �[=a] h[=�]�nan �one h[=a]lgan t[=o] sl[e,][.g]e, and mid [=a]num sw[e,]n[.g]e sl[=o]gon him of ��t h[=e]afod, and his s[=a]wol s[=i]�ode [.g]e�s[=�]li[.g] t[=o] Cr[=i]ste. �[=�]r w�s sum mann [.g]e�h[e,]nde [.g]e�healden, �urh God be�h[=y]dd �[=�]m h[=�]�num, 110 �e �is [.g]e�h[=i]erde eall, and hit eft s�[.g]de, sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=e] hit s[e,][.c][.g]a� h[=e]r.

Hw�t �[=a] se flot-h[e,]re f[=e]rde eft t[=o] s[.c]ipe, and be�h[=y]ddon ��t h[=e]afod ��s h[=a]lgan [=E]admundes on �[=�]m �i[.c][.c]um br[=e]mlum, ��t hit be�byr[.g]ed ne wurde. �[=a] �fter fierste si��an h[=i]e 115 [=a]�farene w[=�]ron, c[=o]m ��t land-folc t[=o], �e �[=�]r t[=o] l[=a]fe w�s, �[=�]r hiera hl[=a]fordes l[=i]c l�[.g] b[=u]tan h[=e]afde, and wurdon swi�e s[=a]ri[.g]e for his sl[e,][.g]e on m[=o]de, and h[=u]ru ��t h[=i]e n�fden ��t h[=e]afod t[=o] �[=�]m bodi[.g]e. �[=a] s�[.g]de se s[.c][=e]awere �e hit [=�]r [.g]e�seah, ��t �[=a] flotm[e,]nn h�fden ��t h[=e]afod mid him; and 120 w�s him [.g]e��[=u]ht, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit w�s full�s[=o]�, ��t h[=i]e beh[=y]dden ��t h[=e]afod on �[=�]m holte for�hwega.

H[=i]e [=e]odon �[=a] [e,]ndemes ealle t[=o] �[=�]m wuda, s[=e][.c]ende [.g]e�hw[=�]r, [.g]eond �[=y]flas and br[=e]mlas, [.g]if h[=i]e [=a]-hw[=�]r mihten {86} [.g]e�m[=e]tan ��t h[=e]afod. W�s [=e]ac mi[.c]el wundor ��t [=a]n wulf 125 wear� [=a]�s[e,]nd, �urh Godes wissunge, t[=o] be�w[e,]rienne ��t h[=e]afod wi� �[=a] [=o]�ru d[=e]or ofer d�[.g] and niht. H[=i]e [=e]odon �[=a] s[=e][.c]ende and simle clipiende, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit [.g]e�wunelic is �[=�]m �e on wuda g[=a]� oft, 'hw[=�]r eart �[=u] n[=u], [.g]e�f[=e]ra?' And him andwyrde ��t h[=e]afod, 'h[=e]r, h[=e]r, h[=e]r;' and sw[=a] [.g]e�l[=o]me 130 clipode andswariende him eallum, sw[=a] oft sw[=a] hiera [=�]ni[.g] clipode, o� ��t h[=i]e ealle be�c[=o]mon �urh �[=a] clipunge him t[=o]. �[=a] l�[.g] se gr[=�]ga wulf �e be�wiste ��t h[=e]afod, and mid his tw[=�]m f[=o]tum h�fde ��t h[=e]afod be�clypped, gr[=�]di[.g] and hungri[.g], and for Gode ne dorste ��s h[=e]afdes on�byr[.g]an, ac 135 h[=e]old hit wi� d[=e]or. �[=a] wurdon h[=i]e of�wundrode ��s wulfes hierd-r[=�]denne, and ��t h[=a]li[.g]e h[=e]afod h[=a]m f[e,]redon mid him, �anciende �[=�]m �lmihtigan ealra his wundra. Ac se wulf folgode for� mid �[=�]m h[=e]afde, o� ��t h[=i]e t[=o] t[=u]ne c[=o]mon, swelce h[=e] tam w�re, and [.g]e�w[e,]nde eft si��an 140 t[=o] wuda on�[.g][=e]an.

�[=a] land-l[=e]ode �[=a] si��an l[e,][.g]don ��t h[=e]afod t[=o] �[=�]m h[=a]lgan bodi[.g]e, and be�byri[.g]don sw[=a] h[=i]e s[=e]lest mihton on swelcre hr�dunge, and [.c]iri[.c]an [=a]�r[=�]rdon s[=o]na him on�uppan. Eft �[=a] on fierste, �fter fela [.g][=e]arum, �[=a] s[=e]o h[e,]rgung [.g]e�sw[=a]c, 145 and sibb wear� for�[.g]iefen �[=�]m [.g]e�sw[e,]n[.c]tan folce, �[=a] f[=e]ngon h[=i]e t[=o]�g�dre, and worhton [=a]ne [.c]iri[.c]an weor�l[=i]ce �[=�]m h[=a]lgan, for �[=�]m �e ge�l[=o]me wundru wurdon �t his byr[.g]enne, �t �[=�]m [.g]e�bed-h[=u]se �[=�]r h[=e] be�byr[.g]ed w�s. H[=i]e woldon �[=a] f[e,]rian mid folclicre weor�mynde �one h[=a]lgan l[=i]chaman, and 150 l[e,][.c][.g]an innan �[=�]re [.c]iri[.c]an. �[=a] w�s mi[.c]el wundor ��t h[=e] w�s eall sw[=a] [.g]e�h[=a]l swelce h[=e] cwic w[=�]re, mid cl[=�]num l[=i]chaman, and his sw[=e]ora w�s [.g]e�h[=�]led, �e [=�]r w�s for�sl�[.g]en, and w�s swelce [=a]n seolcen �r[=�]d ymbe his sw[=e]oran, mannum t[=o] sweotolunge h[=u] h[=e] ofs�l�[.g]en w�s. [=E]ac swelce �[=a] wunda, 155 �e �[=a] w�lhr[=e]owan h[=�]�nan mid [.g]e�l[=o]mum scotungum on his l[=i]ce macodon, w[=�]ron [.g]e�h[=�]lde �urh �one heofonlican God; {87} and h[=e]; l[=i]� sw[=a] onsund o� �isne and-weardan d�[.g], and-b[=i]diende [=�]ristes and ��s [=e][.c]an wuldres. His l[=i]chama [=u]s c[=y]��, �e l[=i]� un-formolsnod, ��t h[=e] b[=u]tan for�li[.g]re h[=e]r on 160 worulde leofode, and mid cl[=�]num l[=i]fe t[=o]; Cr[=i]ste s[=i]�ode.

Sum widewe wunode, [=O]swyn [.g]e�h[=a]ten, �t ��s h[=a]lgan byr[.g]enne, on [.g]e�bedum and f�stennum manigu [.g][=e]ar si��an. S[=e]o wolde [e,]fsian [=�]lce [.g][=e]are �one sanct, and his n�[.g]las [.c]eorfan s[=i]eferl[=i]ce mid lufe, and on scr[=i]ne healdan t[=o] h[=a]li[.g]-d[=o]me 165 on weofode. �a weor�ode ��t land-folc mid [.g]e�l[=e]afan �one sanct, and �[=e]odred biscop �earle mid [.g]iefum on golde and on seolfre, �[=�]m sancte t[=o] weor�mynde.

�[=a] c[=o]mon on sumne s[=�]l un-[.g]es[=�]lige �[=e]ofas eahta on [=a]nre nihte t[=o] �[=�]m [=a]r-weor�an h[=a]lgan: woldon stelan �[=a] 170 m[=a]�mas �e m[e,]nn �ider br[=o]hton, and cunnodon mid cr�fte h[=u] h[=i]e inn cuman mihten. Sum sl[=o]g mid sl[e,][.c][.g]e sw[=i]�e �[=a] h�span, sum hiera mid f[=e]olan f[=e]olode ymb�[=u]tan, sum [=e]ac under�dealf �[=a] duru mid spadan, sum hiera mid hl[=�]ddre wolde on�l[=u]can �[=�]t [=e]ag-�[=y]rel; ac h[=i]e swuncon on [=i]del, and earml[=i]ce 175 f[=e]rdon, sw[=a] ��t se h[=a]lga wer h[=i]e wundorl[=i]ce [.g]e�band, [=�]lcne sw[=a] h[=e] st[=o]d str[=u]tiendne mid t[=o]le, ��t hiera n[=a]n ne mihte ��t mor� [.g]e�fr[e,]mman ne h[=i]e �anon [=a]�styrian; ac st[=o]don sw[=a] o� mer[.g]en. M[e,]nn �[=a] ��s wundrodon, h[=u] �[=a] weargas hangodon, sum on hl[=�]ddre, sum l[=e]at t[=o] [.g]e�delfe, 180 and [=�]lc on his weorce w�s f�ste [.g]e�bunden. H[=i]e wurdon �[=a] [.g]e�br[=o]hte t[=o] �[=�]m biscope ealle, and h[=e] h[=e]t h[=i]e [=a]�h[=o]n on h[=e]am [.g]ealgum ealle; ac h[=e] n�s n[=a] [.g]e�myndi[.g] h[=u] se mildheorta God clipode �urh his w[=i]tegan �[=a]s word �e h[=e]r standa�: Eos qui ducuntur ad mortem eruere ne cesses, '�[=a] �e man l[=�]tt 185 t[=o] d[=e]a�e [=a]�l[=i]es h[=i]e [=u]t simle.' And [=e]ac �[=a] h[=a]lgan can[=o]nes b[=e]c [.g]e�h[=a]dodum for�b[=e]oda� [.g]e biscopum [.g]e pr[=e]ostum t[=o] b[=e]onne ymbe �[=e]ofas, for �[=�]m �e hit ne [.g]e�byre� �[=�]m �e b[=e]op [.g]e�corene Gode to �e[.g]nienne ��t h[=i]e [.g]e��w[=�]rl[=�][.c]an scylen on [=�]ni[.g]es mannes d[=e]a�e, [.g]if h[=i]e b[=e]o� Dryhtnes 190 {88} �e[.g]nas. Eft �[=a] �[=e]odred biscop s[.c][=e]awode his b[=e]c, h[=e] si��an be�hr[=e]owsode mid [.g][=e]omrunge ��t h[=e] sw[=a] r[=e]�ne d[=o]m s[e,]tte �[=�]m un[.g]es[=�]ligum �[=e]ofum, and hit be�s[=a]rgode [=�]fre o� his l[=i]fes [e,]nde, and �[=a] l[=e]ode b�d [.g]eorne ��t h[=i]e him mid f�sten full[=i]ce �r[=i]e dagas, biddende �one �lmihtigan ��t h[=e] him 195 [=a]rian scolde.

On �[=�]m lande w�s sum mann, L[=e]ofst[=a]n [.g]e�h[=a]ten, r[=i][.c]e for worulde, un-[.g]ewitti[.g] for Gode; s[=e] r[=a]d t[=o] �[=�]m h[=a]lgan mid r[=i][.c]etere sw[=i]�e, and h[=e]t him �t�[=i]ewan orgell[=i]ce sw[=i]�e �one h[=a]lgan sanct, hw��er h[=e] [.g]e�sund w[=�]re; ac sw[=a] hra�e 200 sw[=a] h[=e] [.g]e�seah ��s sanctes l[=i]chaman, �[=a] [=a]�w[=e]dde h[=e] s[=o]na, and w�l-hr[=e]owl[=i]ce grymetode, and earml[=i]ce [.g]e�[e,]ndode yflum d[=e]a�e. �is is �[=�]m [.g]e�l[=i]c �e se [.g]e�l[=e]affulla p[=a]pa Greg[=o]rius s�[.g]de on his [.g]es[e,]tnesse be �[=�]m h[=a]lgan Laurentie, �e l[=i]� on R[=o]me-byri[.g], ��t m[e,]nn wolden s[.c][=e]awian h[=u] h[=e] l[=�][.g]e [.g]e 205 g[=o]de [.g]e yfle; ac God h[=i]e [.g]e�stilde sw[=a] ��t �[=�]r swulton on �[=�]re s[.c][=e]awunge seofon m[e,]nn �t�g�dre; �[=a] [.g]eswicon �[=a] [=o]�re t[=o] s[.c][=e]awienne �one martyr mid m[e,]nniscum [.g]e�dwylde.

Fela wundra w[=e] [.g]e�h[=i]erdon on folclicre spr[=�][.c]e be �[=�]m 210 h[=a]lgan [=E]admunde, �e w[=e] h[=e]r nylla� on [.g]e�write s[e,]ttan, ac h[=i]e w[=a]t [.g]e�hw[=a]. On �issum h[=a]lgan is sweotol, and on swelcum [=o]�rum, ��t God �lmihti[.g] m�[.g] �one mann [=a]�r[=�]ran eft on d[=o]mes d�[.g]e onsundne of eor�an, s[=e] �e hielt [=E]admund h[=a]lne his l[=i]chaman o� �one m[=i][.c]lan d�[.g], �[=e]ah �e h[=e] on moldan c[=o]me. 215 Wier�e w[=�]re s[=e]o st[=o]w for �[=�]m weor�fullan h[=a]lgan ��t h[=i]e man weor�ode and wel [.g]e�l[=o]gode mid cl[=�]num Godes �[=e]owum t[=o] Cr[=i]stes �[=e]owd[=o]me; for �[=�]m �e se h[=a]lga is m[=�]rra �onne m[e,]nn m�[.g]en [=a]�sm[=e]an. Nis Angel-cynn be�d[=�]led Dryhtnes h[=a]lgena, �onne on [E,]n[.g]la-lande li[.c][.g]a� swelce h[=a]lgan swelce 220 �es h[=a]lga cyning, and C[=u]�berht se [=e]adiga and sancte ��el�r[=y]� on [=E]li[.g], and [=e]ac hiere sweostor, onsund on l[=i]chaman, [.g]e�l[=e]afan t[=o] trymmunge. Sind [=e]ac fela [=o]�re on {89} Angel-cynne h[=a]lgan, �e fela wundra wyr[.c]a�, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit w[=i]de is c[=u]�, �[=�]m �lmihtigan t[=o] lofe, �e h[=i]e on [.g]e�l[=i]efdon. 225 Cr[=i]st [.g]e�sweotola� mannum �urh his m[=�]re h[=a]lgan ��t h[=e] is �lmihti[.g] God �e wyr[.c]� swelc wundru, �[=e]ah �e �[=a] earman I[=u]d[=e]iscan hine eallunga wi��s[=o]cen, for �[=�]m �e h[=i]e sind [=a]�wier[.g]de, sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e w[=y]s[.c]ton him selfum. Ne b[=e]o� n[=a]n wundru [.g]e�worht �t hiera byr[.g]ennum, for �[=�]m �e h[=i]e ne 230 [.g]e�l[=i]efa� on �one lifiendan Cr[=i]st; ac Cr[=i]st [.g]e�sweotola� mannum hw[=�]r se g[=o]da [.g]e�l[=e]afa is, �onne h[=e] swelc wundru wyr[.c]� �urh his h[=a]lgan w[=i]de [.g]eond �[=a]s eor�an, ��s him s[=i]e wuldor and lof [=a] mid his heofonlicum F�der and �[=�]m H[=a]lgan G[=a]ste, [=a] b[=u]tan [e,]nde. 235

{91}

NOTES.

The references marked 'Gr.' are to the pages and paragraphs of the grammar; paragraph-references in ( ) are to the numbered paragraphs in the grammar.

I. SENTENCES.

Line 2. s[=e]. Gr. 21. 1.

�is sind. Gr. 45. 2.

l. 6. s[e,]l�. Gr. 45. 5.

l. 7. s[=e]o �lmesse. Gr. 44. 3.

l. 12. [.g]eworhte. Gr. 46. (3).

l. 16. hiera. Gr. 41. 3.

n[=�]fre ... ne ... n[=a]nes. Gr. 52. 2. ne w�s is usually contracted into n�s; the full form is used here because the w�s is emphatic.

l. 17. h[=e]t ofsl[=e]an. Gr. 50. 4.

l. 23. ��elred cyning. Gr. 42. 6.

l. 24. �sces-d[=u]n, sf. Ashdown, literally 'hill (or down) of the ashtree.'

l. 27. wile here denotes repetition, = 'is in the habit of.' Cp. l. 52.

l. 28. �onne is correlative with gif (l. 26), Gr. 52. 3.

l. 37. �lmihtiga. Gr. 43. (4).

l. 43. [=e]ower se heofonlica F�der. This insertion of the definite article between a possessive pronoun and an adjective is frequent.

l. 50. b[=e]o. Gr. 48. (6).

l. 52. t[=o], for.

l. 56. tw[e,]nti[.g] wintra. Gr. 18.

l. 58. D[=e]ofol. Gr. 44. 1.

l. 60. scortan. Gr. 43. (2).

l. 61. fisca. Gr. 41. 3.

l. 63. p[=�]m, those.

hider on land, lit. hither on to land, = to this land.

l. 74. bl[=e]tsian. The older form of this word is bledsian. It is a derivative of bl[=o]d, like r[=i][.c]sian from r[=i][.c]e, with mutation of the root vowel. Its original meaning was to 'sprinkle with blood,' and hence, in heathen times, to 'consecrate,' especially to consecrate an altar by sprinkling it with the blood of the victim.

l. 80. godspell. The original form of this word was probably g[=o]dspell = 'good tidings,' a literal translation of the Greek euagg�lion. {92} Afterwards the first vowel was shortened before the following consonant-group, or else god was directly substituted for g[=o]d, as giving a more evident meaning, the result being that the word was taken in the sense of 'God's tidings.' In this form it was adopted into Icelandic (gu�spiall) and Old High German (gotespel), having been introduced by the Old English missionaries.

bi�. Gr. 45. 5.

l. 82. h[=i]e. Gr. 19.

l. 89. him on [=�]lce healfe, lit. 'to (for) themselves on each side,' = on every side (of themselves).

l. 92. rihtne. Gr. 42. 5.

l. 93. ��elwulf-ing. Gr. 38.

l. 101. fare [.g][=e]. Gr. 22. 7.

l. 106. fors[=a]won. A plural verb after a singular noun of multitude is common in O. E., as in other languages.

l. 107. [.g]if se blinda blindne l[=�]tt. [.g]if here takes the indic., instead of the subj. (Gr. 48. 6), because the case is not assumed to be unreal. So also in V. 13, where the opposition (wi�st[e,]nt) is assumed as certain, and VI. 19.

l. 114. cw[=�]de. Gr. 48. (5).

l. 118. m�[.g]e. Compare Gr. 47. (B. 1).

l. 119. s[=i]e. Gr. 47. (A).

l. 120. Scotland is here used in its older sense of 'Ireland.' Compare the first extract from the Chronicle, p. 79 below.

l. 121. his. Gr. 41. 3.

l. 123. healden. Gr. 48. (2).

l. 124. w[=�]re. Gr. 47. (B. 1).

l. 132. s[=e] �e. Gr. 21.

l. 135. ��t. Gr. 21; 52. 3.

l. 137. on [=e]are. Gr. 51. 2.

l. 138. [.g]ew[e,]ndon him, lit. 'they went for-themselves'; a reflexive pronoun in the dative, Gr. 40. (1), is often added to verbs of motion.

l. 139. d[=o] [.g][=e]. Gr. 22.

l. 142. gr[=e]te. Compare Gr. 49. (8).

l. 145. swelce, adverb, 'as it were.'

l. 151. nime. Gr. 49. (7).

l. 161. c[=o]me. Compare m�[.g]e, l. 118 above.

l. 166. ofsl�[.g]enne. Gr. 46. 5.

l. 176. [.g]eweor�an. Gr. 47. (B. 1.)

l. 180. wolde. Gr. 45. 5.

l. 191. b[=e]on. Gr. 48. (2). {93}

II. FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW.

l. 1. �[=a]s m[=i]n word. Gr. 43. 8.

l. 16. [=a]weorpe. Gr. 49. (8).

l. 20. hit refers back to s[=�]d, l. 18.

l. 22. [=u]p sprungenre sunnan. Gr. 41. 2.

l. 28. is [.g]eworden. An over-literal rendering of the Latin factum est.

l. 32. hine, reflexive, Gr. 19.

l. 40. t[=o] forb�rnenne. We see here how out of the active 'in order to burn it' may be developed the passive 'in order that it may be burnt,' as in the modern E. 'a house to let.' Compare Gr. 50. 4, (1).

l. 52. on hiera fatu. Compare l. 137.

l. 60. [.g]ewordenre [.g]ecwidr[=�]enne �[=�]m wyrhtum. A very stiff adaptation of the ablative absolute of the original, 'conventione autem facta cum operariis.' �[=�]m wyrhtum is to be taken as a dative of the person affected (Gr. 41).

l. 67. dyde �[=�]m sw[=a] [.g]el[=i]ce. The Latin has simply 'fecit similiter.' The sense is 'did like to it' (like his former proceeding), the sw[=a] being pleonastic.

l. 86. ��t. Gr. 21.

l. 90. suna, dative, 'for his son.'

l. 106. [.g]iefth[=u]s. h[=u]s must here be taken in the sense of 'hall,' 'chamber.' In Icelandic the plural h[=u]s is regularly used to denote the group of buildings (often detached) constituting a house or homestead, the kitchen, for instance, which was originally detached, being still called eldh[=u]s (fire-house).

l. 107. ��t h[=e] wolde ges[=e]on. This clause is due to a confusion of two constructions, (1) h[=e] wolde [.g]es[=e]on, (2) ��t (in order that) h[=e] [.g]e�s[=a]we.

III. OLD TESTAMENT PIECES.

The first two pieces are taken from �lfric's translation of the Heptateuch, first published by Thwaites in his Heptateuchus, and afterwards by Grein as vol. i. of his Bibliothek der angels�chsischen Prosa--Genesis xi. and xxii. The other three are from �lfric's Homilies (edited by Thorpe)--ii. 584 foll., i. 570, ii. 432.

l. 4. him betw[=e]onan. Gr. 51. 5.

l. 13. l�den. This word is the Latin latina (= lingua latina) used first in the sense of 'Latin language,' then of language generally. {94}

l. 17. for �[=�]m ... for �[=�]m �e, correlative, the first demonstrative, the second relative.

l. 28. t[=o] scoldon. This use of s[.c]eal with a verb of motion understood is very common.

l. 36. him self. him is the reflexive dative of interest referring to God--literally, 'God him-self will appoint for him-self.' In such constructions we see the origin of the modern himself, themselves.

ll. 46, 47. n[=u] ... n[=u], correlative, = now ... now that, the second n[=u] being almost causal (since).

l. 51. h�fde ... t[=o], took ... for.

l. 52. Gode t[=o] l[=a]ce. Gr. 40. (1).

l. 57. m[=i]n [e,][.g]e, objective genitive, 'the fear of me.'

m[=a]re, neut. 'a greater thing,' 'something more important.'

l. 81. m[=a]re. Cp. l. 57.

l. 82. w[=�]re. Gr. 49. (7).

l. 89. hw�s is governed by [.g]iernde, by 'attraction.'

l. 135. mi[.c]le, adverb.

l. 137. w[=�]re. Gr, 49. (7).

l. 153. bel[=i]efan is a later form for [.g]el[=i]efan.

l. 156. t[=o] handum. Cp. l. 122 above.

l. 174. [=�]r [.g]enam. Gr. 46. 6.

l. 200. fram mannum. fram here, as usual, denotes the agent 'by' in passive constructions.

l. 202. wite. Compare Gr. 48. (3) and 49. (8).

IV. SAMSON.

From �lfric's translation of the Book of Judges in Thwaites' Heptateuch.

l. 8. on[.g]in� t[=o] [=a]l[=i]esenne, will release, on[.g]innan is often used pleonastically in this way.

l. 35. Gaza [.g]eh[=a]ten. When a name together with [.g]eh[=a]ten is put in apposition to another noun it is left undeclined, contrary to the general principle (Gr. 42. 6).

l. 41. sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e belocenu w[=�]ron, locked as they were.

ufeweardum �[=�]m cnolle. Gr. 43. 2.

l. 46. w�s, consisted.

l. 51. [.g]eworhte. We should expect [.g]eworhtum (Gr. 42. 5). Perhaps the nom. is due to confusion with the construction with a relative clause--�e of sinum [.g]eworhte sind. {95}

l. 74. Dagon [.g]eh[=a]ten. Compare l. 35. swelce, 'on the ground that'--'because (as they said).'

l. 81. h[=e]ton. Compare l. 106.

l. 87. for� is often used pleonastically in this way with mid.

V. FROM THE CHRONICLE.

l. 2. h[=e]r sind, there are here. h[=e]r is here used analogously to �[=�]r, as in II. 3 and the modern E. there are. Cp. also l. 12 below.

[.g]e�[=e]odu, languages as the test of nationality. It is believed that Latin was still spoken as a living language by the Romanized Britons at the time of the venerable Bede (eighth century), from whose Church History this section was taken by the compilers of the Chronicle.

l. 5. Armenia is an error for Armorica.

l. 6. Scithie, Scythia.

l. 8. Nor�ibernie, North of Ireland.

l. 24. h[=e]r, at this date--at this place in the series of entries which constitute the Chronicle.

l. 26. Wyrt[.g]eorn is the regular development of an earlier *Wurtigern from the British Vortigern.

l. 28. Ypwinesfl[=e]ot has not been identified; some say Ebbsfleet.

l. 45. �[.g]les�rep, Aylesthorpe, a village near Aylesford.

l. 49. Cr[e,][.c][.g]anford, Crayford.

l. 52. The diction of this passage, with its alliteration and simile, shows that it is taken from some old poem.

l. 61. h[=�]�ne m[e,]nn, Danes.

l. 62. mid Defena-s[.c][=i]re, literally 'together with Devonshire,' that is 'with a force of Devonshire men.'

l. 64. dux is here written instead of ealdormann. So also we find rex for cyning.

l. 65. Sandw[=i]c, Sandwich.

l. 68. f[=e]or�e healf hund, fourth half = three and a half. This is the regular way of expressing fractional numbers, as in the German viertehalb.

l. 71. S[=u]�ri[.g]e, Surrey.

l. 73. [=A]cl[=e]a, Ockley.

l. 76. se h[e,]re, the Danish army. h[e,]re got a bad sense, through its association with h[e,]rgian (to harry), and hence is applied only to a plundering, marauding body of men. In the Laws h[e,]re is defined as {96} a gang of thieves more than thirty-five in number. The national English army (militia) is called fierd, l. 71, 3 above.

Humbrem[=u]�a, mouth of the Humber.

l. 77. Eoforw[=i]c, York; a corruption of Eboracum.

l. 84. inne wurdon, got in.

l. 85. sume. Compare IV. 51.

VI. KING EDMUND.

From �lfric's Lives of the Saints, now published for the Early English Text Society by Prof. Skeat. The present life has been printed only by Thorpe, in his Analecta Anglosaxonica from a very late MS. It is here given from the older MS., Cott. Jul. E. 7.

It will be observed that the present piece is in alliterative prose, that is, with the letter-rime of poetry, but without its metrical form. The alliteration is easily discernible:--c[=o]m s[=u]�an ofer s[=�] fram sancte Benedictes st[=o]we; d�[.g]e, t[=o] D[=u]nst[=a]ne, &c.

l. 1. sancte is an English modification of the Latin genitive sancti.

l. 5. sancte is here the E. dative inflection, sanct having been made into a substantive.

l. 39. bilew[=i]t = *bile-hw[=i]t (with the regular change of hw into w between vowels) literally 'white (=tender) of bill,' originally, no doubt, applied to young birds, and then used metaphorically in the sense of 'gentle,' 'simple.'

l. 70. worhte fl[=e]ames. This construction of wyrcan with a genitive is frequent.

l. 76. w[=�]re, subj. Gr. 48. (6).

l. 85. f[=u]se. The correct reading is probably f[=u]sne, but the plural f[=u]se may be taken to refer to Hinguar and his men collectively.

l. 149. [.g]ebedh[=u]s. The Welsh bettws, as in Bettws-y-coed = 'chapel in the wood,' still preserves the O. E. form nearly unchanged.

l. 176. sw[=a] ��t does not denote result here, but is explanatory--'namely by being bound....'

l. 178. h[=i]e, reflexive.

l. 179. ��s ... h[=u], correlative.

l. 185. The reference is apparently to Proverbs xxiv. 11, which (in the Vulgate) runs thus: 'Erue eos qui ducuntur ad mortem.'

l. 200. hw��er, (that he might see) whether ...

l. 215. l[=i]chaman, instrumental dative (Gr. 41) of defining.

l. 222. [=E]li[.g] = [=�]l-[=i]eg 'eel-island.' {97}

GLOSSARY.

The order is strictly alphabetical (� following t) except that words with the prefix ge are put in the order of the letter that follows the ge (gebed under b, &c.).

The following abbreviations are used :--

sm., sn., sf. masc., neut., fem. substantive. sv. strong verb. wv. weak verb. swv. strong-weak verb (preterito-present).

The others require no explanation.

The numbers after sv. refer to the classes of strong verbs in the grammar.

Words in [ ] are Latin (and Greek) originals or cognate Old E. words. The latter are only referred to when the connection can be proved by the phonetic laws given in the grammar.

[=A], av. ever, always. abbod, sm. abbot [Latin abbatem]. [=a]-�b[=e]odan, sv. 7, w. dat. (offer), announce. [=a]-�biddan, sv. 5, ask for, demand. [=a]-�b[=i]tan, sv. 6, devour. [=a]-�bl[e,]ndan, wv. blind [blind]. [=a]-�brecan, sv. 4, break into, take (city). [=a]-�b[=u]gan, sv. 7, bend; swerve, turn. ac, cj. but. [=a]-�c[e,]nnan, wv. bring forth, bear (child). [=a]-�cw[e,]llan, wv. kill. [=a]-�cw[e,]n[.c]an, wv. extinguish. [=a]-�dr[=u]gian, wv. dry up, intr. [dr[=y][.g]e]. [=a]-�dw[=�]s[.c]an, wv. extinguish. �cer, sm. field. ��ele, aj. noble, excellent. ��eling, sm. prince. [=�]fen, sm. evening. [=�]fre, av. ever, always. �fter, av., prep. w. dat. after--�fter �[=�]em, after that, afterwards; according to, by. [=�][.g]-hwelc, prn. each. [=�][.g]�er, prn. either, each--cj. [=�][.g]�er [.g]e ... [.g]e, both ... and [ = [=�][.g] hw��er]. [=�]ht, sf. property [[=a]hte, [=a]gan]. [=�]lan, wv. burn. [=�]l[.c], aj. each. �lmesse, sf. alms, charity [Greek ele[=e]mos�n[=e]]. �l-mihti[g.], aj. almighty. [=�]ni[.g], aj. any [[=a]n]. [=�]r, prep. w. dat. before (of time), [=�]r �[=�]m �e, cj. before. [=�]r, av. formerly, before; superl. [=�]rest, adj. and adv., first. �r[.c]e-biscop, sm. archbishop [Latin archiepiscopus]. [=�]rende, sn. errand, message. {98} [=�]rend-raca, sm. messenger. [=�]-rist, sfm. (rising again), resurrection [[=a]r[=i]san]. [=�]rne-mergen, sm. early morning. �sc, sm. (ash-tree); war-ship. �t, prp. w. dat. at; deprivation, from; origin, source--[=a]b[=�]don w[=i]f �t him, 'asked for wives from them;' specification, defining--wurdon �t spr[=�][.c]e, 'fell into conversation.' �t-�bre[.g]dan, sv. 3 (snatch away), deprive of. �t-�foran, prp. w. dat. before. �t-�g�dre, av. together. �t-[=i]ewan, wv. w. dat. show. [=�]ton, see etan. [=a]-�fandian, wv. experience, find out [findan]. [=a]-�faran, sv. 2, go away, depart. [=a]-�feallan, sv. 1, fall. [=a]-�f[=e]dan, wv. feed. [=a]-�f[=y]lan, wv. defile [f[=u]l]. [=a]-fyrht, aj. frightened [past partic. of [=a]�fyrhtan from forht]. [=a]gan, swv. possess. [=a]-�g[=a]n, sv. happen. [=a]gen, aj. own [originally past partic. of [=a]gan]. [=a]-�[.g]iefan, sv. 5, w. dat. give, render. [=a]h, see [=a]gan. [=a]-�h[e,]bban, sv. 2, raise, exalt. [=a]-�hieldan, wv. incline. [=a]-�h[=o]n, sv. 1, hang, trans. [=a]-�hr[=e]osan, sv. 7, fall. [=a]hte, see [=a]gan. [=a]-hw[=�]r, av. anywhere. [=a]-�h[=y]ran, wv. hire. [=a]-�l[=i]esan, wv. (loosen), release; redeem [l[=e]as]. [=a]-�l[=i]esed-nes, sf. redemption. [=a]-l[=i]esend, sm. redeemer. [=a]n, aj. one (always strong); a certain one, certain; alone (generally weak); gen. pl. [=a]nra in [=a]nra ge-hwel[.c], 'each one.' [=a]n-c[e,]nned, aj. (past partic.) (only-born), only (child). and, cj. and. and-b[=i]dian, wv. w. gen. wait, expect [b[=i]dan]. andet-nes, sf. confession. andettan, wv. confess. and-[.g]iet, sn. sense, meaning; understanding, intelligence. and-swarian, wv. w. dat. answer [andswaru]. and-swaru, sf. answer [sw[e,]rian]. and-weard, aj. present. and-wyrdan, wv. w. dat. answer [word]. Angel, sm. Anglen (a district in Slesvig). Angel-cynn, sn. English nation, England. [=a]-�niman, sv. 4, take away. [=a]n-l[=�][.c]an, wv. unite. [=a]n-m[=o]d, aj. unanimous. [=a]n-m[=o]d-l[=i]ce, av. unanimously. [=a]n-r[=�]d, aj. (of one counsel) constant, firm, resolute. apostol, sm. apostle. [=a]r, sf. mercy; honour. [=a]-�r[=�]ran, wv. raise, build [[=a]r[=i]san]. [=a]rian, wv. w. dat. honour; spare, have mercy on [[=a]r]. [=a]-�r[=i]san, sv. 6, arise. [=a]r-l[=e]as, aj. wicked. arn, see iernan. arod, aj. quick, bold. arod-l[=i]ce, av. quickly, readily, boldly. [=a]r-weor�, adj. worthy of honour, venerable. [=a]scian, wv. ask. [=a]-�sc[=u]fan, sv. 7, thrust. [=a]-�s[e,]ndan, wv. send. [=a]-�s[e,]ttan, wv. set, place. [=a]-�sm[=e]an, wv. consider, think of, conceive. assa, sm. ass. [=a]-�st[e,]llan, wv. institute. [=a]-�st[=i]gan, sv. 6, ascend, descend. [=a]-�str[e,][.c][.c]an, wv. stretch out, extend. [=a]-�styrian, wv. stir, move. [=a]-�t[=e]on, sv. 7, draw out, draw, take. atol-lic, aj. deformed. [=a]-��r[=e]otan, sv. 7, fail, run short. {99} [=a]-�w[e,][.c][.c]an, wv. awake, arouse [wacian]. [=a]-�w[=e]dan, wv. go mad [w[=o]d]. [=a]-�w[e,]ndan, wv. turn; translate. [=a]-�weorpan, sv. 3, throw, throw away; depose (king). [=a]-�w[=e]stan, wv. lay waste, ravage. [=a]-�wier[.g]ed, aj. cursed, accursed, [past. partic. of [=a]wier[.g]an, from wearg]. [=a]-wiht, prn. aught, anything. [=a]-�wr[=i]tan, sv. 6, write. [=a]-�wyrtwalian, wv. root up.

B.

B�c, sn. back--under b�c, behind. b�d, see biddan. b[=�]don, see biddan. b�rnan, wv. burn, trans. [beornan]. b�rnett, sn. burning. b[=�]ron, see beran. b�st, sm. bast. b�sten, aj. of bast. be, prep. w. dat. by; about, concerning. beald, aj. bold. bearn, sn. child [beran]. b[=e]atan, sv. 1, beat. be-�b[=e]odan, sv. 7, w. dat. bid, command. be-�byr[.g]an, wv. bury. b[=e][.c], see b[=o]c. be-�clyppan, wv. embrace, encompass, hold. be-�cuman, sv. 4, come. [.g]e�bed, sn. prayer [biddan]. be-�d[=�]lan, wv. w. gen. deprive of [d[=�]l]. b[e,]dd, sn. bed. be-�delfan, sv. 3; (hide by digging), bury. [.g]e�bed-h[=u]s, sn. oratory, chapel. be-�f�stan, wv. (make fast); w. dat. commit, entrust to. be-�foran, prp. w. dat. before. b[=e][.g]en, prn. both. be-�[.g]eondan, prp. w. acc. beyond. be-�[.g]ietan, sv. 5, get, obtain. be-�[.g]innan, sv. 3, begin. be-�h[=a]tan, sv. 1, w. dat. promise. be-�h[=e]afdian, wv. behead [h[=e]afod]. be-�healdan, sv. 1, behold. be-�h[=o]fian, wv. w. gen. require. be-�hr[=e]owsian, wv. repent [hr[=e]owan]. be-�h[=y]dan, wv. hide. be-�l[=�]wan, wv. betray. be-�l[=i]efan, wv. believe. be-�l[=i]fan, sv. 6, remain [l[=a]f]. be-�l[=u]can, sv. 7, lock, close. b[e,]nd, smfn. bond [bindan]. b[=e]odan, sv. 7, w. dat. offer. b[=e]on, v. be--b[=e]on ymbe, have to do with. beorg, sm. hill, mountain. [.g]ebeorgan, sv. 3, w. dat. save, protect. beornan, sv. 3, burn, intrans. b[=e]ot-lic, aj. boastful. be-�p[=�][.c]an, wv. deceive. beran, sv. 4, bear, carry; ([.g]eberan, bring forth). b[e,]rn, sn. barn. berstan, sv. 3, burst. be-�s[=a]rgian, wv. lament [s[=a]ri[.g]]. be-�s[.c]ieran, sv. 4, shear, cut hair. be-�s[=e]on, sv. 5, see, look. be-�s[e,]ttan, wv. set about, surround, cover. be-�stealcian, wv. go stealthily, steal. be-�sw[=i]can, sv. 6, deceive, circumvent, betray. be-�t[=�][.c]an, wv. commit, entrust, give up. b[e,]tera, b[e,]tst, see g[=o]d. be�tw[=e]onan, prp. w. dat. between, among. be-�twix, prep. w. acc. and dat. between, among; of time, during--betwix �[=�]m �e, cj. while. be-�w[e,]rian, wv. defend. be-�witan, swv. watch over, have charge of. b[=i]dan, sv. 6, wait. biddan, sv. 5, ask, beg. [.g]e�biddan, sv. 5, refl. pray. {100} bieldo, sf. (boldness), arrogance [beald]. b[=i]-g[e,]ng, sm. worship [bi, by, and g[e,]n[.g] from g[=a]n]. bile-w[=i]t, aj. simple, innocent. bindan, sv. 3, bind. binnan, av. inside; prp. w. dat. within, in [ = be-innan]. biscop, sm. bishop [Latin episcopus]. bi-smer, snm. insult, ignominy. bismer-full, aj. ignominious, shameful. bismerian, wv. treat with ignominy, insult [bismer]. b[=i]tan, sv. 6, bite. bi�, see b[=e]on. bl[=a]wan, sv. 1, blow. bleoh, sn. colour. bl[=e]ow, see bl[=a]wan. bl[=e]tsian, wv. bless. blind, aj. blind. bliss, sf. merriment, joy. blissian, wv. rejoice. bl[=i]�e, aj. glad, merry. bl[=i]�e-l[=i]ce, av. gladly. bl[=o]d, sn. blood. b[=o]c, sf. book, scripture. B[=o]c-l�den, sn. book Latin, Latin. bodian, wv. announce, preach [b[=e]odan]. bodi[.g], sm. body. bohte, see by[.c][.g]an. br[=a]d, aj. broad. br[=�]�, sm. vapour, odour. brecan, sv. 4, break; take (city). bre[.g]dan, sv. 3, pull. br[=e]mel, sm. bramble. Breten, sf. Britain. Brettas, smpl. the British. Brettisc, aj. British [Brettas]. bringan, wv. bring. br[=o]hte, see bringan. br[=o]�or, sm. brother. br[=u]can, sv. 7, w. gen. enjoy, partake of. br[=y]d, sf. bride. br[=y]d-guma, sm. bridegroom [literally bride-man]. b[=u]an, wv. dwell. b[=u]end, smpl. dwellers [pres. partic. of b[=u]an]. bufan, prp. w. dat. and acc. over, above, on. b[=u]gan, sv. 7, bend, incline. bundon, see bindan. burg, sf. city. burg-[.g]eat, sn. city-gate. b[=u]tan, av. outs[=i]de; prp. w. dat. without, except, besides [ = be-[=u]tan]. b[=u]tan, cj. unless, except. by[.c][.g]an, wv. buy. byr�en, sf. burden [beran]. byr[.g]en, sf. tomb [bebyr[.g]an]. [.g]ebyrian, wf. be due, befit. byri[.g], see burg. byrst, sf. bristle. [.g]e�b[=y]snian, wv. give example, illustrate. [.g]e�b[=y]snung, sf. example.

C.

Cann, see cunnan. can[=o]n, sm. canon; can[=o]nes b[=e]c, canonical books. Cantwara-burg, sf. Canterbury [Cantwara, gen. of Cantware]. Cant-ware, pl. Kent-dwellers, men of Kent [Lat. Cantia and ware]. c[=a]sere, sm. emperor [Latin Caesar]. [.c]eaflas, smpl. jaws. [.c]eald, aj. cold. [.c]ealf, sn. calf. [.c][=e]ap, sn. purchase. [.c][=e]as, see [.c][=e]osan. [.c]easter, sf. city [Latin castra]. c[=e]ne, aj. brave, bold. c[e,]nnan, wv. bring forth, bear child. C[e,]nt, sf. Kent [Cantia]. C[e,]nt-land, sn. Kent. [.c]eorfan, sv. 3, cut. [.c][=e]osan, sv. 7, choose. c[=e]pan, wv. w. gen. attend, look out for. [.c][=i]epan, wv. trade, sell [[.c][=e]ap]. [.c][=i]epend, sm. seller [pres. partic. of [.c][=i]epan]. [.c]ierr, sm. turn. {101} [.c]ierran, wv. turn, return, go--[.c]ierran t[=o], take to. [.g]e�[.c]ierred-nes, sf. conversion. [.c]ild, sn. child. [.c]ild-h[=a]d, sm. childhood. [.c]inn-b[=a]n, sn. jawbone. [.c]iri[.c]e, sf. church. cl[=�]ne, aj. clean, pure. clawu, sf. claw. clipian, wv. call, summon. clipung, sf. calling. clyppan, wv. clip, embrace. cnapa, sm. (boy, youth), servant. cnoll, sm. top, summit. coccel, sm. corn-cockle. c[=o]m, see cuman. coren, see [.c][=e]osan. cr�ft, sm. skill, cunning. cr[=i]sten, aj. Christian. cuma, sm. stranger [cuman]. cuman, sv. 4, come; cuman [=u]p, land. cunnan, swv. know. cunnian, wv. try [cunnan]. curon, see [.c][=e]osan. c[=u]�, aj. known [originally past partic. of cunnan]. cw[=�]don, see cwe�an. cwae�, see cwe�an. cweartern, sn. prison. cw[=e]man, wv. please, gratify. [.g]e�cw[=e]mednes, sf. pleasing. cw[=e]n, sf. queen. cwe�an, sv. 5, say, speak; name, call. cwic, aj. alive. cwide, sm. speech, address [cwe�an]. [.g]ecw[=i]d-r[=�]den, sf. agreement. cwi��, see cwe�an. cym�, see cuman. cyne-cynn, sn. royal family. cyne-l[=i]c, aj. royal. cyne-l[=i]ce, av. like a king, royally. cyne-st[=o]l, sm. throne. cyning, sm. king. cynn, sn. race, kind. cyst, sf. excellence [[.c][=e]osan]. cysti[.g], aj. (excellent), charitable. c[=y]�an, wv. make known, tell [c[=u]�].

D.

D[=�]d, sf. deed. d�[.g], sm. day. d�[.g]-hw[=�]m-l[=i]ce, av. daily. d[=�]l, sm. part--be healfum d[=�]le, by half. d[=�]lan, wv. divide, share. d[=e]ad, aj. dead. d[=e]a�, sm. death. Defena-s[.c][=i]r, sf. Devonshire [Devonia]. dehter, see dohtor. [.g]edelf, sn. digging. delfan, sv. 3, dig. D[e,]ne, smpl. Danes. D[e,]nisc, aj. Danish. d[=e]ofol, sum. devil [Latin diabolus]. d[=e]ofol-[.g]ield, sn. idol. d[=e]op, aj. deep. d[=e]or, sn. wild beast. d[=e]ore, aj. dear, precious. d[=e]or-wier�e, aj. precious. d[=i]egol, aj. hidden, secret. d[=i]egol-nes, sf. secret. d[=i]epe, sf. depth [d[=e]op]. dihtan, wv. appoint [Latin dictare]. disc-�e[.g]n, sm. (dish-thane), waiter. dohtor, sf. daughter. d[=o]m, sm. doom, judgment, sentence. d[=o]n, sv. do, act. dorste, see durran. draca, sm. dragon. dranc, see drincan. dr[=e]ori[.g], aj. sad. dr[=i]fan, sv. 6, drive. drinca, sm. drink. drincan, sv. 3, drink. drohtnian, wv. live, continue, behave. drohtnung, sf. conduct. dr[=y][.g]e, aj. dry. Dryhten, sm. Lord, d[=u]n, sf. hill, down. durran, swv. dare. duru, sf. door. d[=u]st, sn. dust. [.g]e�dwyld, sn. error. dyde, see d[=o]n. dyppan, wv. dip. dysi[.g], aj. foolish.

{102} E.

[=E]ac, av. also; [=e]ac swelce, also. [=e]acnian, wv. increase. [=e]adi[.g], aj. (prosperous), blessed. [=e]age, sn. eye. [=e]ag-�[=y]rel, sn. (eye-hole), window. eahta, num. eight. [=e]a-l[=a], interj. oh! eald, aj. old--cp. ieldra. Eald-seaxe, smpl. Old Saxons. ealdor, sm. chief, master. ealdor-mann, sm. chief, officer. eall, aj. all. eall, av. quite ; eall sw[=a] mi[.c]el sw[=a], (quite) as much as. eall-n[=i]we, aj. quite new. eallunga, av. entirely. ealu, sn. ale. eard, sm. country, native land. eardian, wv. dwell. [=e]are, sn. ear. earm, sm. arm. earm, aj. poor, wretched, despicable. earm-lic, aj. miserable. earm-l[=i]ce, av. miserably, wretchedly. earn, sm. eagle. eart, see wesan. [=e]ast, av. eastwards. [=e]ast-d[=�]l, sm. east part, the East. [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]le, smpl. East-Anglians. [=E]ast-seaxe, smpl. East-Saxons. [=e]a�e-lic, aj. insignificant, weak. [=e]a�-m[=e]dan, wv. humble [[=e]a�m[=o]d]. [=e]a�-m[=o]d, aj. humble. [=e][.c]e, aj. eternal. [=e][.c]-nes, sf. eternity. efen, aj. even. [.g]e�efen-l[=�][.c]an, wv. imitate. efne, av. behold, lo! [efen]. [e,]fsian, wv. clip, shear. eft, av. again; afterwards, then; back. [e,][.g]e, sm. fear. [e,][.g]esa, sm. fear [e[.g]e]. [e,][.g]es-lic, aj. fearful, awful. [=e]htere, sm. persecutor. ele, sm. oil. [e,]l-�[=e]odi[.g]-nes, sf. foreign land. [e,]nde, sm. end. [e,]ndemes, av. together. [.g]e�[e,]ndian, wv. end; die. [e,]ndlufon, num. eleven. [e,]ndlyfta, aj. eleventh. [.g]e�[e,]ndung, sf. ending, end. [e,]n[.g]el, sm. angel [Latin angelus]. [E,]n[.g]la-land, sn. England [[E,]n[.g]la gen. pl. of [E,]n[.g]le]. [E,]n[.g]le, smpl. the English [Angel]. [E,]n[.g]lisc, aj. English--sn. English language [[E,]n[.g]le]. [=e]ode, see g[=a]n. eom, see wesan. eorl, sm. earl. eor�-b[=u]end, sm. earth-dweller. eor�e, sf. earth. eor�-f�st, aj. firm in the earth. eor�-lic, aj. earthly. eornost, sf. earnest. eornost-l[=i]ce, av. in truth, indeed. [=e]ow, see �[=u]. etan, sv. 5, eat. [=e]�el, sm. country, native land.

F.

F�der, sm. father. f�[.g]en, aj. glad. f�[.g]er, aj. fair. f�[.g]er-nes, sf. fairness, beauty. f�[.g]nian, wv. w. gen. rejoice. f[=�]mne, sf. virgin. f[=�]r, sf. danger. f[=�]r-lic, aj. sudden. f[=�]r-l[=i]ce, av. suddenly. f�st, aj. fast, firm. f�stan, wv. fast. f�sten, sf. fasting. f�t, sn. vessel. f[=a]g-nes, sf. variegation, various colours. fandian, wv. w. gen. try, test, tempt [findan]. faran, sv. 2, go. faru, sf. procession, retinue, pomp. f[=e]a, aj. pl. few. [.g]e�f[=e]a, sm. joy. feallan, sv. 1, fall. fearr, sm. bull; ox. feax, sn. hair of head. {103} f[=e]dan, wv. feed [f[=o]da]. fela, aj. pl. w. gen. many. feld, sm. field. feoh, sn. money, property. [.g]e�feoht, sn. fight. feohtan, sv. 3, fight. f[=e]ole, sf. file. f[=e]olian, wv. file. f[=e]oll, see feallan. f[=e]ond, sm. enemy. feorh, snm. life. feorm, sf. (food); feast, banquet. feorr, av. far. f[=e]or�a, num. fourth. f[=e]ower, num. four. [.g]e�f[=e]ra, sm. companion [f[=o]r]. f[=e]ran, wv. go, fare [f[=o]r]. [.g]e�f[=e]ran, wv. (go over), take possession of. f[e,]rian, wv. carry [faran]. f[=e]t, see f[=o]t. f[e,]tian, wv. fetch--pret. [.g]ef[e,]tte. [.g]e�f[e,]tte, see f[e,]tian. f[=i]end, see f[=e]ond. fierd, sf. army [faran]. fierlen, aj. distant [feorr]. fierst, sm. period, time. f[=i]f, num. five. findan, sv. 3 (pret. funde), find. fisc, sm. fish. fisc-cynn, sn. fish-kind. fl[=e]am, sm. flight [fl[=e]on]. fleax, sn. flax. fl[=e]ogan, sv. 7, fly. fl[=e]on, sv. 7, flee. fl[=e]otan, sv. 7, float. fl[=i]tan, sv. 6, quarrel, dispute. [.g]e�fl[=i]eman, wv. put to flight [fl[=e]am]. fl[=o]d, sm. flood. flota, sm. fleet [fl[=e]otan]. flot-h[e,]re, sm. naval army, army of pirates. flot-mann, sm. sailor, pirate. fl[=o]wan, sv. 1, flow. flugon, see fl[=e]on. flyht, sm. flight [fl[=e]ogan]. f[=o]da, sm. food. folc, sn. people, nation. folc-lic, aj. popular. folgian, wv. w. dat. follow; obey. f[=o]n, sv. 1, seize, take, capture; f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e, came to the throne; t[=o]g�dre f[=e]ngon, joined together. for, prep. w. dat. before--r[=i][.c]e for worulde, in the eyes of the world; causal, for, because of, for the sake of--ne dorste for Gode, for the fear of God--for �[=�]m, therefore, for �[=�]em (�e), because; w. acc., instead of, for. f[=o]r, sf. journey [faran]. f[=o]r, see faran. for-�b�rnan, wv. burn up, burn, trans. for-�b[=e]odan, sv. 7, forbid. for-�br[=e]otan, sv. 7, break. for-�[.c]eorfan, sv. 3, cut off. for-�dilgian, wv. destroy. for-�d[=o]n, sv. destroy. for-�ealdod, aj. aged [past partic. of forealdian, grow old]. fore-s[.c][=e]awian, wv. pre-ordain, decree, appoint. fore-s[e,][.c][.g]an, wv. say before--se fores�[.g]da, the aforesaid. for-�[.g]iefan, sv. 5, w. dat. give, grant; forgive. for-�[.g]ief-nes, sf. forgiveness. for-�[.g][=i]eman, wv. neglect. for-�[.g]ietan, sv. forget. forht, aj. afraid. forhtian, wv. be afraid. for-�hwega, av. somewhere. for-�l[=�]tan, sv. 1, leave, abandon. for-�l[=e]osan, sv. 7, lose. for-�li[.g]er, sn. wantonness, immorality. forma, aj. first--superl. fyrmest, first. for-�molsnian, wv. crumble, decay. for-�scrincan, sv. 3, shrink up. for-s[=e]on, sv. 5, despise. for-�sl[=e]an, sv. 2, cut through. for-�standan, sv. 2, (stand before), protect. for�, av. forth, forwards, on. for�-�f[=e]ran, wv. depart, die. for-��rysman, wv. suffocate, choke. {104} for-�weor�an, sv. 3, perish. f[=o]t, sm. foot. fr�twian, wv. adorn. fr�twung, sf. ornament. fram, prep. w. dat. from; agent. w. pass. h[=i]e w[=�]ron fram Wyrt[.g]eorne [.g]ela�ode, invited by. fr[e,]mman, wv. perform, do. fr[=e]ond, sm. friend. fri�, sm. peace--fri� niman, make peace. fugol, sm. bird. fuhton, see feohtan. f[=u]l, aj. foul, impure. full, aj. full. full-�bl[=i]�e, aj. very glad. full-�c[=e]ne, aj. very brave. ful-l[=i]ce, av. fully. full-�s[=o]�, aj. very true. fultum, sm. help; forces, troops. fultumian, wv. w. dat. help. funde, see findan. fur�or, av. further, more [for�]. f[=u]s, aj. hastening. fyllan, wv. fill, fulfil [full]. f[=y]r, sn. fire. fyrmest, see forma.

G.

Gadrian, wv. gather. g�rs, sn. grass. gafeloc, sm. missile, spear. gafol, sn. interest, profit. gamen, sn. sport. g[=a]n, sv. go. [.g]e�g[=a]n, sv. gain, conquer. gangende, see g[=a]n. g[=a]st, sm. spirit; se h[=a]lga g[=a]st, the Holy Ghost. g[=a]st-lic, aj. spiritual. [.g]e, cj. and--[.g]e ... [.g]e, both ... and. [.g][=e], see �[=u]. [.g]ealga, sm. gallows. [.g][=e]ar, sn. year. [.g]earcian, wv. prepare [[.g]earo]. [.g]eard, sm. yard, court. [.g]earu, aj. ready. [.g]earwian, wv. prepare. [.g]eat, sn. gate. [.g][=e]ogu�, sf. youth. [.g][=e]omrung, sf. lamentation. [.g]eond, prp. w. acc. through, throughout. [.g][=e]ong, aj. young. [.g]eorn, aj. eager. [.g]eorne, av. eagerly, earnestly. [.g]iefan, sv. 5, give. [.g]iefta, sfpl. marriage, wedding [[.g]iefan]. [.g]ieft-h[=u]s, sn. wedding-hall. [.g]ieft-lic, aj. wedding. [.g]iefu, sf. gift; grace (of God) [[.g]iefan]. [.g]ierla, sm. dress [[.g]earu]. [.g]iernan, wv. w. gen. yearn, desire; ask [[.g]eorn]. [.g]iet, av. yet; further, besides. [.g]if, cj. if. [.g]imm, sm. gem, jewel [Latin gemma]. [.g]imm-st[=a]n, sm. gem, jewel. [.g]it, see �[=u]. [.g][=i]tsian, wv. covet. [.g][=i]tsung, sf. covetousness, avarice. gl�d, aj. glad. gl�d-l[=i]ce, av. gladly. gl[=e]aw, aj. prudent, wise. gl[e,]n[.g]an, wv. adorn; trim (lamp). god, sm. God. god-f�der, sm. godfather. god-spell, sn. gospel. godspel-lic, aj. evangelical. g[=o]d, aj. good--compar. b[e,]tera. superl. b[e,]tst. g[=o]d, sn. good thing, good. gold, sn. gold. gold-hord, sn. treasure. gr[=�]di[.g]. aj. greedy. gr[=�][.g], aj. grey. gr[=e]tan, wv. greet, salute. grindan, sv. 3, grind. gr[=i]st-b[=i]tung, sf. gnashing of teeth. grymetian, wv. grunt, roar. gyldan, wv. gild [gold]. gylden, aj. golden [gold].

H.

Habban, wv. have; take. {105} h[=a]d, sm. rank, condition. [.g]e�h[=a]dod, aj. ordained, in orders, clerical [past partic. of h[=a]dian, ordain]. h�fde, h�f�, see habban. h�ftan, wv. hold fast, hold [habban]. h[=�]lan, wv. heal [h[=a]l]. h[=�]lend, sm. Saviour [pres. partic. of h[=�]lan]. h[=�]lo, sf. salvation [h[=a]l]. h[=�]s, sf. command. h�spe, sf. hasp. h[=�]te, sf. heat [h[=a]t]. h[=�]�, sf. heath. h[=�]�en, aj. heathen [h[=�]�]. h[=a]l, aj. whole, sound. [.g]e�h[=a]l, aj. whole, uninjured. h[=a]lga, sm. saint. h[=a]l[.g]ian, wv. hallow, consecrate. h[=a]li[.g], aj. holy. h[=a]li[.g]-d[=o]m, sm. holy object, relic. h[=a]m, av. homewards, home. hand, sf. hand. hand-cweorn, sf. hand-mill. hangian, wv. hang, intr. [h[=o]n]. h[=a]t, aj. hot. h[=a]tan, sv. 1, command, ask--w. inf. in passive sense, h[=e]ton him s[e,][.c][.g]an, bade them be told ; name--passive, h[=a]tte. hatian, wv. hate. h[=a]tte, see h[=a]tan. h[=e], prn. he. h[=e]afod, sn. head. h[=e]afod-mann, sm. head-man, ruler, chief. h[=e]ah, aj. high--superl. h[=i]ehst. healdan, sv. 1, hold, keep; guard; preserve; observe, keep. healf, aj. half. healf, sf. side. h[=e]a-lic, aj. lofty [h[=e]ah]. heall, sf. hall. heard, aj. hard ; strong; severe. h[e,]bban, sv. 2, raise. h[e,]fel-�r[=�]d, sm. web-thread, thread. h[e,]fe, sm. weight [h[e,]bban]. h[e,]fi[.g], aj. heavy [h[e,]fe]. h[e,]ll, sf. hell. [.g]e�h[e,]nde, aj. w. dat. near [hand]. h[=e]o, see h[=e]. heofon, sm. heaven--often in plur., heofona r[=i][.c]e. heofon-lic, aj. heavenly. h[=e]old, see healdan. heord, sf. herd. heorte, sf. heart. h[=e]r, av. here; hither--h[=e]r��fter, &c., hereafter. h[=e]r-be-�[=e]astan, av. east of this. h[e,]re, sm. army. h[e,]re-r[=e]af, sn. spoil. h[e,]re-toga, sm. army-leader, general, chief [toga from t[=e]on]. h[e,]rgian, wv. ravage, make war [h[e,]re]. h[e,]rgung, sf. (ravaging), warfare, war. h[e,]rian, wv. praise. h[=e]t, see h[=a]tan. hider, av. hither. h[=i]e, see h[=e]. h[=i]ehst, see h[=e]ah. hiera, see h[=e]. [.g]e�h[=i]eran, wv. hear. hierde, sm. shepherd [heord]. hierd-r[=�]den, sf. guardianship. hiere, see h[=e]. [.g]e�h[=i]er-sum, aj. w. dat. obedient [h[=i]eran]. [.g]e�h[=i]ersum-nes, sf. obedience. him, hine, see h[=e]. h[=i]red, snm. family, household. his, see h[=e]. hit, see h[=e]. h[=i]w, sn. hue, form. hl[=�]dder, sf. ladder. hl�st, sm. load. hl[=a]f, sm. bread, loaf of bread. hl[=a]ford, sm. lord. hl[=i]sa, sm. fame. hl[=u]d, aj. loud. hl[=y]dan, wv. make a noise, shout [hl[=u]d]. hnappian, wv. doze. [.g]e�hoferod, aj. (past partic.), hump-backed. holt, sn. wood. {106} h[=o]n, sv. 1, hang [hangian]. horn, sm. horn. hr�d-l[=i]ce, av. quickly. hr�dung, sf. hurry. hra�e, av. quickly--sw[=a] hra�e sw[=a], as soon as. hr[=e]od, sn. reed. hr[=e]owan, sv. 7, rue, repent. hr[=i]eman, wv. cry, call. hr[=i]�er, sn. ox. hr[=o]f, sn. roof. hry[.c][.g], sm. back. hryre, sm. fall [hr[=e]osan]. h[=u], av. how. h[=u]-meta, av. how. hund, sn. w. gen. hundred. hund, sm. dog. hund-feald, aj. hundredfold. hund-�nigonti[.g], num. ninety. hund-�tw[e,]lfti[.g], num. hundred and twenty. hungor, sm. hunger; famine. hungri[.g], aj. hungry. h[=u]ru, av. especially. h[=u]s, sn. house. hux-l[=i]ce, av. ignominiously. hw[=a], prn. who. [.g]e�hw[=a], prn. every one. hw[=�]m, see hw[=a]. hw[=�]r, av. where--sw[=a] hw[=�]r sw[=a], wherever. [.g]e�hw[=�]r, av. everywhere. hw�s, hw�t, see hw[=a]. hw�t, interj. what! lo! well. hw[=�]te, sm. wheat. hw��er, av. cj. whether--hw��er �e, to introduce a direct question. hw��re, av. however. hwanon, av. whence. hwel[.c], prn. which; any one, any--sw[=a] hwel[.c] sw[=a], whoever. [.g]e�hwel[.c], prn. any, any one. hw[=i]l, sf. while, time. hwone, see hw[=a]. hwonne, av. when. hw[=y], av. why. h[=y]dan, wv. hide. hyht, sf. hope. [.g]e�hyhtan, wv. hope. h[=y]ran, wv. hire.

I[.c], prn. I. [=i]del, aj. idle; useless, vain--on [=i]del, in vain. [=i]e[.g]-land, sn. island. ieldan, wv. delay [eald]. ieldra, see eald. ieldran, smpl. ancestors [originally compar. of eald]. iernan, sv. 3, run; flow. ierre, aj. angry. [=i]l, sm. hedgehog. ilca, prn. same (always weak, and with the definite article). in, prp. w. dat. and acc. in, into. inc, see �[=u]. inn, av. in (of motion). innan, prp. w. dat. (av.) within. inne, av. within, inside. inn-[.g]ehy[.g]d, sn. inner thoughts, mind. in-t[=o], prp. w. dat. into. [=I]otan, smpl. Jutes. [=I]r-land, sn. Ireland. I[=u]d[=e]isc, aj. Jewish--�[=a] I[=u]d[=e]iscan, the Jews.

L.

L[=a], interj. lo!--l[=a] l[=e]of! Sir! l[=a]c, sn. gift; offering, sacrifice. [.g]e�l[=�][.c]an, wv. seize. l[=�]dan, wv. lead; carry, bring, take. l�den, sn. Latin; language. l�[.g], see li[.c][.g]an. l[=�]ran, wv. w. double acc. teach; advise, suggest [l[=a]r]. [.g]e�l[=�]red, aj. learned [past partic. of l[=�]ran]. l[=�]s, av. less--�[=y] l[=�]s (�e), cj. w. subj. lest. l[=�]tan, sv. 1, let; leave--h[=e]o l[=e]t �[=a] sw[=a], she let the matter rest there. [.g]e�l[=�]te, sn.--wega [.g]el[=�]tu, pl. meetings of the roads. l[=a]f, sf. remains--t[=o] l[=a]fe b[=e]on, remain over, be left [(be)l[=i]fan]. {107} [.g]e�lamp, see [.g]elimpan. land, sn. land, country. land-folc, sn. people of the country. land-h[e,]re, sm. land-army. land-l[=e]ode, smpl. people of the country. lang, aj. long. lange, av. for a long time, long. lang-l[=i]ce, av. for a long time, long. l[=a]r, sf. teaching, doctrine. late, av. slowly, late--late on [.g][=e]are, late in the year. [.g]e�la�ian, wv. invite. [.g]e�la�ung, sf. congregation. l[=e]af, sf. leave. [.g]e�l[=e]afa, sm. belief, faith. [.g]e�l[=e]af-full, aj. believing, pious. leahtor, sm. crime, vice. l[=e]as, aj. without (expers), in compos.--less; false. l[=e]at, see l[=u]tan. l[e,][.c][.g]an, wv. lay [li[.c][.g]an]. [.g]e�l[e,]ndan, wv. land [land]. l[=e]o, smf. lion. l[=e]ode, smpl. people. l[=e]of, aj. dear, beloved; pleasant--m[=e] w[=�]re l[=e]ofre, I would rather--[lufu]. leofode, see libban. leoht, sn. light. leoht-f�t, sn. (light-vessel), lamp. leornian, wv. learn. leornung-cniht, sm. disciple. l[=e]t, see l[=�]tan. libban, wv. live. l[=i]c, sn. body, corpse. [.g]e�l[=i]c, aj. w. dat. like. [.g]e�l[=i]ce, av. in like manner, alike, equally. li[.c][.g]an, sv. 5, lie. l[=i]c-hama, sm. body. l[=i]cham-l[=i]ce, av. bodily. [.g]el[=i]cian, wv. w. dat. please. l[=i]efan, wv. w. dat. allow [l[=e]af]. [.g]e�l[=i]efan, wv. believe [gel[=e]afa]. l[=i]f, sn. l[=i]fe. lifiend, see libban. lim, sn. limb, member. [.g]e�limp, sn. event, emergency, calamity. [.g]e�limpan, sv. 3, happen. l[=i]�, see li[.c][.g]an. locc, sm. lock of hair. lof, sn. praise; glory. [.g]e�l[=o]gian, place; occupy, furnish. [.g]e�l[=o]m, aj. frequent, repeated. [.g]e�l[=o]me, av. often, repeatedly. losian, wv. w. dat. be lost--him losa�, he loses [(for)l[=e]osan]. l[=u]can, sv. 7, close. lufian, wv. love. lufu, sf. love [l[=e]of]. Lunden-burg, sf. London [Lundonia]. l[=u]tan, sv. 7, stoop. l[=y]tel, aj. little.

M.

M[=a], see micel. macian, wv. make. m�[.g], swv. can, be able. m�[.g]en, sn. strength, capacity; virtue [m�[.g]]. m[=�][.g]�, sf. family; tribe, nation; generation. [.g]e�m[=�]ne, aj. common. [.g]e�m[=�]nelic, aj. common, general. m[=�]re, aj. famous, glorious, great (metaphorically). [.g]e�m[=�]re, sn. boundary, territory. m[=�]rsian, wv. extol, celebrate [m[=�]re]. m[=�]r�o, sf. glory [m[=�]re]. m�sse, sf. mass [Latin missa]. m�sse-pr[=e]ost, sm. mass-priest. m[=�]st, see mi[.c]el. magon, see m�[.g]. man, indef. one [mann]. m[=a]n, sn. wickedness. m[=a]n-d[=�]d, sf. wicked deed. m[=a]n-full, aj. wicked. mangere, sm. merchant. mangung, sf. trade, business. mani[.g], aj. many. man[=i][.g]-feald, aj. manifold. mani[.g]-fieldan, wv. multiply [mani[.g]feald]. mann, sm. man; person. mann-cynn, sn. mankind. {108} mann-r[=�]den, sf. allegiance. mann-slaga, sm. manslayer, murderer [sl[=e]an, sl[e,][.g]e]. m[=a]re, see mi[.c]el. martyr, sm. martyr. m[=a]�m, sm. treasure. m[=a]�m-f�t, sn. precious vessel. m[=e], see ic. mearc, sf. boundary. m[=e]d, sf. reward, pay. m[=e]der, see m[=o]dor. m[e,]nn, see mann. m[e,]nnisc, aj. human [mann]. m[e,]re-grot, sr. pearl [margarita]. mer[.g]en, sm. morning [morgen]. [.g]e�met, sn. measure; manner, way. metan, sv. 5, measure. [.g]e�m[=e]tan, wv. meet; find [[.g]em[=o]t]. m[e,]te, sm. food--pl. m[e,]ttas. mi[.c]el, aj. great, much--comp. m[=a]re, m[=a] (adv., sn., aj.), sup. m[=�]st. mi[.c]le, av. greatly, much. mid, prp. w. dat. (instr.) with--mid �[=�]m �e, cj. when. middan-[.g]eard, sm. world [literally middle enclosure]. midde, aj. mid, middle (only of time). middel, sn. middle. Middel-[e,]n[.g]le, smpl. Middle-Angles. Mier[.c]e, smpl. Mercians [mearc]. miht, sf. might, strength; virtue [m�[.g]]. mihte, see m�[.g]. mihti[.g], aj. mighty, strong. m[=i]l, sf. mile [Latin milia (passuum)]. mild-heort, aj. mild-hearted, merciful. [.g]e�miltsian, wv. w. dat. have mercy on, pity [milde]. m[=i]n, see ic. mis-l[=�]dan, wv. mislead, lead astray. mis-lic, aj. various. m[=o]d, sn. heart, mind. m[=o]dig, aj. proud. m[=o]di[.g]-nes, sf. pride. m[=o]dor, sf. mother. molde, sf. mould, earth. m[=o]na, sm. moon. m[=o]na�, sm. month--pl. m[=o]na� [m[=o]na]. morgen, sm. morning. mor�, sn. (murder), crime. m[=o]ste, see m[=o]tan. [.g]e�m[=o]t, sn. meeting. m[=o]tan, swv. may; ne m[=o]t, must not. [.g]e�munan, swv. remember. munt, sm. mountain, hill [Latin montem]. munuc, sm. monk [Latin monachus]. murcnian, wv. grumble, complain. m[=u]�, sm. mouth. m[=u]�a, sm. mouth of a river [m[=u]�]. [.g]e�mynd, sf. memory, mind [[.g]emunan]. [.g]e�myndi[.g], aj. w. gen. mindful. mynet, sf. coin [Latin moneta]. mynetere, sm. money-changer. mynster, sn. monastery [Latin monasterium].

N.

N[=a], av. not, no [ = ne [=a]]. nabban = ne habban. n[=�]ddre, sf. snake. n�fde, n�fst, = ne h�fde, ne h�fst. n[=�]fre, av. never [ = ne [=�]fre]. n�[.g]el, sm. nail. n�s = ne w�s. n[=a]ht, prn. w. gen. naught, nothing [ = n[=a]n wiht]. n[=a]ht-nes, sf. worthlessness, cowardice. nam, see niman. nama, sm. name. n[=a]mon, see niman. n[=a]n, prn. none, no [ = ne [=a]n]. n[=a]t = ne w[=a]t. n[=a]w�er, prn. neither [ = ne [=a]hw��er (either)]. ne, av. not--ne ... ne, neither ... not. {109} n[=e]ah, av. near; superl. n[=i]ehst--�t n[=i]ehstan, next, immediately, afterwards. nearu, aj. narrow. n[=e]a-wist, sfm. neighbourhood [wesan]. n[e,]mnan, wv. name [nama]. neom = ne eom. nese, av. no. n[e,]tt, sn. net. n[=i]ed, sf. need. n[=i]edunga, av. needs, by necessity. n[=i]ehst, see n[=e]ah. n[=i]eten, sn. animal. nigon, num. nine. nigo�a, aj. ninth. niht, sf. night. niman, sv. 4, take, capture; take in marriage, marry. nis = ne is. ni�er, av. down. n[=i]we, aj. new. [.g]e�n[=o]g, aj. enough. nolde = ne wolde. nor�, av. north. Nor�hymbra-land, sn. Northumberland. Nor�-hymbre, smpl. Northumbrians [Humbra]. nor�an-weard, aj. northward. Nor�-m[e,]nn, pl. Norwegians. n[=u], av. now, just now; cj. causal, now that, since. n[=u]�[.g]iet, av. still. [.g]e�nyht-sum-nes, sf. sufficience, abundance. nyle, = ne wile. nyste, nyton = ne wiste, ne witon.

O.

Of, prp. w. dat. of, from of place, origin, privation, release, &c.; partitive, s[e,]lla� [=u]s of [=e]owrum ele, some of your oil. of-�dr[=�]dd, aj. afraid [past partic. of ofdr[=�]dan, dread]. ofer, prp. w. dat. and acc. over; on; of time, during, throughout, over. ofer-gyld, aj. (past partic.), gilded over, covered with gold. ofer-�h[e,]rgian, wv. ravage, over-run. ofer-�s[=a]wan, sv. 2, sow over. offrian, wv. offer, sacrifice [Latin offerre]. offrung, sf. offering, sacrifice. of-�sl[=e]an, sv. 2, slay. of-�sn[=i]�an, sv. 6, kill [sn[=i]�an, cut]. of-spring, sm. offspring [springan]. oft, av. often. of-�t[=e]on, sv. 7, w. dat. of pers. and gen. of thing, deprive. of-��yrst, aj. thirsty [past partic. of of�yrstan, from �urst]. of-�wundrian, wv. w. gen. wonder. [=o]-l[=�][.c]ung, sf. flattery. olfend, sm. camel [Latin elephas]. on, prp. w. dat. and acc. on; in; hostility, against, on h[=i]e fuhton; of time, in. on-�byr[.g]an, wv. taste. on-�cn[=a]wan, sv. 1, know, recognize. on�dr[=�]dan, sv. 1, wv. dread, fear. on-�f[=o]n, sv. 1, receive. on-�[.g][=e]an, prp. w. dat. and acc. towards; hostility, against. on-�[.g][=e]an, av. back--[.g]ew[e,]nde on-[.g][=e]an, returned. on-[.g]inn, sn. beginning. on-�[.g]innan, sv. 3, begin. on-�liehtan, wv. illuminate, enlighten [leoht]. on�liehtung, sf. illumination, light. on-�l[=u]can, sv. 7, unlock. on-�middan, prp. w. dat. in the midst of. on-s[=i]en, sf. appearance, form. on-sund, aj. sound, whole. on-�uppan, prp. w. dat. upon. on-weald, sm. rule, authority, power; territory. on-�we[.g], av. away. open, aj. open. openian, wv. open, reveal, disclose. orgel-l[=i]ce, av. proudly. {110} or-m[=�]te, aj. immense, boundless [metan]. or-sorg, aj. unconcerned, careless. o�, prp. w. acc. until--o� ��t, cj. until; up to, as far as. [=o]�er, prn. (always strong), second; other. o��e, cj. or--o��e ... o��e, either ... or. oxa, sm. ox.

P.

P[=a]pa, sm. pope [Latin papa]. p[e,]ning, sm. penny. Peohtas, smpl. Picts. Philist[=e]isc, aj. Philistine. Pihtisc, aj. Pictish [Peohtas]. plegian, wv. play. post, sm. post [Latin postis]. pr[=e]ost, sm. priest [Latin presbyter]. pund, sn. pound [Latin pondus]. pytt, sm. pit [Latin puteus].

R.

Racent[=e]ag, sf. chains. r[=a]d, see r[=i]dan. [.g]e�r[=a]d, sn. reckoning, account; on �[=a] [.g]er[=a]d ��t, on condition that. r[=�]d, sm. advice; what is advisable, plan of action--him r[=�]d �[=u]hte, it seemed advisable to him. ramm, sm. ram. r[=a]p, sm. rope. r[=e]af, sn. robe, dress. reahte, see re[.c][.c]an. r[=e][.c]an, wv. w. gen. reck, care. r[e,][.c][.c]an, wv. tell, narrate. [.g]e�r[e,][.c]ednes, sf. narrative. [.g]e�r[=e]fa, sm. officer, reeve, bailiff. re[.g]en, sm. rain. r[=e]�e, aj. fierce, cruel. r[=i][.c]e, aj. powerful, of high rank. r[=i][.c]e, sn. kingdom, sovereignty, government. r[=i][.c]etere, sn. (ambition), pomp. r[=i][.c]sian, wv. rule. r[=i]dan, sv. 6, ride. riftere, sm. reaper. riht, aj. right; righteous. riht-l[=i]ce, av. rightly, correctly. riht-w[=i]s, aj. righteous. riht-w[=i]snes, sf. righteousness. r[=i]m, sm. number. r[=i]man, wv. count. r[=i]nan, wv. rain [re[.g]en]. r[=i]pan, sv. 6, reap. r[=i]pere, sm. reaper. r[=i]p-t[=i]ma, sm. reaping-time, harvest. r[=o]hte, see r[=e][.c]an. R[=o]me-burg, sf. city of Rome. r[=o]wan, sv. 1, row. ryne, sm. course. [.g]e�r[=y]ne, sn. mystery.

S.

S[=�], sf. sea--dat. s[=�]. s[=�]d, sn. seed. s�[.g]de, see s[e,][.c][.g]an. s[=�]l, sm. time, occasion. [.g]e�s[=�]li[.g], aj. happy, blessed. [.g]e�s[=�]li[.g]-l[=i]ce, av. happily, blessedly. s�t, s[=�]ton, see sittan. sagol, sm. rod, staff. [.g]e�samnian, wv. collect, assemble. samod, av. together, with. sanct, sm. saint [Latin sanctus]. sand, sf. dish of food [s[e,]ndan]. sand-[.c]eosol, sm. sand (literally sand-gravel). s[=a]r, sn. grief. s[=a]r, aj. grievous. s[=a]ri[.g], aj. sorry, sad. s[=a]wan, sv. 1, sow. s[=a]were, sm. sower. s[=a]wol, sf. soul. scamu, sf. shame. scand, sf. disgrace. scand-lic, aj. shameful. s[.c][=e]af, sm. sheaf [sc[=u]fan]. s[.c][=e]af-m[=�]lum, av. sheafwise. [.g]e�s[.c]eaft, sf. creature, created thing. s[.c]eal, swv. ought to, must; shall. s[.c][=e]ap, sn. sheep. s[.c]eatt, sm. (tribute); money. s[.c][=e]awere, sm. spy, witness. s[.c][=e]awian, wv. see; examine; read. s[.c][=e]awung, sf. seeing, examination. s[.c][=e]otan, sv. 7, shoot. {111} s[.c]ieppan, sv. 2, create. s[.c]ieran, sv. 4, shear. s[.c]ip, sn. ship. s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, sm. fleet. s[.c]ip-hl�st, sm. (shipload), crew. s[.c][=i]r, sf. shire. scolde, see sceal. sc[=o]p, see s[.c]ieppan. scort, aj. short. scotian, wv. shoot [s[.c][=e]otan]. Scot-land, sn. Ireland. Scottas, smpl. the Irish. scotung, sf. shot. scr�f, sn. cave. scr[=i]n, sn. shrine [Latin scrinium]. scrincan, sv. 3, shrink. scr[=u]d, sn. dress. scr[=y]dan, wv. clothe [scr[=u]d]. sc[=u]fan, sv. 7, push--sc[=u]fan [=u]t, launch (ship). sculon, see s[.c]eal. scuton, see s[.c][=e]otan. scyld, sf. guilt [sculon, sceal]. scyldig, aj. guilty. scylen, see sceal. Scyttisc, aj. Scotch [Scottas]. se, s[=e], prn. that; the; he; who. [.g]eseah, see [.g]es[=e]on. sealde, see s[e,]llan. s[=e]a�, sm. pit. Seaxe, smpl. Saxons. s[=e][.c]an, wv. seek; visit, come to; attack. s[e,][.c][.g]an, wv. say. self, prn. self. s[e,]llan, wv. give; sell. s[=e]lest, av. superl. best. s[e,]ndan, wv. send, send message [sand]. s[=e]o, see se. seofon, num. seven. seofo�a, aj. seventh. seolc, sf. silk. seolcen, aj. silken. seolfor, sn. silver. [.g]e�s[=e]on, sv. 5, see. s[=e]ow, see s[=a]wan. [.g]e�s[e,]tnes, sf. narrative [s[e,]ttan]. s[e,]ttan, wv. set; appoint, institute--d[=o]m s[e,]ttan w. dat. pass sentence on; compose, write; create [sittan]. sibb, sf. peace. [.g]e�sibb-sum, aj. peaceful. s[=i]e, see wesan. s[=i]efer-l[=i]ce, av. purely. s[=i]efre, aj. pure. sierwung, sf. stratagem. siex, num. six. siexta, aj. sixth. siexti[.g], num. sixty. siexti[.g]-feald, aj. sixtyfold. si[.g]e, sm. victory--si[.g]e niman, gain the victory. si[.g]e-f�st, aj. victorious. [.g]e�sih�, sf. sight; vision, dream [[.g]es[=e]on]. sifren, aj. silver. simle, av. always. sind, see wesan. sinu, sf, sinew. sittan, sv. 5, sit; settle, stay. [.g]e�sittan, sv. 5, take possession of. s[=i]�, sm. journey. s[=i]�ian, wv. journey, go. si��an, av. since, afterwards; cj. when. sl[=�]p, sm. sleep. sl[=�]pan, sv. 1, sleep, slaga, sm. slayer. [sl[=e]an, past. partic. [.g]esl�[.g]en]. sl[=a]w, aj. slow, slothful, dull. sl[=e]an, sv. 2, strike; slay, kill. sl[e,][.c][.g], sm. hammer [slaga, sl[=e]an]. sl[e,][.g]e, sm. killing [slaga, sl[=e]an]. sl[=e]p, see sl[=�]pan. sl[=o]g, see sl[=e]an. sm�l, aj. narrow. sm[=e]an, wv. consider, think; consult. sm[=e]ocan, sv. 7, smoke. sm[=e]�e, aj. smooth. snotor, aj. wise, prudent. s[=o]na, av. soon; then. sorg, sf. sorrow. s[=o]�, aj. true. s[=o]�, sn. truth. s[=o]�-l[=i]ce, av. truly, indeed. spade, wf. spade [Latin spatha]. {112} spr[=�][.c], sf. speech, language; conversation [sprecan]. sprecan, sv. 5, speak. spr[e,]n[.g]an, wv. (scatter); sow [springan]. springan, sv. 3, spring. sprungen, see springan. st[=�]nen, aj. of stone [st[=a]n]. st[=�]niht, sn. stony ground [originally adj. 'stony,' from st[=a]n]. st[=a]n, sm. stone; brick. standan, sv. 2, stand. st[=e]ap, aj. steep. st[e,]de, sm. place. stefn, sf. voice. stelan, sv. 4, steal. st[e,]nt, see standan. st[=e]or, sf. steering, rudder. steorra, sm. star. sticol, aj. rough. st[=i]epel, sm. steeple [st[=e]ap]. st[=i]eran, wv. w. dat. restrain [st[=e]or]. [.g]e�stillan, wv. stop, prevent. stille, aj. still, quiet. st[=o]d, see standan. st[=o]l, sm. seat. st[=o]w, sf. place. str[=�]t, sf. street, road [Latin strata via]. strand, sm. shore. strang, aj. strong. str[=e]dan, wv. (scatter), sow. str[e,]n[.g]�o, sf. strength [strang]. [.g]e�str[=e]on, sn. possession. [.g]e�str[=i]enan, wv. gain [[.g]estr[=e]on]. str[=u]tian, wv. strut. sty[.c][.c]e, sn. piece. sum, prn. some, a certain (one), one; a. [.g]e�sund, aj. sound, healthy. [.g]e�sund-full. aj. safe and sound. sundor, av. apart. sunne, sf. sun. sunu, sm. son. s[=u]�, av. south, southwards. s[=u]�an, av. from the south. s[=u]�an-weard, aj. southward. s[=u]�-d[=�]l, sm. the South. s[=u]�erne, aj. southern. S[=u]�-seaxe, smpl. South-Saxons. sw[=a], av. so; sw[=a], sw[=a], as, like--sw[=a] ... sw[=a], so ... as. sw[=a]c, see sw[=i]can. sw[=a]-��[=e]ah, av. however. swefn, sn. sleep; dream. swel[.c], prn. such. swel[.c]e, av. as if, as it were, as, like. sweltan, sv. 3, die. sw[e,]n[.c]an, wv. afflict, molest [swincan]. sw[e,]n[.g], sm. stroke, blow [swingan]. sw[=e]or, sm. pillar. sw[=e]ora, sm. neck. sweord, sn. sword. sweord-bora, sm. sword-bearer [beran]. sweotol, aj. clear, evident. sweotolian, wv. display, show, indicate. sweotolung, sf. manifestation, sign. sw[e,]rian, sv. 2, swear. sw[=i]c, sm. deceit. [.g]e�sw[=i]can, sv. 6 (fail, fall short); cease (betray). sw[=i]c-d[=o]m, sm. deceit [sw[=i]can]. swicol, aj. deceitful, treacherous. swicon, see sw[=i]can. swift, aj. swift. sw[=i]gian, wv. be silent. swincan, sv. 3, labour, toil. swingan, sv. 3, beat. swingle, sf. stroke [swingan]. swipe, sm. whip. sw[=i]�e, av. very, much, greatly, violently--cp. sw[=i]�or, rather, more. sw[=i]�-lic, aj. excessive, great. sw[=i]�re, sf. right hand [cp. of sw[=i]�e with hand understood]. swulton, see sweltan. swuncon, see swincan. swungon, see swingan. syndri[.g], aj. separate [sundor]. syn-full, aj. sinful. syngian, wv. sin. synn, sf. sin.

{113} T.

T[=a]cen, sn. sign, token; miracle. t[=a]cnian, wv. signify. [.g]e�t[=a]cnung, sf. signification, type. t[=�][.c]an, wv. w. dat. show; teach. talu, sf. number [getel]. tam, aj. tame. t[=a]wian, wv. ill-treat. t[=e]am, sm. progeny [t[=e]on]. [.g]e�tel, sn. number. t[e,]llan, wv. count, account--t[e,]llan t[=o] n[=a]hte, count as naught [talu]. T[e,]mes, sf. Thames [Tamisia]. tempel, sn. temple [Latin templum]. t[=e]on, sv. 7, pull, drag. t[=e]ona, sm. injury, insult. t[=e]on-r[=�]den, sf. humiliation. t[=e]�, see t[=o]�. ti[.c][.c]en, sn. kid. t[=i]d, sf. time; hour. t[=i]e[.g]an, wv. tie. t[=i]eman, wv. teem, bring forth [t[=e]am]. t[=i]en, num. ten. tierwe, sf. tar. ti[.g]ele, wf. tile [Latin tegula]. t[=i]ma, sm. time. timbrian, wv. build. [.g]e�timbrung, sf. building. tintre[.g], sn. torture. tintregian, wv. torture. t[=o], prp. w. dat. (av.) to--t[=o] abbode [.g]es[e,]tt, made abbot; time, at--t[=o] langum fierste, for a long time; adverbial, t[=o] scande, ignominiously; fitness, purpose, for--�[=�]m folce (dat.) t[=o] d[=e]a�e, to the death of the people, so that the people were killed; t[=o] �[=�]m ��t, cj. in order that--t[=o] ��m (sw[=i]�e) ... ��t, so (greatly) ... that. t[=o], av. too. t[=o]-�berstan, sv. 3, burst, break asunder. t[=o]-�brecan, sv. 4, break in pieces, break through. t[=o]-�bre[.g]dan, sv. 3, tear asunder. t[=o]-�cw[=i]esan, wv. crush, bruise. t[=o]-cyme, sm. coming [cuman]. t[=o]-�d�[.g], av. to-day. t[=o]-�d[=�]lan, wv. disperse; separate, divide. t[=o]-�g�dre, av. together. t[=o]-�[.g][=e]anes, prp. w. dat. towards--him t[=o][.g][=e]anes, to meet him. t[=o]l, sn. tool. t[=o]-�l[=i]esan, wv. loosen [l[=e]as]. t[=o]-�middes, prp. w. dat. in the midst of. t[=o]-�teran, sv. 4, tear to pieces. t[=o]�, sm. tooth. t[=o]-weard, aj. future. t[=o]-�weorpan, sv. 3, overthrow, destroy. tr[=e]ow, sn. tree. [.g]e�tr[=e]owe, aj. true, faithful. trum, aj. strong. trymman, wv. strengthen [trum]. trymmung, sf. strengthening, encouragement. t[=u]cian, wv. ill-treat. tugon, see t[=e]on. t[=u]n, sm. village, town. tw[=a], tw[=�]m, see tw[=e][.g]en. tw[=e][.g]en, num. two. tw[e,]lf, num. twelve. tw[e,]nti[.g], num. w. gen. twenty.

�.

�[=a], av. cj. then; when--�[=a] �[=a], when, while--correlative �[=a] ... �[=a], when ... (then). �[=a], �[=�]m, &c., see se. �[=�]r, av. there--�[=�]rt[=o], &c. thereto, to it; where--�[=�]r �[=�]r, correl. where. �[=�]re, see se. �[=�]r-rihte, av. immediately. ��s, av. therefore; wherefore. ��s, ��t, see se. ��t, cj. that. [.g]e��afian, wv. allow, permit. �[=a]-�[.g]iet, av. still, yet. �anc, sm. thought; thanks. �ancian, wv. w. gen. of thing and dat. of person, thank. {114} �anon, av. thence, away. �[=a]s, see �is. �e, rel. prn. who--s[=e] �e, who; av. when. �[=e], see �[=u]. �[=e]ah, av. cj. though, yet, however--�[=e]ah �e, although. �earf, swv. need. �earle, av. very, greatly. �[=e]aw, sm. custom, habit; �[=e]awas, virtues, morality. �e[.g]en, sm. thane; servant. �e[.g]nian, wv. w. dat. serve. �e[.g]nung, sf. service, retinue. �[e,]n[.c]an, wv. think, expect [�anc]. �[=e]od, sf. people, nation. [.g]e��[=e]ode, sn. language. �[=e]of, sm. thief. �[=e]os, see �es. �[=e]ostru, spl. darkness. �[=e]ow, sm. servant. �[=e]ow-d[=o]m, sm. service. �[=e]owian, wv. w. dat. serve. �[=e]owot, sn. servitude. �es, prn. this. �i[.c][.c]e, aj. thick. �i[.c][.g]an, sv. 5, take, receive; eat, drink. �[=i]n, see �[=u]. �ing, sn. thing. �is, �issum, &c., see �es. [.g]e�p[=o]ht, sm. thought. �[=o]hte, see �[e,]n[.c]an. �one, see se. �onne, av. cj. then; when; because. �onne, av. than. �orfte, see �earf. �orn, sm. thorn. �r[=�]d, sm. thread. �r[=e]o, see �r[=i]e. �ridda, aj. third. �r[=i]e, num. three. �rim, see �r[=i]e. �riti[.g], num. thirty. �riti[.g]-feald, aj. thirtyfold. �rymm, sm. glory. �[=u], prn. thou. �[=u]hte, see �yn[.c]an. [.g]e��ungen, aj. excellent, distinguished. �urh, prp. w. acc. through; causal, through, by. �urh-�wunian, wv. continue. �urst, sm. thirst. �ursti[.g], aj. thirsty. �us, av. thus. �[=u]send, sn. thousand. [.g]e��w[=�]r-l[=�][.c]an, wv. agree. �[=y], instr. of se; av. because. �[=y]fel, sm. bush. �[=y]�l[=�]s, cj. lest. �yn[.c]an, wv. impers. w. dat. m[=e] �yn[.c]�, methinks [�[e,]n[.c]an]. �[=y]rel, sn. hole [�urh].

U.

Ufe-weard, aj. upward, at the top of. un-[=a]r[=i]med-lic, aj. innumerable. unc, see ic. un-[.g]ecynd, aj. strange, of alien family. un-d[=e]ad-lic-nes, sf. immortality. under, prp. w. dat. and acc. under. under-cyning, sm. under-king. under-�delfan, sv. dig under. under-�f[=o]n, sv. 1, receive, take. under-�[.g]ietan, sv. 5, understand. undern-t[=i]d, sf. morning-time. un-forht, aj. dauntless. un-for-molsnod, aj. (past partic.) undecayed. un-[.g]eh[=i]ersum, aj. w. dat. disobedient. un-hold, aj. hostile. un-[.g]emetlic, aj. immense. un-mihti[.g], aj. weak. un-nytt, aj. useless. un-rihtl[=i]ce, av. wrongly. un-rihtw[=i]s, aj. unrighteous. un-[.g]er[=i]m, sn. countless number or quantity. un-[.g]er[=i]m, aj. countless. un-[.g]es[=�]li[.g], aj. unhappy, accursed. un-scyldi[.g], aj. innocent. un-t[=i]emend, aj. barren [from pres. partic. of t[=i]eman]. {115} un-[.g]e�w[=�]r-nes, sf. discord. un-[.g]ewitti[.g], aj. foolish. [=u]p, av. up. [=u]p-[=a]hafen-nes, sf. conceit, arrogance. [=u]p-fl[=o]r, sf. (dat. sing. -a) upper floor, upper story. uppan, prp. w. dat. on, upon. urnon, see iernan. [=u]s, see ic. [=u]t, av. out. [=u]tan, av. outside. uton, defect. verb, w. infin. let us--uton g[=a]n, let us go!

W.

Wacian, wv. be awake, watch. w[=�]dla, sm. poor man. w�l, sn. slaughter--w�l [.g]e�sl[=e]an, make a slaughter. w�l-hr[=e]ow, aj. cruel. w�lhr[=e]ow-l[=i]ce, av. cruelly, savagely. w�lhr[=e]ownes, sf. cruelty. w[=�]pen, sn. weapon. w�r, aj. wary. w[=�]ron, w�s, see wesan. w�stm, sm. (growth); fruit. w�ter, sn. water. w�ter-s[.c]ipe, sm. piece of water, water. w[=a]fung, sf. (spectacle), display. -ware, pl. (only in composition) dwellers, inhabitants [originally defenders, cp. w[e,]rian]. w[=a]t, see witan. [.g]ew[=a]t, see [.g]ew[=i]tan. w[=e], see ic. [.g]e�weald, sn. power, command. wealdan, sv. 1, w. gen. rule. Wealh, sm. (pl. W[=e]alas), sm. Welshman, Briton (originally foreigner). weall, sm. wall. weall-l[=i]m, sm. (wall-lime), cement, mortar. wearg, sm. felon, criminal [originally wolf, then proscribed man, outlaw]. weaxan, sv. 1, grow, increase. we[.g], sm. way, road. we[.g]-f[=e]rende, aj. (pres. partic.) way-faring. wel, av. well. wel-willend-nes, sf. benevolence. w[=e]nan, wv. expect, think. [.g]e�w[e,]ndan, wv. turn; go [windan]. w[e,]nian, wv. accustom, wean [[.g]ewuna]. weofod, sn. altar. weorc, sn. work. weorpan, sv. 3, throw. weor�, sn. worth. weor�, aj. worth, worthy. weor�an, sv. 3, happen; become--w. �t spr[=�][.c]e, enter into conversation. [.g]e�weor�an, sv. 3, impers. w. dat.--him [.g]ewear�, they agreed on. weor�-full, aj. worthy. weor�ian, wv. honour, worship; make honoured, exalt. weor�-l[=i]ce, aj. honourably. weor�-mynd, sf. honour. w[=e]ox, see weaxan. w[=e]pan, sv. 1, weep. wer, sm. man. w[e,]rian, wv. defend [w�r]. werod, sn. troop, army. wesan, sv. be. west, av. west. West-seaxe, smpl. West-saxons. w[=e]ste, aj. waste, desolate. w[=i]d, aj. wide. w[=i]de, av. widely, far and wide. widewe, sf. widow. [.g]e�wieldan, wv. overpower, conquer [wealdan]. wier�e, aj. w. gen. worthy [weor�]. w[=i]f, sn. woman; wife. w[=i]f-healf, sf. female side. w[=i]f-mann, sm. woman. wiht, sf. wight, creature, thing. Wiht, sf. Isle of Wight [Vectis]. Wiht-ware, pl. Wight-dwellers. wilde, aj. wild. wild[=e]or, sn. wild beast. willa, sm. will. {116} willan, swv. will, wish; of repetition, be used to. [.g]e�wilnian, wv. w. gen. desire. w[=i]n, sn. wine. wind, sm. wind. windan, sv. 3, wind. w[=i]n-[.g]eard, sm. vineyard. winnan, sv. 3, fight. [.g]e�winnan, sv. 3, win, gain. winter, (pl. winter), sm. winter; in reckoning = year. winter-setl, sn. winter-quarters. w[=i]s, aj. wise. w[=i]s-d[=o]m, sm. wisdom. w[=i]se, sf. (wise), way. [.g]e�wiss, aj. certain. [.g]e�wissian, wv. guide, direct. [.g]e�wissung, sf. guidance, direction. wiste, see witan. wit, see ic. wita, sm. councillor, sage. witan, swv. know. [.g]e�w[=i]tan, sv. 6, depart. w[=i]te, sn. punishment; torment. w[=i]tega, sm. prophet. witod-l[=i]ce, av. truly, indeed, and [witan]. [.g]e�witt, sn. wits, intelligence, understanding [witan]. wi�, prp. w. dat. and acc. towards; along--wi� we[.g], by the road; hostility, against--fuhton wi� Brettas, fought with the Britons; association, sharing, &c., with; defence, against; exchange, price, for--wi� �[=�]m �e, in consideration of, provided that. wi�-�meten-nes, sf. comparison. wi�-�sacan, sv. 2, w. dat. deny. wi�-�standan, sv. 2, w. dat. withstand, resist. wlite, sm. beauty. w[=o]d, aj. mad. w[=o]d-l[=i]ce, av. madly. wolde, see willan. w[=o]p, sm. weeping [w[=e]pan]. word, sn. word, sentence; subject of talk, question, answer, report. [.g]eworden, see weor�an. worhte, see wyr[.c]an. woruld, sf. world. woruld-�ing, sn. worldly thing. wrecan, sv. 5, avenge. wr[=e][.g]an, wv. accuse. [.g]e�writ, sn. writing [wr[=i]tan]. wr[=i]tan, sv. 6, write. wudu, sm. wood. wuldor, sn. glory. wuldrian, wv. glorify, extol. wulf, sm. wolf. [.g]e�wuna, sm. habit, custom [wunian]. wund, sf. wound. wundor, sn. wonder; miracle. wundor-lic, aj. wonderful, wondrous. wundor-l[=i]ce, av. wonderfully, wondrously. wundrian, wv. w. gen. wonder. [.g]e�wunelic, aj. customary. wunian, wv. dwell, stay, continue [[.g]ewuna]. wunung, sf. dwelling. [.g]ewunnen, see [.g]ewinnan. wyr[.c]an, wv. work, make; build; do, perform [weorc]. wyrhta, sm. worker. wyrt, sf. herb, spice; crop. wyrt-br[=�]�, sm. spice-fragrance, fragrant spice. wyrtruma, sm. root. w[=y]s[.c]an, wv. wish.

Y.

Yfel, aj. evil, bad. yfel, sn. evil. ymbe, prp. w. acc. around; of time, about, at. ymb-�scr[=y]dan, wv. clothe, array. ymb-�[=u]tan, av. round about. [=y]terra, aj. comp. outer; superl. [=y]temest, outermost, last [[=u]t].

Notes

[1] Where no key-word is given for a long vowel, it must be pronounced exactly like the corresponding short one, only lengthened.

[2] Both vowels.

[3] Wherever the acc. is not given separately, it is the same as the nom.

[4] So also n[=a]h = ne (not) [=a]h.

***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER***

******* This file should be named 34316-8.txt or 34316-8.zip *******

This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/4/3/1/34316

Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license).

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation web page at http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email [email protected]. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at http://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact

For additional contact information: Dr. Gregory B. Newby Chief Executive and Director [email protected]

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.

Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

http://www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.