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Title: Ritchie's Fabulae Faciles A First Latin Reader

Author: Various

Editor: John Kirtland

Posting Date: February 24, 2015 [EBook #8997] Release Date: September, 2005 First Posted: August 31, 2003 Last Updated: October 14, 2017

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

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RITCHIE'S FABULAE FACILES

A FIRST LATIN READER

EDITED WITH NOTES AND A VOCABULARY

BY JOHN COPELAND KIRTLAND, Jr. Professor of Latin in The Phillips Exeter Academy

THE LITTLE THAT IS MINE IN THIS LITTLE BOOK I GRATEFULLY DEDICATE TO PROFESSOR JOSEPH HETHERINGTON M'DANIELS TEACHER AND FRIEND

PREFACE

Some time ago a fellow-teacher brought the Fabulae Faciles to my notice, and I have since used two of them each year with my class of beginners in Latin with increasing appreciation. Indeed, I know nothing better to introduce the student into the reading of connected narrative, and to bridge the great gulf between the beginner's book of the prevailing type and the Latinity of Caesar or Nepos. They are adapted to this use not merely by reason of their simplicity and interest, but more particularly by the graduating of difficulties and the large use of Caesarian words and phrases to which Mr. Ritchie calls attention in his preface.

Doubtless many American teachers have become familiar with portions of the Fabulae, for they have been freely drawn upon in several Latin readers recently published in this country. I venture to hope that those who have made the acquaintance of the work in this way will welcome a complete edition.

In England the little book has had a large use. Its pedagogical excellencies are well summed up in a letter addressed to Mr. Ritchie by the Very Rev. E.C. Wickham, formerly Head-Master of Wellington College, the well-known editor of Horace:--

"It launches the student at once in ancient life. The old classical stories, simply told, seem to me much the best material for early Latin reading. They are abundantly interesting; they are taken for granted in the real literature of the language; and they can be told without starting the beginner on a wrong track by a barbarous mixture of ancient and modern ideas.

"It combines, if I may say so, very skilfully, the interest of a continuous story, with the gradual and progressive introduction of constructions and idioms. These seem to me to be introduced at the right moment, and to be played upon long enough to make them thoroughly familiar."

In revising Mr. Ritchie's book for the use of American schools it has seemed best to make extensive changes. Long vowels have been marked throughout, and the orthography of Latin words has been brought into conformity with our practice. Many liberties have been taken with the text itself, especially in the latter part, in the way of making it approximate more closely to our rather strict notions of the standards of model prose. A few words and uses of words not found in the prose writers of the republic have been retained, but nothing, it is hoped, that will seriously mislead the young student. I shall welcome any criticism that may lead to further changes in the text in future editions.

The notes are entirely new, and are intended for students who have but just finished the beginner's book or have not yet finished it. Some notes may appear at first sight unnecessary or unnecessarily hard, but the reason for their insertion should be evident when the student begins the reading of classical Latin, the difficulties of which will be less likely to appal the beginner if some of them have been already conquered. I believe it a mistake to postpone all treatment of the uses of the subjunctive, for instance, or of the constructions of indirect discourse until the study of Nepos or Caesar is begun. Besides, it is easier to neglect notes than to supply them, and the teacher who prefers to do the first reading without much attention to the more difficult constructions will only need to tell his students to disregard certain of my notes--or all of them.

There are no references to the grammars, but syntax has been given such treatment as seemed needed to supplement its treatment in the beginner's book. Teachers will therefore be able to postpone the use of a formal manual of grammar, if they so desire. Those who wish their classes to begin the reading of Latin at the earliest possible moment will find it feasible to use this book as soon as the inflections and the more elementary principles of syntax have been mastered.

In the vocabulary, the derivation or composition and the original meaning of words have been indicated wherever these seemed likely to prove helpful. Principal parts and genitives have been given in such a way as to prevent misunderstanding, and at the same time emphasize the composition of the verb or the suffix of the noun: for example, absc�d�, -c�dere, -c�d�, -c�sus; aet�s, -t�tis.

The lists of works of English literature and of art in which the myths are treated are only suggestive. Occasional readings from the one and exhibitions of representations of the other, either in the form of photographs or by the stereopticon, will not only stimulate interest in the Latin text but aid also in creating in the student a taste for literature and for art.

I planned at first to add some exercises for retranslation, but after careful consideration it has seemed not worth while. Most teachers will prefer not to base composition upon the Latin read at this stage, and those who wish to do so will find it an easy matter to prepare their own exercises, or can draw upon the copious exercises prepared by Mr. Ritchie and published separately under the title Imitative Exercises in Easy Latin Prose.

In the reading of proof I have had generous help from Dr. F.K. Ball of The Phillips Exeter Academy, Mr. J.C. Flood of St. Mark's School, and Mr. A.T. Dudley of Noble and Greenough's School, Boston. The proof-sheets have been used with the beginner's class in this Academy, and I have thus been able to profit by the criticism of my associate Mr. G.B. Rogers, and to test the work myself. The assistance of my wife has greatly lightened the labor of verifying the vocabulary.

JOHN C. KIRTLAND, Jr.

EXETER, N.H., 7 March, 1903.

CONTENTS

THE MYTHS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE. THE MYTHS IN ART. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. PERSEUS. HERCULES. THE ARGONAUTS. ULYSSES. NOTES. VOCABULARY.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

THE CARPENTER SHUTTING UP DANAE AND PERSEUS IN THE ARK AT THE COMMAND OF ACRISIUS (Vase-painting) HERCULES, NESSUS, AND DEJANIRA (Pompeian Wall-painting) MEDEA MEDITATING THE MURDER OF HER SONS (Pompeian Wall-painting) ULYSSES AND CIRCE (Roman Relief)

THE MYTHS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE

PERSEUS

Hawthorne, A Wonder-Book: The Gorgon's Head. Kingsley, The Heroes: Perseus. Cox, Tales of Ancient Greece: Medusa, Danae, Perseus, Andromeda, Akrisios. Francillon, Gods and Heroes: The Adventures of Perseus. Kingsley, Andromeda. William Morris, The Earthly Paradise: The Doom of King Acrisius. Lewis Morris, The Epic of Hades: Andromeda. Dowden, Andromeda. Shelley, On the Medusa of Leonardo da Vinci. D. G. Rossetti, Aspecta Medusa.

HERCULES

Hawthorne, A Wonder-Book: The Three Golden Apples. Cox, Tales of Ancient Greece: The Toils of Herakles. Francillon, Gods and Heroes: The Hero of Heroes. William Morris, The Earthly Paradise: The Golden Apples. Lewis Morris, The Epic of Hades: Deianeira. Lang's translation of Theocritus, Idyls xxiv, xxv.

THE ARGONAUTS

Apollonius of Rhodes, The Tale of the Argonauts, translated by Way. D.O.S. Lowell, Jason's Quest. Hawthorne, Tanglewood Tales: The Golden Fleece. Kingsley, The Heroes: The Argonauts. Cox, Tales of Ancient Greece: Phrixos and Helle, Medeia. Church, Heroes and Kings: The Story of the Ship Argo. Francillon, Gods and Heroes: The Golden Fleece. William Morris, The Life and Death of Jason. Bayard Taylor, Hylas. John Dyer, The Fleece. Lang's translation of Theocritus, several of the Idyls.

ULYSSES

Homer, The Odyssey, translated by Bryant (verse), William Morris (verse), Palmer (prose), Butcher and Lang (prose). Lamb, The Adventures of Ulysses. Hawthorne, Tanglewood Tales: Circe's Palace. Cox, Tales of Ancient Greece: The Lotos-Eaters, Odysseus and Polyphemos, Odysseus and Kirk�. Church, Stories from Homer: The Cyclops, The Island of Aeolus, Circ�. Tennyson, The Lotos-Eaters. Matthew Arnold, The Strayed Reveler. Dobson, The Prayer of the Swine to Circe.

THE MYTHS IN ART

Burne-Jones, Perseus and the Graeae. Caravaggio, Head of Medusa. Leonardo da Vinci, Head of Medusa. Canova, Perseus. Benvenuto Cellini, Perseus, and Perseus saving Andromeda. Piero di Cosimo, Perseus and Andromeda. Charles Antoine Coypel, Perseus and Andromeda. Domenichino, Perseus and Andromeda. Rubens, Perseus and Andromeda. Giovanni da Bologna, Hercules and the Centaur. Bandinelli, Hercules and Cacus. Guido Reni, Dejanira and the Centaur Nessus. Canova, Hercules and Lichas. Sichel, Medea. Genelli, Jason and Medea capturing the Golden Fleece. Burne-Jones, Circe. L. Chalon, Circe and the Companions of Ulysses. Rivi�re, Circe and the Companions of Ulysses.

Photographs and lantern-slides of all the works mentioned above may be obtained of the Soule Art Company, Boston. The list might have been made much longer, but it seemed likely to prove most helpful if limited to works of which reproductions are so easily obtainable. For the treatment of the myths in ancient art, the teacher is referred to the numerous pertinent illustrations in Baumeister's Denkm�ler des klassischen Altertums, or the same editor's Bilder aus dem griechischen und r�mischen Altertum f�r Sch�ler, the latter of which contains the cuts of the larger work, and is so cheap and so useful that it ought to lie on the desk of every teacher of Greek or Latin.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Fabulae Faciles, or 'Easy Stories.' are four Greek myths retold in Latin, not by a Roman writer, however, but by an Englishman, who believed that they would afford interesting and pleasant reading for young folks who were just beginning the study of the Latin language. By myth is meant an imaginative tale that has been handed down by tradition from remote antiquity concerning supernatural beings and events. Such tales are common among all primitive peoples, and are by them accepted as true. They owe their origin to no single author, but grow up as the untutored imagination strives to explain to itself the operations of nature and the mysteries of life, or amuses itself with stories of the brave exploits of heroic ancestors.

The most beautiful and delightful of all myths are those that have come down to us in the remains of the literature and the art of ancient Greece and Rome; they are also the most important to us, for many of the great masterpieces of English literature and of modern art have been inspired by them and cannot be understood and appreciated by one ignorant of classical mythology.

Of this mythology the Fabulae Faciles give but a small part. If you wish to know more of the subject, you should read Gayley's The Classic Myths in English Literature, Guerber's Myths of Greece and Rome, or the books by Kingsiey, Cox, Church, and Francillon mentioned earlier.

Acrisius, an ancient king of Argos, had been warned by an oracle that he should perish by the hand of his grandson. On discovering, therefore, that his daughter Danae had given birth to a son, Acrisius endeavored to escape his fate by setting both mother and child adrift on the sea. They were saved, however, by the help of Jupiter; and Perseus, the child, grew up at the court of Polydectes, king of Seriphos, an island in the Aegean Sea. On reaching manhood, Perseus was sent by Polydectes to fetch the head of Medusa, one of the Gorgons. This dangerous task he accomplished with the help of Apollo and Minerva, and on his way home he rescued Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus, from a sea-monster. Perseus then married Andromeda, and lived some time in the country of Cepheus. At length he returned to Ser�phos, and turned Polydectes to stone by showing him the Gorgon's head; he then went to the court of Acrisius, who fled in terror at the news of his grandson's return. The oracle was duly fulfilled, for Acrisius was accidentally killed by a quoit thrown by Perseus.

1. THE ARK

Haec n�rrantur � po�t�s d� Perse�. Perseus f�lius erat Iovis, m�xim� de�rum; avus �ius Acrisius appell�b�tur. Acrisius vol�bat Perseum nep�tem suum nec�re; nam propter �r�culum puerum tim�bat. Comprehendit igitur Perseum adh�c infantem, et cum m�tre in arc� l�gne� incl�sit. Tum arcam ipsam in mare coni�cit. Dana�, Perse� m�ter, m�gnopere territa est; tempest�s enim m�gna mare turb�bat. Perseus autem in sin� m�tris dormi�bat.

2. JUPITER SAVES HIS SON

Iuppiter tamen haec omnia v�dit, et f�lium suum serv�re c�nstituit. Tranquillum igitur f�cit mare, et arcam ad �nsulam Ser�phum perd�xit. H�ius �nsulae Polydect�s tum r�x erat. Postquam arca ad l�tus appulsa est, Dana� in har�n� qui�tem capi�bat. Post breve tempus � pisc�t�re qu�dam reperta est, et ad domum r�gis Polydectis adducta est. Ille m�trem et puerum ben�gn� exc�pit, et i�s s�dem t�tam in f�nibus su�s dedit. Dana� h�c d�num libenter acc�pit, et pr� tant� benefici� r�g� gr�ti�s �git.

3. PERSEUS IS SENT ON HIS TRAVELS

Perseus igitur mult�s ann�s ibi habit�bat, et cum m�tre su� v�tam be�tam ag�bat. At Polydect�s Dana�n m�gnopere am�bat, atque eam in m�trim�nium d�cere vol�bat. H�c tamen c�nsilium Perse� minim� gr�tum erat. Polydect�s igitur Perseum d�mittere c�nstituit. Tum iuvenem ad s� voc�vit et haec d�xit: "Turpe est hanc �gn�vam v�tam agere; iam d�dum t� adul�sc�ns es. Qu� �sque h�c man�bis? Tempus est arma capere et virt�tem praest�re. Hinc ab�, et caput Med�sae mihi refer."

4. PERSEUS GETS HIS OUTFIT

Perseus ubi haec aud�vit, ex �nsul� discessit, et postquam ad continentem v�nit, Med�sam quaes�vit. Di� fr�str� quaer�bat; namque n�t�ram loc� �gn�r�bat. Tandem Apoll� et Minerva viam d�m�nstr�v�runt. Pr�mum ad Grae�s, sor�r�s Med�sae, perv�nit. Ab h�s t�l�ria et galeam magicam acc�pit. Apoll� autem et Minerva falcem et speculum ded�runt. Tum postquam t�l�ria pedibus induit, in �era ascendit. Di� per �era vol�bat; tandem tamen ad eum locum v�nit ubi Med�sa cum c�ter�s Gorgonibus habit�bat. Gorgon�s autem m�nstra erant speci� horribil�; capita enim e�rum anguibus omn�n� cont�cta erant. Man�s etiam ex aere factae erant.

5. THE GORGON'S HEAD

R�s difficillima erat caput Gorgonis absc�dere; �ius enim c�nspect� homines in saxum vert�bantur. Propter hanc causam Minerva speculum Perse� dederat. Ille igitur tergum vertit, et in speculum �nspici�bat; h�c mod� ad locum v�nit ubi Med�sa dormi�bat. Tum falce su� caput �ius �n� �ct� absc�dit. C�terae Gorgon�s statim � somn� excit�tae sunt, et ubi rem v�d�runt, �r� comm�tae sunt. Arma rapu�runt, et Perseum occ�dere vol�bant. Ille autem dum fugit, galeam magicam induit; et ubi h�c f�cit, statim � c�nspect� e�rum �v�sit.

6. THE SEA-SERPENT

Post haec Perseus in f�n�s Aethiopum v�nit. Ibi C�pheus qu�dam ill� tempore r�gn�bat. H�c Nept�num, maris deum, �lim offenderat; Nept�nus autem m�nstrum saevissimum m�serat. H�c cott�di� � mar� veni�bat et homin�s d�vor�bat. Ob hanc causam pavor anim�s omnium occup�verat. C�pheus igitur �r�culum de� Hamm�nis c�nsuluit, atque � de� i�ssus est f�liam m�nstr� tr�dere. �ius autem f�lia, nomine Andromeda, virg� f�rm�sissima erat. C�pheus ubi haec aud�vit, m�gnum dol�rem perc�pit. Vol�bat tamen c�v�s su�s � tant� per�cul� extrahere, atque ob eam causam imper�ta Hamm�nis facere c�nstituit.

7. A HUMAN SACRIFICE

Tum r�x diem certam d�xit et omnia par�vit. Ubi ea di�s v�nit, Andromeda ad l�tus d�ducta est, et in c�nspect� omnium ad r�pem adlig�ta est. Omn�s f�tum �ius d�pl�r�bant, nec lacrim�s ten�bant. At subit�, dum m�nstrum exspectant, Perseus accurrit; et ubi lacrim�s v�dit, causam dol�ris quaerit. Ill� rem t�tam exp�nunt et puellam d�m�nstrant. Dum haec geruntur, fremitus terribilis aud�tur; simul m�nstrum horribil� speci� procul c�nspicitur. �ius c�nspectus tim�rem m�ximum omnibus ini�cit. M�nstrum m�gn� celerit�te ad l�tus contendit, iamque ad locum appropinqu�bat ubi puella st�bat.

8. THE RESCUE

At Perseus ubi haec v�dit, gladium suum �d�xit, et postquam t�l�ria induit, in �era subl�tus est. Tum d�super in m�nstrum impetum subit� f�cit, et gladi� su� collum �ius graviter vulner�vit. M�nstrum ubi s�nsit vulnus, fremitum horribilem �didit, et sine mor� t�tum corpus in aquam mersit. Perseus dum circum l�tus volat, reditum �ius exspect�bat. Mare autem intere� undique sanguine �nficitur. Post breve tempus b�lua r�rsus caput sustulit; mox tamen � Perse� �ct� gravi�re vulner�ta est. Tum iterum s� in und�s mersit, neque poste� v�sa est.

9. THE REWARD OF VALOR

Perseus postquam ad l�tus d�scendit, pr�mum t�l�ria exuit; tum ad r�pem v�nit ubi Andromeda vincta erat. Ea autem omnem spem sal�tis d�posuerat, et ubi Perseus adiit, terr�re paene exanim�ta erat. Ille v�ncula statim solvit, et puellam patr� reddidit. C�pheus ob hanc rem m�xim� gaudi� adfectus est. Meritam gr�tiam pr� tant� benefici� Perse� rettulit; praetere� Andromedam ipsam e� in m�trim�nium dedit. Ille libenter h�c d�num acc�pit et puellam d�xit. Pauc�s ann�s cum ux�re su� in e� regi�ne habit�bat, et in m�gn� hon�re erat apud omn�s Aethiop�s. M�gnopere tamen m�trem suam r�rsus vid�re cupi�bat. Tandem igitur cum ux�re su� � r�gn� C�phe� discessit.

10. POLYDECTES IS TURNED TO STONE

Postquam Perseus ad �nsulam n�vem appulit, s� ad locum contulit ubi m�ter �lim habit�verat, sed domum inv�nit vacuam et omn�n� d�sertam. Tr�s di�s per t�tam �nsulam m�trem quaer�bat; tandem quart� di� ad templum Di�nae perv�nit. H�c Dana� ref�gerat, quod Polydectem tim�bat. Perseus ubi haec c�gn�vit, �r� m�gn� comm�tus est; ad r�giam Polydectis sine mor� contendit, et ubi e� v�nit, statim in �trium inr�pit. Polydect�s m�gn� tim�re adfectus est et fugere vol�bat. Dum tamen ille fugit, Perseus caput Med�sae m�nstr�vit; ille autem simul atque h�c v�dit, in saxum versus est.

II. THE ORACLE FULFILLED

Post haec Perseus cum ux�re su� ad urbem Acris� rediit. Ille autem ubi Perseum v�dit, m�gn� terr�re adfectus est; nam propter �r�culum istud nep�tem suum adh�c tim�bat. In Thessaliam igitur ad urbem L�r�sam statim ref�git, fr�str� tamen; neque enim f�tum suum v�t�vit. Post pauc�s ann�s r�x L�r�sae l�d�s m�gn�s f�cit; n�nti�s in omn�s part�s d�m�serat et diem �d�xerat. Mult� ex omnibus urbibus Graeciae ad l�d�s conv�n�runt. Ipse Perseus inter ali�s cert�men disc�rum iniit. At dum discum conicit, avum suum c�s� occ�dit; Acrisius enim inter spect�t�r�s �ius cert�minis forte st�bat.

Hercules, a Greek hero celebrated for his great strength, was pursued throughout his life by the hatred of Juno. While yet an infant, he strangled some serpents sent by the goddess to destroy him. During his boyhood and youth he performed various marvelous feats of strength, and on reaching manhood succeeded in delivering the Thebans from the oppression of the Min�ae. In a fit of madness sent upon him by Juno, he slew his own children; and on consulting the Delphic oracle as to how he should cleanse himself from this crime, he was ordered to submit himself for twelve years to Eurystheus, king of Tiryns, and to perform whatever tasks were appointed him. Hercules obeyed the oracle, and during the twelve years of his servitude accomplished twelve extraordinary feats known as the Labors of Hercules. His death was caused unintentionally by his wife Dejanira. Hercules had shot with his poisoned arrows a centaur named Nessus, who had insulted Dejanira. Nessus, before he died, gave some of his blood to Dejanira, and told her it would act as a charm to secure her husband's love. Some time after, Dejanira wishing to try the charm soaked one of her husband's garments in the blood, not knowing that it was poisoned. Hercules put on the robe, and after suffering terrible torments died, or was carried off by his father Jupiter.

12. THE HATRED OF JUNO

Hercul�s, Alcm�nae f�lius, �lim in Graeci� habit�bat. H�c omnium hominum validissimus fuisse d�citur. At I�n�, r�g�na de�rum, Alcm�nam �derat et Herculem adh�c �nfantem nec�re voluit. M�sit igitur du�s serpent�s saevissim�s; hae medi� nocte in cubiculum Alcm�nae v�n�runt, ubi Hercul�s cum fr�tre su� dormi�bat. Nec tamen in c�n�s, sed in sc�t� m�gn� cub�bant. Serpent�s iam appropinqu�verant et sc�tum mov�bant; itaque puer� � somn� excit�t� sunt.

13. HERCULES AND THE SERPENTS

�phicl�s, fr�ter Herculis, m�gn� v�ce excl�m�vit; sed Hercul�s ipse, fortissimus puer, haudqu�quam territus est. Parv�s manibus serpent�s statim prehendit, et colla e�rum m�gn� v� compressit. T�l� mod� serpent�s � puer� interfectae sunt. Alcm�na autem, m�ter puer�rum, cl�m�rem aud�verat, et mar�tum suum � somn� excit�verat. Ille l�men accendit et gladium suum rapuit; tum ad puer�s proper�bat, sed ubi ad locum v�nit, rem m�ram v�dit, Hercul�s enim r�d�bat et serpent�s mortu�s m�nstr�bat.

14. THE MUSIC-LESSON

Hercul�s � puer� corpus suum d�ligenter exerc�bat; m�gnam partem di�� in palaestr� c�ns�m�bat; didicit etiam arcum intendere et t�la conicere. H�s exercit�ti�nibus v�r�s �ius c�nf�rm�tae sunt. In m�sic� etiam � Lin� centaur� �rudi�b�tur (centaur� autem equ� erant sed caput hominis hab�bant); huic tamen art� minus d�ligenter stud�bat. H�c Linus Herculem �lim obi�rg�bat, quod n�n studi�sus erat; tum puer �r�tus citharam subit� rapuit, et omnibus v�ribus caput magistr� �nf�l�cis percussit. Ille �ct� pr�str�tus est, et paul� post � v�t� excessit, neque quisquam poste� id officium suscipere voluit.

15. HERCULES ESCAPES SACRIFICE

D� Hercule haec etiam inter alia n�rrantur. �lim dum iter facit, in f�n�s Aegypti�rum v�nit. Ibi r�x qu�dam, n�mine B�s�ris, ill� tempore r�gn�bat; h�c autem vir cr�d�lissimus homin�s immol�re c�nsu�verat. Herculem igitur corripuit et in vincula coni�cit. Tum n�nti�s d�m�sit et diem sacrifici� �d�xit. Mox ea di�s appet�bat, et omnia r�te par�ta sunt. Man�s Herculis cat�n�s ferre�s vinctae sunt, et mola salsa in caput �ius �nspersa est. M�s enim erat apud ant�qu�s salem et f�r capitibus victim�rum imp�nere. Iam victima ad �ram st�bat; iam sacerd�s cultrum s�mpserat. Subit� tamen Hercul�s m�gn� c�n�t� vincula perr�pit; tum �ct� sacerd�tem pr�str�vit; alter� r�gem ipsum occ�dit.

16. A CRUEL DEED

Hercul�s iam adul�sc�ns Th�b�s habit�bat. R�x Th�b�rum, vir �gn�vus, Cre�n appell�b�tur. Minyae, g�ns bellic�sissima, Th�b�n�s f�nitim� erant. L�g�t� autem � Miny�s ad Th�b�n�s quotann�s mitt�bantur; h� Th�b�s veni�bant et centum bov�s postul�bant. Th�b�n� enim �lim � Miny�s super�t� erant; trib�ta igitur r�g� Miny�rum quotann�s pend�bant. At Hercul�s c�v�s su�s h�c st�pendi� l�ber�re c�nstituit; l�g�t�s igitur comprehendit, atque aur�s e�rum absc�dit. L�g�t� autem apud omn�s gent�s s�nct� habentur.

17. THE DEFEAT OF THE MINYAE

Erg�nus, r�x Miny�rum, ob haec vehementer �r�tus statim cum omnibus c�pi�s in f�n�s Th�b�n�rum contendit. Cre�n adventum �ius per expl�r�t�r�s c�gn�vit. Ipse tamen p�gn�re n�luit, nam m�gn� tim�re adfectus erat; Th�b�n� igitur Herculem imper�t�rem cre�v�runt. Ille n�nti�s in omn�s part�s d�m�sit, et c�pi�s co�git; tum proxim� di� cum m�gn� exercit� profectus est. Locum id�neum d�l�git et aciem �nstr�xit. Tum Th�b�n� � superi�re loc� impetum in host�s f�c�runt. Ill� autem impetum sustin�re n�n potu�runt; itaque aci�s hostium pulsa est atque in fugam conversa.

18. MADNESS AND MURDER

Post h�c proelium Hercul�s c�pi�s su�s ad urbem red�xit. Omn�s Th�b�n� propter vict�riam m�xim� gaud�bant; Cre�n autem m�gn�s hon�ribus Herculem decor�vit, atque f�liam suam e� in m�trim�nium dedit. Hercul�s cum ux�re su� be�tam v�tam ag�bat; sed post pauc�s ann�s subit� in fur�rem incidit, atque l�ber�s su�s ipse su� man� occ�dit. Post breve tempus ad s�nit�tem reductus est, et propter h�c facinus m�gn� dol�re adfectus est; mox ex urbe eff�git et in silv�s s� rec�pit. N�l�bant enim c�v�s serm�nem cum e� hab�re.

19. HERCULES CONSULTS THE ORACLE

Hercul�s tantum scelus expi�re m�gnopere cupi�bat. C�nstituit igitur ad �r�culum Delphicum �re; h�c enim �r�culum erat omnium celeberrimum. Ibi templum erat Apollinis pl�rim�s d�n�s �rn�tum. H�c in templ� sed�bat f�mina quaedam, n�mine P�thia et c�nsilium dabat i�s qu� ad �r�culum veni�bant. Haec autem f�mina ab ips� Apolline doc�b�tur, et volunt�tem de� hominibus �n�nti�bat. Hercul�s igitur, qu� Apollinem praecipu� col�bat, h�c v�nit. Tum rem t�tam exposuit, neque scelus c�l�vit.

20. THE ORACLE'S REPLY

Ubi Hercul�s f�nem f�cit, P�thia pr�m� tac�bat; tandem tamen iussit eum ad urbem T�ryntha �re, et Eurysthe� r�gis omnia imper�ta facere. Hercul�s ubi haec aud�vit, ad urbem illam contendit, et Eurysthe� r�g� s� in servit�tem tr�didit. Duodecim ann�s cr�d�lissim� Eurysthe� servi�bat, et duodecim lab�r�s, qu�s ille imper�verat, c�nf�cit; h�c enim �n� mod� tantum scelus expi�r� potuit. D� h�s lab�ribus pl�rima � po�t�s scr�pta sunt. Multa tamen quae po�tae n�rrant vix cr�dibilia sunt.

21. FIRST LABOR: THE NEMEAN LION

Pr�mum ab Eurysthe� i�ssus est Hercul�s le�nem occ�dere qu� ill� tempore vallem Nemeaeam redd�bat �nf�stam. In silv�s igitur in quibus le� habit�bat statim s� contulit. Mox feram v�dit, et arcum, quem s�cum attulerat, intendit; �ius tamen pellem, quae d�nsissima erat, tr�icere n�n potuit. Tum cl�v� m�gn� quam semper ger�bat le�nem percussit, fr�str� tamen; neque enim h�c mod� eum occ�dere potuit. Tum d�mum collum m�nstr� bracchi�s su�s complexus est et fauc�s �ius omnibus v�ribus compressit. H�c mod� le� brev� tempore exanim�tus est; n�lla enim resp�rand� facult�s e� dab�tur. Tum Hercul�s cad�ver ad oppidum in umer�s rettulit; et pellem, quam d�tr�xerat, poste� pr� veste ger�bat. Omn�s autem qu� eam regi�nem incol�bant, ubi f�mam d� morte le�nis acc�p�runt, vehementer gaud�bant et Herculem m�gn� hon�re hab�bant.

22. SECOND LABOR: THE LERNEAN HYDRA

Paul� post i�ssus est ab Eurysthe� Hydram nec�re. H�c autem m�nstrum erat cui novem erant capita. Hercul�s igitur cum am�c� Iol�� profectus est ad pal�dem Lernaeam, in qu� Hydra habit�bat. Mox m�nstrum inv�nit, et quamquam r�s erat m�gn� per�cul�, collum �ius sinistr� prehendit. Tum dextr� capita novem absc�dere coepit; quoti�ns tamen h�c f�cerat, nova capita exori�bantur. Di� fr�str� lab�r�bat; tandem h�c c�n�t� d�stitit. Deinde arbor�s succ�dere et �gnem accendere c�nstituit. H�c celeriter f�cit, et postquam l�gna �gnem comprehend�runt, face �rdente colla ad�ssit, unde capita exori�bantur. Nec tamen sine m�gn� lab�re haec f�cit; v�nit enim auxili� Hydrae cancer ing�ns, qu�, dum Hercul�s capita absc�dit, cr�ra �ius mord�bat. Postquam m�nstrum t�l� mod� interf�cit, sagitt�s su�s sanguine �ius imbuit, itaque mortifer�s reddidit.

23. THIRD LABOR: THE CERYNEAN STAG

Postquam Eurysthe� caed�s Hydrae n�nti�ta est, m�gnus timor animum �ius occup�vit. Iussit igitur Herculem cervum quendam ad s� referre; n�luit enim virum tantae aud�ciae in urbe retin�re. H�c autem cervus, c�ius cornua aurea fuisse tr�duntur, incr�dibil� fuit celerit�te. Hercul�s igitur pr�m� vest�gi�s eum in silv� persequ�b�tur; deinde ubi cervum ipsum v�dit, omnibus v�ribus currere coepit. �sque ad vesperum curr�bat, neque nocturnum tempus sibi ad qui�tem relinqu�bat, fr�str� tamen; n�ll� enim mod� cervum c�nsequ� poterat. Tandem postquam t�tum annum cucurrerat (ita tr�ditur), cervum curs� exanim�tum c�pit, et v�vum ad Eurystheum rettulit.

24. FOURTH LABOR: THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR

Tum v�r� i�ssus est Hercul�s aprum quendam capere qu� ill� tempore agr�s Erymanthi�s v�st�bat et incol�s h�ius regi�nis m�gnopere terr�bat. Hercul�s rem susc�pit et in Arcadiam profectus est. Postquam in silvam paulum pr�gressus est, apr� occurrit. Ille autem simul atque Herculem v�dit, statim ref�git; et tim�re perterritus in altam fossam s� pr�i�cit. Hercul�s igitur laqueum quem attulerat ini�cit, et summ� cum difficult�te aprum � foss� extr�xit. Ille ets� fortiter rep�gn�bat, n�ll� mod� s� l�ber�re potuit; et ab Hercule ad Eurystheum v�vus rel�tus est.

25. HERCULES AT THE CENTAUR'S CAVE

D� quart� lab�re, quem supr� n�rr�vimus, haec etiam tr�duntur. Hercul�s dum iter in Arcadiam facit, ad eam regi�nem v�nit quam centaur� incol�bant. Cum nox iam appeteret, ad sp�luncam d�vertit in qu� centaurus qu�dam, n�mine Pholus, habit�bat.

Ille Herculem ben�gn� exc�pit et c�nam par�vit. At Hercul�s postquam c�n�vit, v�num � Phol� postul�vit. Erat autem in sp�lunc� m�gna amphora v�n� optim� repl�ta, quam centaur� ibi d�posuerant. Pholus igitur h�c v�num dare n�l�bat, quod reliqu�s centaur�s tim�bat; n�llum tamen v�num praeter h�c in sp�lunc� hab�bat. "H�c v�num," inquit, "mihi commissum est. S� igitur h�c dab�, centaur� m� interficient." Hercul�s tamen eum inr�sit, et ipse p�culum v�n� d� amphor� hausit.

26. THE FIGHT WITH THE CENTAURS

Simul atque amphora aperta est, odor i�cundissimus undique diff�sus est; v�num enim su�vissimum erat. Centaur� n�tum od�rem s�ns�runt et omn�s ad locum conv�n�runt.

Ubi ad sp�luncam perv�n�runt, m�gnopere �r�t� erant quod Herculem bibentem v�d�runt. Tum arma rapu�runt et Pholum interficere vol�bant. Hercul�s tamen in adit� sp�luncae c�nstitit et impetum e�rum fortissim� sustin�bat. Fac�s �rdent�s in e�s coni�cit; mult�s etiam sagitt�s su�s vulner�vit. Hae autem sagittae eaedem erant quae sanguine Hydrae �lim imb�tae erant. Omn�s igitur qu�s ille sagitt�s vulner�verat ven�n� statim abs�mpt� sunt; reliqu� autem ubi h�c v�d�runt, terga vert�runt et fug� sal�tem peti�runt.

27. THE FATE OF PHOLUS

Postquam reliqu� f�g�runt, Pholus ex sp�lunc� �gressus est, et corpora spect�bat e�rum qu� sagitt�s interfect� erant. M�gnopere autem m�r�tus est quod tam lev� vulnere exanim�t� erant, et causam �ius re� quaer�bat. Adiit igitur locum ubi cad�ver c�iusdam centaur� iac�bat, et sagittam � vulnere tr�xit. Haec tamen s�ve c�s� s�ve c�nsili� de�rum � manibus �ius lapsa est, et pedem leviter vulner�vit. Ille extempl� dol�rem gravem per omnia membra s�nsit, et post breve tempus v� ven�n� exanim�tus est. Mox Hercul�s, qu� reliqu�s centaur�s sec�tus erat, ad sp�luncam rediit, et m�gn� cum dol�re Pholum mortuum v�dit. Mult�s cum lacrim�s corpus am�c� ad sepult�ram dedit; tum, postquam alterum p�culum v�n� exhausit, somn� s� dedit.

28. FIFTH LABOR: THE AUGEAN STABLES

Deinde Eurystheus Hercul� hunc lab�rem gravi�rem imposuit. Aug��s qu�dam, qu� ill� tempore r�gnum in �lide obtin�bat, tria m�lia boum hab�bat. H� in stabul� ingentis m�gnit�dinis incl�d�bantur. Stabulum autem inluvi� ac squ�l�re erat obsitum, neque enim ad h�c tempus umquam p�rg�tum erat. H�c Hercul�s intr� spatium �n�us di�� p�rg�re i�ssus est. Ille, ets� r�s erat multae operae, neg�tium susc�pit. Pr�mum m�gn� lab�re fossam duod�v�gint� pedum d�xit, per quam fl�minis aquam d� montibus ad m�rum stabul� perd�xit. Tum postquam m�rum perr�pit, aquam in stabulum imm�sit et t�l� mod� contr� op�ni�nem omnium opus c�nf�cit.

29. SIXTH LABOR: THE STYMPHALIAN BIRDS

Post pauc�s di�s Hercul�s ad oppidum Stymph�lum iter f�cit; imper�verat enim e� Eurystheus ut av�s Stymph�lid�s nec�ret. Hae av�s r�stra a�nea hab�bant et carne hominum v�sc�bantur. Ille postquam ad locum perv�nit, lacum v�dit; in h�c autem lac�, qu� n�n procul erat ab oppid�, av�s habit�bant. N�lla tamen dab�tur appropinquand� facult�s; lacus enim n�n ex aqu� sed � l�m� c�nstitit. Hercul�s igitur neque pedibus neque lintre pr�gred� potuit.

Ille cum m�gnam partem di�� fr�str� c�ns�mpsisset, h�c c�n�t� d�stitit et ad Volc�num s� contulit, ut auxilium ab e� peteret. Volc�nus (qu� ab fabr�s m�xim� col�b�tur) crepundia quae ipse ex aere fabric�tus erat Hercul� dedit. H�s Hercul�s tam �crem crepitum f�cit ut av�s perterritae �vol�rent. Ille autem, dum �volant, m�gnum numerum e�rum sagitt�s tr�nsf�xit.

30. SEVENTH LABOR: THE CRETAN BULL

Tum Eurystheus Hercul� imper�vit ut taurum quendam fer�cissimum ex �nsul� Cr�t� v�vum referret. Ille igitur n�vem c�nscendit, et cum ventus id�neus esset, statim solvit. Cum tamen �nsulae iam appropinqu�ret, tanta tempest�s subit� coorta est ut n�vis cursum ten�re n�n posset. Tantus autem timor anim�s naut�rum occup�vit ut paene omnem spem sal�tis d�p�nerent. Hercul�s tamen, ets� n�vigand� imper�tus erat, haudqu�quam territus est.

Post breve tempus summa tranquillit�s c�nsec�ta est, et nautae, qu� s� ex tim�re iam rec�perant, n�vem incolumem ad terram appul�runt. Hercul�s � n�v� �gressus est, et cum ad r�gem Cr�tae v�nisset, causam veniend� docuit. Deinde, postquam omnia par�ta sunt, ad eam regi�nem contendit quam taurus v�st�bat. Mox taurum v�dit, et quamquam r�s erat m�gn� per�cul�, cornua �ius prehendit. Tum, cum ingent� lab�re m�nstrum ad n�vem tr�xisset, cum praed� in Graeciam rediit.

31. EIGHTH LABOR: THE MAN-EATING HORSES OF DIOMEDE

Postquam ex �nsul� Cr�t� rediit, Hercul�s ab Eurysthe� in Thr�ciam missus est, ut equ�s Diom�dis red�ceret. H� equ� carne hominum v�sc�bantur; Diom�d�s autem, vir cr�d�lissimus, ill�s obici�bat peregr�n�s omn�s qu� in eam regi�nem v�nerant. Hercul�s igitur m�gn� celerit�te in Thr�ciam contendit et ab Diom�de postul�vit ut equ� sibi tr�derentur. Cum tamen ille h�c facere n�llet, Hercul�s �r� comm�tus r�gem interf�cit et cad�ver �ius equ�s obic� iussit.

Ita m�ra r�rum comm�t�ti� facta est; is enim qu� ante� mult�s cum cruci�t� nec�verat ipse e�dem supplici� nec�tus est. Cum haec n�nti�ta essent, omn�s qu� eam regi�nem incol�bant m�xim� laetiti� adfect� sunt et Hercul� meritam gr�tiam refer�bant. N�n modo m�xim�s hon�ribus et praemi�s eum decor�v�runt sed �r�bant etiam ut r�gnum ipse susciperet. Ille tamen h�c facere n�l�bat, et cum ad mare rediisset, n�vem occup�vit. Ubi omnia ad n�vigandum par�ta sunt, equ�s in n�v� conloc�vit; deinde, cum id�neam tempest�tem nactus esset, sine mor� � port� solvit, et paul� post equ�s in l�tus Argolicum exposuit.

32. NINTH LABOR: THE GIRDLE OF HIPPOLYTE

G�ns Am�zonum d�citur omn�n� ex mulieribus c�nstitisse. Hae summam scientiam re� m�lit�ris hab�bant, et tantam virt�tem adhib�bant ut cum vir�s proelium committere aud�rent. Hippolyt�, Am�zonum r�g�na, balteum habuit celeberrimum quem M�rs e� dederat. Adm�ta autem, Eurysthe� f�lia, f�mam d� h�c balte� acc�perat et eum possid�re vehementer cupi�bat. Eurystheus igitur Hercul� mand�vit ut c�pi�s c�geret et bellum Am�zonibus �nferret. Ille n�nti�s in omn�s part�s d�m�sit, et cum m�gna multit�d� conv�nisset, e�s d�l�git qu� m�ximum �sum in r� m�lit�r� hab�bant.

33. THE GIRDLE IS REFUSED

H�s vir�s Hercul�s persu�sit, postquam causam itineris exposuit, ut s�cum iter facerent. Tum cum i�s quibus persu�serat n�vem c�nscendit, et cum ventus id�neus esset, post pauc�s di�s ad �stium fl�minis Therm�dontis appulit. Postquam in f�n�s Am�zonum v�nit, n�ntium ad Hippolytam m�sit, qu� causam veniend� doc�ret et balteum p�sceret. Ipsa Hippolyt� balteum tr�dere vol�bat, quod d� Herculis virt�te f�mam acc�perat; reliquae tamen Am�zon�s e� persu�s�runt ut neg�ret. At Hercul�s, cum haec n�nti�ta essent, bell� fort�nam tempt�re c�nstituit.

Proxim� igitur di� cum c�pi�s �d�xisset, locum id�neum d�l�git et host�s ad p�gnam �voc�vit. Am�zon�s quoque c�pi�s su�s ex castr�s �d�x�runt et n�n m�gn� interv�ll� ab Hercule aciem �nstr�x�runt.

34. THE BATTLE

Pal�s erat n�n m�gna inter duo exercit�s; neutr� tamen initium tr�nseund� facere vol�bant. Tandem Hercul�s s�gnum dedit, et ubi pal�dem tr�nsiit, proelium comm�sit.

Am�zon�s impetum vir�rum fortissim� sustinu�runt, et contr� op�ni�nem omnium tantam virt�tem praestit�runt ut mult�s e�rum occ�derint, mult�s etiam in fugam coni�cerint. Vir� enim nov� genere p�gnae perturb�bantur nec m�gnam virt�tem praest�bant. Hercul�s autem cum haec vid�ret, d� su�s fort�n�s d�sp�r�re coepit. M�lit�s igitur vehementer cohort�tus est ut pr�stinae virt�tis memoriam retin�rent neu tantum d�decus admitterent, hostiumque impetum fortiter sustin�rent; quibus verb�s anim�s omnium ita �r�xit ut mult� etiam qu� vulneribus c�nfect� essent proelium sine mor� redintegr�rent.

35. THE DEFEAT OF THE AMAZONS

Di� et �criter p�gn�tum est; tandem tamen ad s�lis occ�sum tanta comm�t�ti� r�rum facta est ut mulier�s terga verterent et fug� sal�tem peterent. Multae autem vulneribus d�fessae dum fugiunt captae sunt, in qu� numer� ipsa erat Hippolyt�. Hercul�s summam cl�mentiam praestitit, et postquam balteum acc�pit, l�bert�tem omnibus capt�v�s dedit. Tum v�r� soci�s ad mare red�xit, et quod n�n multum aest�tis supererat, in Graeciam profic�sc� m�t�r�vit. N�vem igitur c�nscendit, et tempest�tem id�neam nactus statim solvit; antequam tamen in Graeciam perv�nit, ad urbem Tr�iam n�vem appellere c�nstituit, fr�mentum enim quod s�cum hab�bat iam d�ficere coeperat.

36. LAOMEDON AND THE SEA-MONSTER

L�omed�n qu�dam ill� tempore r�gnum Tr�iae obtin�bat. Ad hunc Nept�nus et Apoll� ann� superi�re v�nerant, et cum Tr�ia n�ndum moenia hab�ret, ad h�c opus auxilium obtulerant. Postquam tamen h�rum auxili� moenia c�nfecta sunt, n�l�bat L�omed�n praemium quod pr�posuerat persolvere.

Nept�nus igitur et Apoll� ob hanc causam �r�t� m�nstrum quoddam m�s�runt speci� horribil�, quod cott�di� � mar� veni�bat et homines pecud�sque vor�bat. Tr�i�n� autem tim�re perterrit� in urbe contin�bantur, et pecora omnia ex agr�s intr� m�r�s compulerant. L�omed�n h�s r�bus comm�tus �r�culum c�nsuluit, ac deus e� praec�pit ut filiam H�sionem m�nstr� obiceret.

37. THE RESCUE OF HESIONE

L�omed�n, cum h�c resp�nsum ren�nti�tum esset, m�gnum dol�rem perc�pit; sed tamen, ut c�v�s su�s tant� per�cul� l�ber�ret, �r�cul� p�r�re c�nstituit et diem sacrifici� d�xit. Sed s�ve c�s� s�ve c�nsili� de�rum Hercul�s tempore opport�nissim� Tr�iam attigit; ips� enim temporis punct� qu� puella cat�n�s vincta ad l�tus d�d�c�b�tur ille n�vem appulit. Hercul�s � n�v� �gressus d� r�bus quae ger�bantur certior factus est; tum �r� comm�tus ad r�gem s� contulit et auxilium suum obtulit. Cum r�x libenter e� concessisset ut, s� posset, puellam l�ber�ret, Hercul�s m�nstrum interf�cit; et puellam, quae iam omnem spem sal�tis d�posuerat, incolumem ad patrem red�xit. L�omed�n m�gn� cum gaudi� f�liam suam acc�pit, et Hercul� pr� tant� benefici� meritam gr�tiam rettulit.

38. TENTH LABOR: THE OXEN OF GERYON

Tum v�r� missus est Hercul�s ad �nsulam Eryth�am, ut bov�s G�ryonis arcesseret. R�s erat summae difficult�tis, quod bov�s � qu�dam Euryti�ne et � cane bicipite cust�di�bantur. Ipse autem G�ry�n speciem horribilem praeb�bat; tria enim corpora inter s� coni�ncta hab�bat. Hercul�s tamen ets� intelleg�bat quantum per�culum esset, neg�tium susc�pit; ac postquam per mult�s terr�s iter f�cit, ad eam partem Libyae perv�nit quae Eur�pae proxima est. Ibi in utr�que l�tore fret� quod Eur�pam � Liby� d�vidit column�s c�nstituit, quae poste� Herculis Columnae appell�bantur.

39. THE GOLDEN SHIP

Dum h�c mor�tur, Hercul�s m�gnum incommodum ex cal�re s�lis accipi�bat; tandem igitur �r� comm�tus arcum suum intendit et s�lem sagitt�s petiit. S�l tamen aud�ciam vir� tantum adm�r�tus est ut lintrem auream e� dederit. Hercul�s h�c d�num libentissim� acc�pit, n�llam enim n�vem in h�s regi�nibus inven�re potuerat. Tum lintrem d�d�xit, et ventum nactus id�neum post breve tempus ad �nsulam perv�nit. Ubi ex incol�s c�gn�vit qu� in loc� bov�s essent, in eam partem statim profectus est et � r�ge G�ryone postul�vit ut bov�s sibi tr�derentur. Cum tamen ille h�c facere n�llet, Hercul�s et r�gem ipsum et Euryti�nem, qu� erat ingent� m�gnit�dine corporis, interf�cit.

40. A MIRACULOUS HAIL-STORM

Tum Hercul�s bov�s per Hisp�niam et Liguriam compellere c�nstituit; postquam igitur omnia par�ta sunt, bov�s ex �nsul� ad continentem tr�nsport�vit. Ligur�s autem, g�ns bellic�sissima, dum ille per f�n�s e�rum iter facit, m�gn�s c�pi�s co�g�runt atque eum longius pr�gred� prohib�bant. Hercul�s m�gnam difficult�tem hab�bat, barbar� enim in loc�s superi�ribus c�nstiterant et saxa t�laque in eum conici�bant. Ille quidem paene omnem spem sal�tis d�posuerat, sed tempore opport�nissim� Iuppiter imbrem lapidum ingentium � cael� d�m�sit. H� tant� v� cecid�runt ut m�gnum numerum Ligurum occ�derint; ipse tamen Hercul�s (ut in t�libus r�bus accidere c�nsu�vit) nihil incommod� c�pit.

41. THE PASSAGE OF THE ALPS

Postquam Ligur�s h�c mod� super�t� sunt, Hercul�s quam celerrim� pr�gressus est et post pauc�s di�s ad Alp�s perv�nit. Necesse erat h�s tr�ns�re, ut in �taliam bov�s ageret; r�s tamen summae erat difficult�tis. H� enim mont�s, qu� �lteri�rem � citeri�re Galli� d�vidunt, nive perenn� sunt t�ct�; quam ob causam neque fr�mentum neque p�bulum in h�s regi�nibus inven�r� potest. Hercul�s igitur antequam ascendere coepit, m�gnam c�piam fr�ment� et p�bul� compar�vit et h�c comme�t� bov�s oner�vit. Postquam in h�s r�bus tr�s di�s c�ns�mpserat, quart� di� profectus est, et contr� omnium op�ni�nem bov�s incolum�s in �taliam tr�d�xit.

42. CACUS STEALS THE OXEN

Brev� tempore ad fl�men Tiberim v�nit. Tum tamen n�lla erat urbs in e� loc�, R�ma enim n�ndum condita erat. Hercul�s itinere fessus c�nstituit ibi pauc�s di�s mor�r�, ut s� ex lab�ribus recre�ret. Haud procul � valle ubi bov�s p�sc�bantur sp�lunca erat, in qu� C�cus, horribile m�nstrum, tum habit�bat. H�c speciem terribilem praeb�bat, n�n modo quod ingent� m�gnit�dine corporis erat, sed quod �gnem ex �re exsp�r�bat. C�cus autem d� advent� Herculis f�mam acc�perat; noct� igitur v�nit, et dum Hercul�s dormit, quattuor pulcherrim�rum boum abripuit. H�s caud�s in sp�luncam tr�xit, n� Hercul�s � vest�gi�s c�gn�scere posset qu� in loc� c�l�t� essent.

43. HERCULES DISCOVERS THE THEFT

Poster� di� simul atque � somn� excit�tus est, Hercul�s f�rtum animadvertit et bov�s �miss�s omnibus loc�s quaer�bat. H�s tamen n�squam reper�re poterat, n�n modo quod loc� n�t�ram �gn�r�bat, sed quod vest�gi�s fals�s d�ceptus est. Tandem cum m�gnam partem di�� fr�str� c�ns�mpsisset, cum reliqu�s b�bus pr�gred� c�nstituit. At dum profic�sc� parat, �nus � b�bus qu�s s�cum habuit m�g�re coepit. Subit� i� qu� in sp�lunc� incl�s� erant m�g�tum reddid�runt, et h�c mod� Herculem certi�rem f�c�runt qu� in loc� c�l�t� essent. Ille vehementer �r�tus ad sp�luncam quam celerrim� s� contulit, ut praedam reciperet. At C�cus saxum ing�ns ita d�i�cerat ut aditus sp�luncae omn�n� obstruer�tur.

44. HERCULES AND CACUS

Hercul�s cum n�llum alium introitum reper�re posset, h�c saxum �mov�re c�n�tus est, sed propter �ius m�gnit�dinem r�s erat difficillima. Di� fr�str� lab�r�bat neque quicquam efficere poterat; tandem tamen m�gn� c�n�t� saxum �m�vit et sp�luncam patef�cit. Ibi �miss�s bov�s m�gn� cum gaudi� c�nsp�xit; sed C�cum ipsum vix cernere potuit, quod sp�lunca repl�ta erat f�m� quem ille m�re su� �vom�bat. Hercul�s in�sit�t� speci� turb�tus breve tempus haesit�bat; mox tamen in sp�luncam inr�pit et collum m�nstr� bracchi�s complexus est. Ille ets� multum rep�gn�vit, n�ll� mod� s� l�ber�re potuit, et cum n�lla facult�s resp�rand� dar�tur, mox exanim�tus est.

45. ELEVENTH LABOR: THE GOLDEN APPLES OF THE HESPERIDES

Eurystheus postquam bov�s G�ryonis acc�pit, lab�rem �ndecimum Hercul� imposuit, gravi�rem quam qu�s supr� n�rr�vimus. Mand�vit enim e� ut aurea p�ma ex hort� Hesperidum auferret. Hesperid�s autem nymphae erant quaedam f�rm� praestantissim�, quae in terr� longinqu� habit�bant, et quibus aurea quaedam p�ma � I�n�ne commissa erant. Mult� homin�s aur� cupidit�te induct� haec p�ma auferre iam ante� c�n�t� erant. R�s tamen difficillima erat, namque hortus in qu� p�ma erant m�r� ingent� undique circumdatus erat; praetere� drac� qu�dam cui centum erant capita portam hort� d�ligenter cust�di�bat. Opus igitur quod Eurystheus Hercul� imper�verat erat summae difficult�tis, n�n modo ob caus�s qu�s memor�vimus, sed etiam quod Hercul�s omn�n� �gn�r�bat qu� in loc� hortus ille situs esset.

46. HERCULES ASKS AID OF ATLAS

Hercul�s quamquam qui�tem vehementer cupi�bat, tamen Eurysthe� p�r�re c�nstituit, et simul ac i�ssa �ius acc�pit, profic�sc� m�t�r�vit. � mult�s merc�t�ribus quaes�verat qu� in loc� Hesperid�s habit�rent, nihil tamen certum reper�re potuerat. Fr�str� per mult�s terr�s iter f�cit et multa per�cula subiit; tandem, cum in h�s itineribus t�tum annum c�ns�mpsisset, ad extr�mam partem orbis terr�rum, quae proxima est �cean�, perv�nit. H�c st�bat vir qu�dam, nomine Atl�s, ingent� m�gnit�dine corporis, qu� caelum (ita tr�ditum est) umer�s su�s sustin�bat, n� in terram d�cideret. Hercul�s tant�s v�r�s m�gnopere m�r�tus statim in conloquium cum Atlante v�nit, et cum causam itineris docuisset, auxilium ab e� petiit.

47. HERCULES BEARS UP THE HEAVENS

Atl�s autem Hercul� m�xim� pr�desse potuit; ille enim cum ipse esset pater Hesperidum, cert� sc�vit qu� in loc� esset hortus. Postquam igitur aud�vit quam ob causam Hercul�s v�nisset, "Ipse," inquit, "ad hortum �b� et f�li�bus me�s persu�d�b� ut p�ma su� sponte tr�dant." Hercul�s cum haec aud�ret, m�gnopere g�v�sus est; vim enim adhib�re n�luit, s� r�s aliter fier� posset. C�nstituit igitur obl�tum auxilium accipere. Atl�s tamen postul�vit ut, dum ipse abesset, Hercul�s caelum umer�s sustin�ret. H�c autem neg�tium Hercul�s libenter susc�pit, et quamquam r�s erat summ� lab�ris, t�tum pondus cael� continu�s compl�r�s di�s s�lus sustin�bat.

48. THE RETURN OF ATLAS

Atl�s intere� abierat et ad hortum Hesperidum, qu� pauca m�lia passuum aberat, s� quam celerrim� contulerat. E� cum v�nisset, causam veniend� exposuit et f�li�s su�s vehementer hort�tus est ut p�ma tr�derent. Illae di� haer�bant; n�l�bant enim h�c facere, quod ab ips� I�n�ne (ita ut ante dictum est) h�c m�nus acc�pissent. Atl�s tamen aliquand� i�s persu�sit ut sibi p�r�rent, et p�ma ad Herculem rettulit. Hercul�s intere� cum pl�r�s di�s exspect�visset neque �llam f�mam d� redit� Atlantis acc�pisset, h�c mor� graviter comm�tus est. Tandem qu�nt� di� Atlantem v�dit redeuntem, et mox m�gn� cum gaudi� p�ma acc�pit; tum, postquam gr�ti�s pr� tant� benefici� �git, ad Graeciam profic�sc� m�t�r�vit.

49. TWELFTH LABOR: CERBERUS THE THREE-HEADED DOG

Postquam aurea p�ma ad Eurystheum rel�ta sunt, �nus modo relinqu�b�tur � duodecim lab�ribus qu�s P�thia Hercul� praec�perat. Eurystheus autem cum Herculem m�gnopere tim�ret, eum in aliquem locum mittere vol�bat unde numquam red�re posset. Neg�tium igitur e� dedit ut canem Cerberum ex Orc� in l�cem traheret. H�c opus omnium difficillimum erat, n�m� enim umquam ex Orc� redierat. Praetere� Cerberus iste m�nstrum erat horribil� speci�, cui tria erant capita serpentibus saev�s cincta. Antequam tamen d� h�c lab�re n�rr�mus, n�n ali�num vid�tur, quoniam d� Orc� menti�nem f�cimus, pauca d� e� regi�ne pr�p�nere.

50. CHARON'S FERRY

D� Orc�, qu� �dem H�d�s appell�b�tur, haec tr�duntur. Ut quisque d� v�t� d�cesserat, m�n�s �ius ad Orcum, s�dem mortu�rum, � de� Mercuri� d�d�c�bantur. H�ius regi�nis, quae sub terr� fuisse d�citur, r�x erat Pl�t�, cui uxor erat Pr�serpina, Iovis et Cereris f�lia. M�n�s igitur � Mercuri� d�duct� pr�mum ad r�pam veni�bant Stygis fl�minis, qu� r�gnum Pl�t�nis contin�tur. H�c tr�ns�re necesse erat antequam in Orcum ven�re possent. Cum tamen in h�c fl�mine n�llus p�ns factus esset, m�n�s tr�nsveh�bantur � Charonte qu�dam, qu� cum parv� scaph� ad r�pam exspect�bat. Char�n pr� h�c offici� merc�dem postul�bat, neque quemquam, nisi h�c praemium prius dedisset, tr�nsvehere vol�bat. Quam ob causam m�s erat apud ant�qu�s nummum in �re mortu� p�nere e� c�nsili�, ut cum ad Stygem v�nisset, pretium tr�iect�s solvere posset. I� autem qu� post mortem in terr� n�n sepult� erant Stygem tr�ns�re n�n potu�runt, sed in r�p� per centum ann�s err�re co�ct� sunt; tum d�mum Orcum intr�re licuit.

51. THE REALM OF PLUTO

Ut autem m�n�s Stygem h�c mod� tr�nsierant, ad alterum veni�bant fl�men, quod L�th� appell�b�tur. Ex h�c fl�mine aquam bibere c�g�bantur; quod cum f�cissent, r�s omn�s in v�t� gest�s � memori� d�p�n�bant. D�nique ad s�dem ips�us Pl�t�nis veni�bant, c�ius introitus � cane Cerber� cust�di�b�tur. Ibi Pl�t� nigr� vest�t� ind�tus cum ux�re Pr�serpin� in soli� sed�bat. St�bant etiam n�n procul ab e� loc� tria alia solia, in quibus sed�bant M�n�s, Rhadamanthus, Aeacusque, i�dic�s apud �nfer�s. H� mortu�s i�s d�c�bant et praemia poen�sque c�nstitu�bant. Bon� enim in Camp�s �lysi�s, s�dem be�t�rum, veni�bant; improb� autem in Tartarum mitt�bantur ac mult�s et vari�s supplici�s ibi excruci�bantur.

52. HERCULES CROSSES THE STYX

Hercul�s postquam imperia Eurysthe� acc�pit, in Lac�niam ad Taenarum statim s� contulit; ibi enim sp�lunca erat ingent� m�gnit�dine, per quam, ut tr�d�b�tur, homin�s ad Orcum d�scend�bant. E� cum v�nisset, ex incol�s quaes�vit qu� in loc� sp�lunca illa sita esset; quod cum c�gn�visset, sine mor� d�scendere c�nstituit. Nec tamen s�lus h�c iter faci�bat, Mercurius enim et Minerva s� e� soci�s adi�nxerant. Ubi ad r�pam Stygis v�nit, Hercul�s scapham Charontis c�nscendit, ut ad �lteri�rem r�pam tr�ns�ret. Cum tamen Hercul�s vir esset ingent� m�gnit�dine corporis, Char�n solvere n�l�bat; m�gnopere enim ver�b�tur n� scapha sua tant� pondere oner�ta in medi� fl�mine merger�tur. Tandem tamen min�s Herculis territus Char�n scapham solvit, et eum incolumem ad �lteri�rem r�pam perd�xit.

53. THE LAST LABOR IS ACCOMPLISHED

Postquam fl�men Stygem h�c mod� tr�nsiit, Hercul�s in s�dem ips�us Pl�t�nis v�nit; et postquam causam veniend� docuit, ab e� pet�vit ut Cerberum auferre sibi lic�ret. Pl�t�, qu� d� Hercule f�mam acc�perat, eum ben�gn� exc�pit, et facult�tem quam ille pet�bat libenter dedit. Postul�vit tamen ut Hercul�s ipse, cum imper�ta Eurysthe� f�cisset, Cerberum in Orcum r�rsus red�ceret. Hercul�s h�c pollicitus est, et Cerberum, quem n�n sine m�gn� per�cul� manibus prehenderat, summ� cum lab�re ex Orc� in l�cem et ad urbem Eurysthe� tr�xit. E� cum v�nisset, tantus timor animum Eurysthe� occup�vit ut ex �tri� statim ref�gerit; cum autem paulum s� ex tim�re rec�pisset, mult�s cum lacrim�s obsecr�vit Herculem ut m�nstrum sine mor� in Orcum red�ceret. S�c contr� omnium op�ni�nem duodecim ill� lab�r�s qu�s P�thia praec�perat intr� duodecim ann�s c�nfect� sunt; quae cum ita essent, Hercul�s servit�te tandem l�ber�tus m�gn� cum gaudi� Th�b�s rediit.

54. THE CENTAUR NESSUS

Poste� Hercul�s multa alia praecl�ra perf�cit, quae nunc perscr�bere longum est. Tandem iam aet�te pr�vectus D�ian�ram, Oene� f�liam, in m�trim�nium d�xit; post tamen tr�s ann�s accidit ut puerum quendam, cui n�men erat Eunomus, c�s� occ�derit. Cum autem m�s esset ut s� quis hominem c�s� occ�disset, in exsilium �ret, Hercul�s cum ux�re su� � f�nibus �ius c�vit�tis ex�re m�t�r�vit. Dum tamen iter faciunt, ad fl�men quoddam perv�n�runt in qu� n�llus p�ns erat; et dum quaerunt qu�nam mod� fl�men tr�nseant, accurrit centaurus Nessus, qu� vi�t�ribus auxilium obtulit. Hercul�s igitur ux�rem suam in tergum Ness� imposuit; tum ipse fl�men tr�n�vit. Nessus autem paulum in aquam pr�gressus ad r�pam subit� revert�b�tur et D�ian�ram auferre c�n�b�tur. Quod cum animadvertisset Hercul�s, �r� graviter comm�tus arcum intendit et pectus Ness� sagitt� tr�nsf�xit.

55. THE POISONED ROBE

Nessus igitur sagitt� Herculis tr�nsf�xus mori�ns hum� iac�bat; at n� occ�si�nem su� ulc�scend� d�mitteret, ita loc�tus est: "T�, D�ian�ra, verba morientis aud�. S� am�rem mar�t� tu� c�nserv�re v�s, hunc sanguinem qu� nunc � pectore me� effunditur s�me ac rep�ne; tum, s� umquam in susp�ci�nem tibi v�nerit, vestem mar�t� h�c sanguine �nfici�s." Haec loc�tus Nessus animam effl�vit; D�ian�ra autem nihil mal� suspic�ta imper�ta f�cit. Paul� post Hercul�s bellum contr� Eurytum, r�gem Oechaliae, susc�pit; et cum r�gem ipsum cum f�li�s interf�cisset, Iol�n �ius f�liam capt�vam s�cum red�xit. Antequam tamen domum v�nit, n�vem ad C�naeum pr�munturium appulit, et in terram �gressus �ram c�nstituit, ut Iov� sacrific�ret. Dum tamen sacrificium parat, Licham comitem suum domum m�sit, qu� vestem albam referret; m�s enim erat apud ant�qu�s, dum sacrificia facerent, albam vestem gerere. At D�ian�ra verita n� Hercul�s am�rem erg� Iol�n hab�ret, vestem priusquam Lichae dedit, sanguine Ness� �nf�cit.

[Illustration: HERCULES, NESSUS, AND DEJANIRA]

56. THE DEATH OF HERCULES

Hercul�s nihil mal� suspic�ns vestem quam Lich�s attulerat statim induit; paul� post tamen dol�rem per omnia membra s�nsit, et quae causa esset �ius re� m�gnopere mir�b�tur. Dol�re paene exanim�tus vestem d�trahere c�n�tus est; illa tamen in corpore haesit, neque �ll� mod� abscind� potuit. Tum d�mum Hercul�s quasi fur�re impulsus in montem Octam s� contulit, et in rogum, quem summ� celerit�te exstr�xit, s� imposuit. H�c cum f�cisset, e�s qu� circumst�bant �r�vit ut rogum quam celerrim� succenderent. Omn�s di� rec�s�bant; tandem tamen p�stor qu�dam ad misericordiam inductus �gnem subdidit. Tum, dum omnia f�m� obsc�rantur, Hercul�s d�ns� n�be v�l�tus � Iove in Olympum abreptus est.

The celebrated voyage of the Argonauts was brought about in this way. Pelias had expelled his brother Aeson from his kingdom in Thessaly, and had determined to take the life of Jason, the son of Aeson. Jason, however, escaped and grew up to manhood in another country. At last he returned to Thessaly; and Pelias, fearing that he might attempt to recover the kingdom, sent him to fetch the Golden Fleece from Colchis, supposing this to be an impossible feat. Jason with a band of heroes set sail in the ship Argo (called after Argus, its builder), and after many adventures reached Colchis. Here Ae�tes, king of Colchis, who was unwilling to give up the Fleece, set Jason to perform what seemed an impossible task, namely to plough a field with certain fire-breathing oxen, and then to sow it with dragon's teeth. Med�a, however, the daughter of the king, assisted Jason by her skill in magic, first to perform the task appointed, and then to procure the Fleece. She then fled with Jason, and to delay the pursuit of her father, sacrificed her brother Absyrtus. After reaching Thessaly, Med�a caused the death of Pelias and was expelled from the country with her husband. They removed to Corinth, and here Med�a becoming jealous of Glauce, daughter of Creon, caused her death by means of a poisoned robe. She was afterward carried off in a chariot sent by the sun-god, and a little later Jason was accidentally killed.

57. THE WICKED UNCLE

Erant �lim in Thessali� duo fr�tr�s, qu�rum alter Aes�n, Peli�s alter appell�b�tur. Aes�n pr�m� r�gnum obtinuerat; at post pauc�s ann�s Peli�s r�gn� cupidit�te adductus n�n modo fr�trem suum expulit, sed etiam in anim� hab�bat I�sonem, Aesonis f�lium, interficere. Qu�dam tamen ex am�c�s Aesonis, ubi sententiam Peliae c�gn�v�runt, puerum � tant� per�cul� �ripere c�nstitu�runt. Noct� igitur I�sonem ex urbe abstul�runt, et cum poster� di� ad r�gem rediissent, e� ren�nti�v�runt puerum mortuum esse. Peli�s cum h�c aud�visset, ets� r� v�r� m�gnum gaudium percipi�bat, speciem tamen dol�ris praebuit et quae causa esset mortis quaes�vit. Ill� autem cum bene intellegerent dol�rem �ius falsum esse, nesci� quam f�bulam d� morte puer� finx�runt.

58. A FATEFUL ACCIDENT

Post breve tempus Peli�s, veritus n� r�gnum suum tant� v� et fraude occup�tum �mitteret, am�cum quendam Delph�s m�sit, qu� �r�culum c�nsuleret. Ille igitur quam celerrim� Delph�s s� contulit et quam ob causam v�nisset d�m�nstr�vit. Respondit �r�culum n�llum esse in praesenti� per�culum; monuit tamen Peliam ut s� quis �num calceum ger�ns ven�ret, eum cav�ret. Post pauc�s ann�s accidit ut Peli�s m�gnum sacrificium fact�rus esset; n�nti�s in omn�s part�s d�m�serat et certam diem conveniend� d�xerat. Di� c�nstit�t� m�gnus hominum numerus undique ex agr�s conv�nit; in h�s autem v�nit etiam I�s�n, qu� � pueriti� apud centaurum quendam habit�verat. Dum tamen iter facit, �num � calce�s in tr�nseund� nesci� qu� fl�mine �m�sit.

59. THE GOLDEN FLEECE

I�s�n igitur cum calceum �missum n�ll� mod� recipere posset, �n� pede n�d� in r�giam perv�nit. Quem cum Peli�s v�disset, subit� tim�re adfectus est; intell�xit enim hunc esse hominem quem �r�culum d�m�nstr�visset. H�c igitur c�nsilium iniit. R�x erat qu�dam Ae�t�s, qu� r�gnum Colchidis ill� tempore obtin�bat. Huic commissum erat vellus illud aureum quod Phrixus �lim ibi rel�querat. C�nstituit igitur Peli�s I�son� neg�tium dare ut h�c vellere pot�r�tur; cum enim r�s esset m�gn� per�cul�, eum in itinere perit�rum esse sp�r�bat. I�sonem igitur ad s� arcess�vit, et eum cohort�tus quid fier� vellet docuit. Ille ets� intelleg�bat rem esse difficillimam, neg�tium libenter susc�pit.

60. THE BUILDING OF THE GOOD SHIP ARGO

Cum tamen Colchis mult�rum di�rum iter ab e� loc� abesset, s�lus I�s�n profic�sc� n�luit. D�m�sit igitur n�nti�s in omn�s part�s, qu� causam itineris doc�rent et diem certam conveniend� d�cerent. Intere�, postquam omnia quae sunt �su� ad armand�s n�v�s comport�r� iussit, neg�tium dedit Arg� cuidam, qu� summam scientiam nautic�rum r�rum hab�bat, ut n�vem aedific�ret. In h�s r�bus circiter decem di�s c�ns�mpt� sunt; Argus enim, qu� oper� praeerat, tantam d�ligentiam adhib�bat ut n� nocturnum quidem tempus ad lab�rem intermitteret. Ad multit�dinem hominum tr�nsportandam n�vis paul� erat l�tior quam quibus in nostr� mar� �t� c�nsu�vimus, et ad vim tempest�tum perferendam t�ta � r�bore facta est.

61. THE ANCHOR IS WEIGHED

Intere� is di�s appet�bat quem I�s�n per n�nti�s �d�xerat, et ex omnibus regi�nibus Graeciae mult�, qu�s aut re� novit�s aut sp�s gl�riae mov�bat, undique conveni�bant. Tr�ditum est autem in h�c numer� fuisse Herculem, d� qu� supr� multa perscr�psimus, Orpheum, citharoedum praecl�rissimum, Th�seum, Castorem, mult�sque ali�s quorum n�mina sunt n�tissima. Ex h�s I�s�n qu�s arbitr�tus est ad omnia per�cula subeunda par�tissim�s esse, e�s ad numerum qu�nqu�gint� d�l�git et soci�s sibi adi�nxit; tum pauc�s di�s commor�tus, ut ad omn�s c�s�s subsidia compar�ret, n�vem d�d�xit, et tempest�tem ad n�vigandum id�neam nactus m�gn� cum plaus� omnium solvit.

62. A FATAL MISTAKE

Haud mult� post Argonautae (ita enim appell�bantur qu� in ist� n�v� veh�bantur) �nsulam quandam, n�mine Cyzicum, attig�runt; et � n�v� �gress� � r�ge ill�us regi�nis hospiti� except� sunt. Pauc�s h�r�s ibi commor�t� ad s�lis occ�sum r�rsus solv�runt; sed postquam pauca m�lia passuum pr�gress� sunt, tanta tempest�s subit� coorta est ut cursum ten�re n�n possent, et in eandem partem �nsulae unde n�per profect� erant m�gn� cum per�cul� d�icerentur. Incolae tamen, cum nox esset obsc�ra, Argonaut�s n�n �gn�sc�bant, et n�vem inim�cam v�nisse arbitr�t� arma rapu�runt et e�s �gred� prohib�bant. �criter in l�tore p�gn�tum est, et r�x ipse, qu� cum ali�s d�cucurrerat, ab Argonaut�s occ�sus est. Mox tamen, cum iam d�l�c�sceret, s�ns�runt incolae s� err�re et arma abi�c�runt; Argonautae autem cum r�gem occ�sum esse vid�rent, m�gnum dol�rem perc�p�runt.

63. THE LOSS OF HYLAS

Postr�di� �ius di�� I�s�n tempest�tem satis id�neam esse arbitr�tus (summa enim tranquillit�s iam c�nsec�ta erat), ancor�s sustulit, et pauca m�lia passuum pr�gressus ante noctem M�siam attigit. Ibi pauc�s h�r�s in ancor�s exspect�vit; � naut�s enim c�gn�verat aquae c�piam quam s�cum hab�rent iam d�ficere, quam ob causam qu�dam ex Argonaut�s in terram �gress� aquam quaer�bant. H�rum in numer� erat Hyl�s qu�dam, puer f�rm� praestantissim�. Qu� dum fontem quaerit, � comitibus paulum s�cesserat. Nymphae autem quae fontem col�bant, cum iuvenem v�dissent, e� persu�d�re c�n�tae sunt ut s�cum man�ret; et cum ille neg�ret s� h�c fact�rum esse, puerum v� abstul�runt.

Comit�s �ius postquam Hylam �missum esse s�ns�runt, m�gn� dol�re adfect� di� fr�str� quaer�bant. Hercul�s autem et Polyph�mus, qu� vest�gia puer� longius sec�t� erant, ubi tandem ad l�tus redi�runt, I�sonem solvisse c�gn�v�runt.

64. DIFFICULT DINING

Post haec Argonautae ad Thr�ciam cursum tenu�runt, et postquam ad oppidum Salmyd�ssum n�vem appul�runt, in terram �gress� sunt. Ibi cum ab incol�s quaes�ssent quis r�gnum �ius regi�nis obtin�ret, certi�r�s fact� sunt Ph�neum quendam tum r�gem esse. C�gn�v�runt etiam hunc caecum esse et d�r� qu�dam supplici� adfic�, quod �lim s� cr�d�lissimum in f�li�s su�s praebuisset. C�ius supplic� h�c erat genus. Missa erant � Iove m�nstra quaedam speci� horribil�, quae capita virginum, corpora volucrum hab�bant. Hae volucr�s, quae Harp�iae appell�bantur, Ph�ne� summam molestiam adfer�bant; quoti�ns enim ille accubuerat, veni�bant et cibum appositum statim aufer�bant. Qu� factum est ut haud multum abesset qu�n Ph�neus fam� morer�tur.

65. THE DELIVERANCE OF PHINEUS

R�s igitur male s� hab�bat cum Argonautae n�vem appul�runt. Ph�neus autem simul atque aud�vit e�s in su�s f�n�s �gress�s esse, m�gnopere g�v�sus est. Sci�bat enim quantam op�ni�nem virt�tis Argonautae hab�rent, nec dubit�bat qu�n sibi auxilium ferrent. N�ntium igitur ad n�vem m�sit, qu� I�sonem soci�sque ad r�giam voc�ret. E� cum v�nissent, Ph�neus d�m�nstr�vit quant� in per�cul� suae r�s essent, et pr�m�sit s� m�gna praemia dat�rum esse, s� ill� remedium repperissent. Argonautae neg�tium libenter susc�p�runt, et ubi h�ra v�nit, cum r�ge accubu�runt; at simul ac c�na apposita est, Harp�iae c�n�culum intr�v�runt et cibum auferre c�n�bantur. Argonautae pr�mum gladi�s volucr�s peti�runt; cum tamen vid�rent h�c nihil pr�desse, Z�t�s et Calais, qu� �l�s erant �nstr�ct�, in �era s� sublev�v�runt, ut d�super impetum facerent. Quod cum s�nsissent Harp�iae, re� novit�te perterritae statim auf�g�runt, neque poste� umquam redi�runt.

66. THE SYMPLEGADES

H�c fact� Ph�neus, ut pr� tant� benefici� meritam gr�tiam referret, I�son� d�m�nstr�vit qu� rati�ne Sympl�gad�s v�t�re posset. Sympl�gad�s autem duae erant r�p�s ingent� m�gnit�dine, quae � Iove positae erant e� c�nsili�, n� quis ad Colchida perven�ret. Hae parv� interv�ll� in mar� nat�bant, et s� quid in medium spatium v�nerat, incr�dibil� celerit�te concurr�bant. Postquam igitur � Ph�ne� doctus est quid faciendum esset, I�s�n subl�t�s ancor�s n�vem solvit, et l�n� vent� pr�vectus mox ad Sympl�gad�s appropinqu�vit. Tum in pr�r� st�ns columbam quam in man� ten�bat �m�sit. Illa r�ct� vi� per medium spatium vol�vit, et priusquam r�p�s c�nfl�x�runt, incolumis �v�sit caud� tantum �miss�. Tum r�p�s utrimque discess�runt; antequam tamen r�rsus concurrerent, Argonautae, bene intellegent�s omnem spem sal�tis in celerit�te positam esse, summ� v� r�m�s contend�runt et n�vem incolumem perd�x�runt. H�c fact� d�s gr�ti�s m�xim�s �g�runt, qu�rum auxili� � tant� per�cul� �rept� essent; omn�s enim sci�bant n�n sine auxili� de�rum rem tam f�l�citer �v�nisse.

67. A HEAVY TASK

Brev� intermiss� spati� Argonautae ad fl�men Ph�sim v�n�runt, quod in f�nibus Colch�rum erat. Ibi cum n�vem appulissent et in terram �gress� essent, statim ad r�gem Ae�tem s� contul�runt et ab e� postul�v�runt ut vellus aureum sibi tr�der�tur. Ille cum aud�visset quam ob causam Argonautae v�nissent, �r� comm�tus est et di� neg�bat s� vellus tr�dit�rum esse. Tandem tamen, quod sci�bat I�sonem n�n sine auxili� de�rum h�c neg�tium susc�pisse, m�t�t� sententi� pr�m�sit s� vellus tr�dit�rum, s� I�s�n lab�r�s du�s difficillim�s prius perf�cisset; et cum I�s�n d�xisset s� ad omnia per�cula subeunda par�tum esse, quid fier� vellet ostendit. Pr�mum iungend� erant duo taur� speci� horribil�, qu� flamm�s ex �re �d�bant; tum h�s i�nct�s ager qu�dam arandus erat et dent�s drac�nis serend�. H�s aud�t�s I�s�n ets� rem esse summ� per�cul� intelleg�bat, tamen, n� hanc occ�si�nem re� bene gerendae �mitteret, neg�tium susc�pit.

68. THE MAGIC OINTMENT

M�d�a, r�gis f�lia, I�sonem adam�vit, et ubi aud�vit eum tantum per�culum subit�rum esse, rem aegr� fer�bat. Intelleg�bat enim patrem suum hunc lab�rem pr�posuisse e� ips� c�nsili�, ut I�s�n morer�tur. Quae cum ita essent, M�d�a, quae summam scientiam medic�nae hab�bat, h�c c�nsilium iniit. Medi� nocte �nsciente patre ex urbe �v�sit, et postquam in mont�s f�nitim�s v�nit, herb�s qu�sdam carpsit; tum s�c� express� unguentum par�vit quod v� su� corpus aleret nerv�sque c�nf�rm�ret. H�c fact� I�son� unguentum dedit; praec�pit autem ut e� di� qu� ist� lab�r�s c�nficiend� essent corpus suum et arma m�ne oblineret. I�s�n ets� paene omnibus hominibus m�gnit�dine et v�ribus corporis antecell�bat (v�ta enim omnis in v�n�ti�nibus atque in studi� re� m�lit�ris c�ns�m�b�tur), tamen h�c c�nsilium n�n neglegendum esse c�ns�bat.

69. THE SOWING OF THE DRAGON'S TEETH

Ubi is di�s v�nit quem r�x ad arandum agrum �d�xerat, I�s�n ort� l�ce cum soci�s ad locum c�nstit�tum s� contulit. Ibi stabulum ing�ns repperit, in qu� taur� erant incl�s�; tum port�s apert�s taur�s in l�cem tr�xit, et summ� cum difficult�te iugum imposuit. At Ae�t�s cum vid�ret taur�s nihil contr� I�sonem val�re, m�gnopere m�r�tus est; nesci�bat enim f�liam suam auxilium e� dedisse. Tum I�s�n omnibus aspicientibus agrum ar�re coepit, qu� in r� tantam d�ligentiam praebuit ut ante mer�diem t�tum opus c�nf�cerit. H�c fact� ad locum ubi r�x sed�bat adiit et dent�s drac�nis postul�vit; qu�s ubi acc�pit, in agrum quem ar�verat m�gn� cum d�ligenti� sparsit. H�rum autem dentium n�t�ra erat t�lis ut in e� loc� ubi s�ment�s factae essent vir� arm�t� m�r� qu�dam mod� g�gnerentur.

70. A STRANGE CROP

N�ndum tamen I�s�n t�tum opus c�nf�cerat; imper�verat enim e� Ae�t�s ut arm�t�s vir�s qu� � dentibus g�gnerentur s�lus interficeret. Postquam igitur omn�s dent�s in agrum sparsit, I�s�n lassit�dine exanim�tus qui�t� s� tr�didit, dum vir� ist� g�gnerentur. Pauc�s h�r�s dormi�bat, sub vesperum tamen � somn� subit� excit�tus rem ita �v�nisse ut praedictum esset c�gn�vit; nam in omnibus agr� partibus vir� ingent� m�gnit�dine corporis gladi�s gale�sque arm�t� m�rum in modum � terr� ori�bantur. H�c c�gnit� I�s�n c�nsilium quod dedisset M�d�a n�n omittendum esse put�bat. Saxum igitur ing�ns (ita enim M�d�a praec�perat) in medi�s vir�s coni�cit. Ill� undique ad locum concurr�runt, et cum quisque sibi id saxum nesci� c�r hab�re vellet, m�gna contr�versia orta est. Mox strict�s gladi�s inter s� p�gn�re coep�runt, et cum h�c mod� pl�rim� occ�s� essent, reliqu� vulneribus c�nfect� � I�sone n�ll� neg�ti� interfect� sunt.

71. THE FLIGHT OF MEDEA

R�x Ae�t�s ubi I�sonem lab�rem pr�positum c�nf�cisse c�gn�vit, �r� graviter comm�tus est; id enim per dolum factum esse intelleg�bat; nec dubit�bat qu�n M�d�a e� auxilium tulisset. M�d�a autem cum intellegeret s� in m�gn� fore per�cul� s� in r�gi� man�ret, fug� sal�tem petere c�nstituit. Omnibus r�bus igitur ad fugam par�t�s medi� nocte �nsciente patre cum fr�tre Absyrt� �v�sit, et quam celerrim� ad locum ubi Arg� subducta erat s� contulit. E� cum v�nisset, ad ped�s I�sonis s� pr�i�cit, et mult�s cum lacrim�s eum obsecr�vit n� in tant� discr�mine mulierem d�sereret quae e� tantum pr�fuisset. Ille quod memori� ten�bat s� per �ius auxilium � m�gn� per�cul� �v�sisse, libenter eam exc�pit, et postquam causam veniend� aud�vit, hort�tus est n� patris �ram tim�ret. Pr�m�sit autem s� quam pr�mum eam in n�v� su� �vect�rum.

72. THE SEIZURE OF THE FLEECE

Postr�di� �ius di�� I�s�n cum soci�s su�s ort� l�ce n�vem d�d�xit, et tempest�tem id�neam nact� ad eum locum r�m�s contend�runt, qu� in loc� M�d�a vellus c�l�tum esse d�m�nstr�bat. Cum e� v�nissent, I�s�n in terram �gressus est, et soci�s ad mare relict�s, qu� praesidi� n�v� essent, ipse cum M�d�� in silv�s s� contulit. Pauca m�lia passuum per silvam pr�gressus vellus quod quaer�bat ex arbore susp�nsum v�dit. Id tamen auferre erat summae difficult�tis; n�n modo enim locus ipse �gregi� et n�t�r� et arte erat m�n�tus, sed etiam drac� qu�dam speci� terribil� arborem cust�di�bat. Tum M�d�a, quae, ut supr� d�m�nstr�vimus, medic�nae summam scientiam habuit, r�mum quem d� arbore proxim� d�ripuerat ven�n� �nf�cit. H�c fact� ad locum appropinqu�vit, et drac�nem, qu� faucibus apert�s �ius adventum exspect�bat, ven�n� sparsit; deinde, dum drac� somn� oppressus dormit, I�s�n vellus aureum d� arbore d�ripuit et cum M�d�� quam celerrim� pedem rettulit.

73. THE RETURN TO THE ARGO

Dum autem ea geruntur, Argonautae, qu� ad mare relict� erant, �nxi� anim� reditum I�sonis exspect�bant; id enim neg�tium summ� esse per�cul� intelleg�bant. Postquam igitur ad occ�sum s�lis fr�str� exspect�v�runt, d� �ius sal�te d�sp�r�re coep�runt, nec dubit�bant qu�n aliqu� c�sus accidisset. Quae cum ita essent, m�t�randum sibi c�nsu�runt, ut duc� auxilium ferrent; sed dum profic�sc� parant, l�men quoddam subit� c�nspiciunt m�rum in modum intr� silv�s refulg�ns, et m�gnopere m�r�t� quae causa esset �ius re� ad locum concurrunt. Qu� cum v�nissent, I�son� et M�d�ae advenientibus occurr�runt, et vellus aureum l�minis �ius causam esse c�gn�v�runt. Omn� tim�re subl�t� m�gn� cum gaudi� ducem suum exc�p�runt, et d�s gr�ti�s m�xim�s �g�runt quod r�s tam f�l�citer �v�nisset.

74. THE PURSUIT

H�s r�bus gest�s omn�s sine mor� n�vem r�rsus c�nscend�runt, et subl�t�s ancor�s pr�m� vigili� solv�runt; neque enim satis t�tum esse arbitr�t� sunt in e� loc� man�re. At r�x Ae�t�s, qu� iam ante inim�c� in e�s fuerat anim�, ubi c�gn�vit f�liam suam n�n modo ad Argonaut�s s� rec�pisse sed etiam ad vellus auferendum auxilium tulisse, h�c dol�re gravius ex�rsit. N�vem longam quam celerrim� d�d�c� iussit, et m�litibus imposit�s fugient�s �nsec�tus est. Argonautae, qu� rem in discr�mine esse bene sci�bant, omnibus v�ribus r�m�s contend�bant; cum tamen n�vis qu� veh�bantur ingent� esset m�gnit�dine, n�n e�dem celerit�te qu� Colch� pr�gred� poterant. Qu� factum est ut minimum abesset qu�n � Colch�s sequentibus caperentur, neque enim longius intererat quam qu� t�lum adic� posset. At M�d�a cum v�disset qu� in loc� r�s essent, paene omn� sp� d�posit� �nfandum h�c c�nsilium c�pit.

75. A FEARFUL EXPEDIENT

Erat in n�v� Argonaut�rum f�lius qu�dam r�gis Ae�tae, n�mine Absyrtus, quem, ut supr� d�m�nstr�vimus, M�d�a ex urbe fugi�ns s�cum abd�xerat. Hunc puerum M�d�a interficere c�nstituit e� c�nsili�, ut membr�s �ius in mare coniect�s cursum Colch�rum imped�ret; cert� enim sci�bat Ae�tem, cum membra f�l� v�disset, n�n longius pr�sec�t�rum esse. Neque op�ni� M�d�am fefellit, omnia enim ita �v�n�runt ut sp�r�verat. Ae�t�s ubi pr�mum membra v�dit, ad ea conligenda n�vem ten�r� iussit. Dum tamen ea geruntur, Argonautae n�n intermiss� r�migand� lab�re mox � c�nspect� hostium aufer�bantur, neque prius fugere d�stit�runt quam ad fl�men �ridanum perv�n�runt. Ae�t�s nihil sibi pr�fut�rum esse arbitr�tus s� longius pr�gressus esset, anim� d�miss� domum revertit, ut f�l� corpus ad sepult�ram daret.

76. THE BARGAIN WITH PELIAS

Tandem post multa per�cula I�s�n in eundem locum perv�nit unde profectus erat. Tum � n�v� �gressus ad r�gem Peliam, qu� r�gnum adh�c obtin�bat, statim s� contulit, et vellere aure� m�nstr�t� ab e� postul�vit ut r�gnum sibi tr�der�tur; Peli�s enim pollicitus erat, s� I�s�n vellus rettulisset, s� r�gnum e� tr�dit�rum. Postquam I�s�n quid fier� vellet ostendit, Peli�s pr�m� nihil respondit, sed di� in e�dem tr�stiti� tacitus perm�nsit; tandem ita loc�tus est: "Vid�s m� aet�te iam esse c�nfectum, neque dubium est qu�n di�s supr�mus mihi appropinquet. Liceat igitur mihi, dum v�vam, h�c r�gnum obtin�re; cum autem tandem d�cesser�, t� mihi succ�d�s." H�c �r�ti�ne adductus I�s�n respondit s� id fact�rum quod ille rog�sset.

77. MAGIC ARTS

H�s r�bus c�gnit�s M�d�a rem aegr� tulit, et r�gn� cupidit�te adducta mortem r�g� per dolum �nferre c�nstituit. H�c c�nstit�t� ad f�li�s r�gis v�nit atque ita loc�ta est: "Vid�tis patrem vestrum aet�te iam esse c�nfectum neque ad lab�rem r�gnand� perferendum satis val�re. Vultisne eum r�rsus iuvenem fier�?" Tum f�liae r�gis ita respond�runt: "Num h�c fier� potest? Quis enim umquam � sene iuvenis factus est?" At M�d�a respondit: "M� medic�nae summam hab�re scientiam sc�tis. Nunc igitur v�bis d�m�nstr�b� qu� mod� haec r�s fier� possit." Postquam f�nem loquend� f�cit, arietem aet�te iam c�nfectum interf�cit et membra �ius in v�se a�ne� posuit, atque �gn� supposit� in aquam herb�s qu�sdam inf�dit. Tum, dum aqua efferv�sceret, carmen magicum cant�bat. Mox ari�s � v�se exsiluit et v�ribus refect�s per agr�s curr�bat.

78. A DANGEROUS EXPERIMENT

Dum f�liae r�gis h�c m�r�culum stupent�s intuentur, M�d�a ita loc�ta est: "Vid�tis quantum valeat medic�na. V�s igitur, s� vultis patrem vestrum in adul�scentiam red�cere, id quod f�c� ipsae faci�tis. V�s patris membra in v�s conicite; ego herb�s magic�s praeb�b�." Quod ubi aud�tum est, f�liae r�gis c�nsilium quod dedisset M�d�a n�n omittendum put�v�runt. Patrem igitur Peliam nec�v�runt et membra �ius in v�s a�neum coni�c�runt; nihil autem dubit�bant qu�n h�c m�xim� e� pr�fut�rum esset. At r�s omn�n� aliter �v�nit ac sp�r�verant, M�d�a enim n�n e�sdem herb�s dedit quibus ipsa �sa erat. Itaque postquam di� fr�str� exspect�v�runt, patrem suum r� v�r� mortuum esse intell�x�runt. H�s r�bus gest�s M�d�a s� cum coniuge su� r�gnum accept�ram esse sp�r�bat; sed c�v�s cum intellegerent qu� mod� Peli�s periisset, tantum scelus aegr� tul�runt. Itaque I�sone et M�d�� � r�gn� expuls�s Acastum r�gem cre�v�runt.

79. A FATAL GIFT

I�s�n et M�d�a � Thessali� expuls� ad urbem Corinthum v�n�runt, c�ius urbis Cre�n qu�dam r�gnum tum obtin�bat. Erat autem Creont� f�lia �na, n�mine Glauc�. Quam cum v�disset, I�s�n c�nstituit M�d�ae ux�r� suae n�ntium mittere e� c�nsili�, ut Glauc�n in m�trim�nium d�ceret. At M�d�a ubi intell�xit quae ille in anim� hab�ret, �r� graviter comm�ta i�re i�rand� c�nf�rm�vit s� tantam ini�riam ult�ram. H�c igitur c�nsilium c�pit. Vestem par�vit summ� arte textam et vari�s col�ribus �nfectam; hanc mortifer� qu�dam ven�n� tinxit, c�ius v�s t�lis erat ut s� quis eam vestem induisset, corpus �ius quasi �gn� �rer�tur. H�c fact� vestem ad Glauc�n m�sit; illa autem nihil mal� suspic�ns d�num libenter acc�pit, et vestem novam m�re f�min�rum statim induit.

80. MEDEA KILLS HER SONS

Vix vestem induerat Glauc� cum dol�rem gravem per omnia membra s�nsit, et paul� post cr�d�l� cruci�t� adfecta � v�t� excessit. H�s r�bus gest�s M�d�a fur�re atque �menti� impulsa f�li�s su�s nec�vit; tum m�gnum sibi fore per�culum arbitr�ta s� in Thessali� man�ret, ex e� regi�ne fugere c�nstituit. H�c c�nstit�t� s�lem �r�vit ut in tant� per�cul� auxilium sibi praeb�ret. S�l autem h�s precibus comm�tus currum m�sit cui erant i�nct� drac�n�s �l�s �nstr�ct�. M�d�a n�n omittendam tantam occ�si�nem arbitr�ta currum ascendit, itaque per �era vecta incolumis ad urbem Ath�n�s perv�nit. I�s�n ipse brev� tempore m�r� mod� occ�sus est. Accidit s�ve c�s� s�ve c�nsili� de�rum ut sub umbr� n�vis suae, quae in l�tus subducta erat, dorm�ret. Mox n�vis, quae adh�c �r�cta steterat, in eam partem ubi I�s�n iac�bat subit� d�lapsa virum �nf�l�cem oppressit.

[Illustration: MEDEA MEDITATING THE MURDER OF HER SONS]

Ulysses, a famous Greek hero, took a prominent part in the long siege of Troy. After the fall of the city, he set out with his followers on his homeward voyage to Ithaca, an island of which he was king; but being driven out of his course by northerly winds, he was compelled to touch at the country of the Lotus-eaters, who are supposed to have lived on the north coast of Africa. Some of his comrades were so delighted with the lotus fruit that they wished to remain in the country, but Ulysses compelled them to embark again and continued his voyage. He next came to the island of Sicily, and fell into the hands of the giant Polyph�mus, one of the Cycl�pes. After several of his comrades had been killed by this monster, Ulysses made his escape by stratagem and reached the country of the winds. Here he received the help of Aeolus, king of the winds, and having set sail again, arrived within sight of Ithaca; but owing to the folly of his companions, the winds became suddenly adverse and he was again driven back. He then touched at an island which was the home of Circe, a powerful enchantress, who exercised her charms on his companions and turned them into swine. By the help of the god Mercury, Ulysses not only escaped this fate himself, but also forced Circe to restore her victims to human shape. After staying a year with Circe, he again set out and eventually reached his home.

81. HOMEWARD BOUND

Urbem Tr�iam � Graec�s decem ann�s obsessam esse satis c�nstat; d� h�c enim bell� Hom�rus, m�ximus po�t�rum Graec�rum, �liadem opus n�tissimum scr�psit. Tr�i� tandem per �nsidi�s capt�, Graec� long� bell� fess� domum red�re m�t�r�v�runt. Omnibus r�bus igitur ad profecti�nem par�t�s n�v�s d�d�x�runt, et tempest�tem id�neam nact� m�gn� cum gaudi� solv�runt. Erat inter pr�m�s Graec�rum Ulix�s qu�dam, vir summae virt�tis ac pr�dentiae, quem d�cunt n�nn�ll� dolum istum exc�git�sse qu� Tr�iam captam esse c�nstat. H�c r�gnum �nsulae Ithacae obtinuerat, et paul� antequam cum reliqu�s Graec�s ad bellum profectus est, puellam f�rm�sissimam, n�mine P�nelop�n, in m�trim�nium d�xerat. Nunc igitur cum iam decem ann�s quasi in exsili� c�ns�mpsisset, m�gn� cupidit�te patriae et ux�ris videndae �rd�bat.

82. THE LOTUS-EATERS

Postquam tamen pauca m�lia passuum � l�tore Tr�iae progress� sunt, tanta tempest�s subit� coorta est ut n�lla n�vium cursum ten�re posset, sed aliae ali�s in part�s disicerentur. N�vis autem qu� ipse Ulix�s veh�b�tur v� tempest�tis ad mer�diem d�l�ta decim� di� ad l�tus Libyae appulsa est. Ancor�s iact�s Ulix�s c�nstituit n�nn�ll�s � soci�s in terram exp�nere, qu� aquam ad n�vem referrent et qu�lis esset n�t�ra �ius regi�nis c�gn�scerent. H� igitur � n�v� �gress� imper�ta facere par�bant. Dum tamen fontem quaerunt, quibusdam ex incol�s obviam fact� ab i�s hospiti� accept� sunt. Accidit autem ut m�ior pars v�ct�s e�rum hominum in m�r� qu�dam fr�ct� quem l�tum appell�bant c�nsisteret. Quam cum Graec� gust�ssent, patriae et soci�rum statim obl�t� c�nf�rm�v�runt s� semper in e� terr� m�ns�r�s, ut dulc� ill� cib� in perpetuum v�scerentur.

83. THE RESCUE

Ulix�s cum ab h�r� septim� ad vesperum exspect�sset, veritus n� soci� su� in per�cul� vers�rentur, n�nn�ll�s � reliqu�s m�sit, ut quae causa esset morae c�gn�scerent. H� igitur in terram exposit� ad v�cum qu� n�n long� aberat s� contul�runt; qu� cum v�nissent, soci�s su�s quasi v�n� �bri�s repper�runt. Tum ubi causam veniend� docu�runt, i�s persu�d�re c�n�bantur ut s�cum ad n�vem red�rent. Ill� tamen resistere ac man� s� d�fendere coep�runt, saepe cl�mitant�s s� numquam ex e� loc� abit�r�s. Quae cum ita essent, n�nti� r� �nfect� ad Ulixem redi�runt. H�s r�bus c�gnit�s ipse cum omnibus qu� in n�v� relict� erant ad locum v�nit; et soci�s su�s fr�str� hort�tus ut su� sponte red�rent, manibus e�rum post terga vinct�s inv�t�s ad n�vem report�vit. Tum ancor�s subl�t�s quam celerrim� � port� solvit.

84. THE ONE-EYED GIANT

Postquam e� t�t� nocte r�m�s contend�runt, postr�di� ad terram �gn�tam n�vem appul�runt. Tum, quod n�t�ram �ius regi�nis �gn�r�bat, ipse Ulix�s cum duodecim � soci�s in terram �gressus loca expl�r�re c�nstituit. Paulum � l�tore pr�gress� ad sp�luncam ingentem perv�n�runt, quam habit�r� s�ns�runt; �ius enim introitum et n�t�r� loc� et man� m�n�tum esse animadvert�runt. Mox, ets� intelleg�bant s� n�n sine per�cul� id fact�r�s, sp�luncam intr�v�runt; quod cum f�cissent, m�gnam c�piam lactis in v�s�s ingentibus conditam inv�n�runt. Dum tamen m�rantur quis in e� s�de habit�ret, sonitum terribilem aud�v�runt, et ocul�s ad portam tort�s m�nstrum horribile v�d�runt, h�m�n� quidem speci� et fig�r�, sed ingent� m�gnit�dine corporis. Cum autem animadvertissent m�nstrum �num oculum tantum hab�re in medi� fronte positum, intell�x�runt hunc esse �num � Cycl�pibus, d� quibus f�mam iam acc�perant.

85. THE GIANT'S SUPPER

Cycl�p�s autem p�st�r�s erant qu�dam qu� �nsulam Siciliam et praecipu� montem Aetnam incol�bant; ibi enim Volc�nus, praeses fabr�rum et �gnis repertor, c�ius serv� Cycl�p�s erant, offic�nam suam hab�bat.

Graec� igitur simul ac m�nstrum v�d�runt, terr�re paene exanim�t� in interi�rem partem sp�luncae ref�g�runt et s� ibi abdere c�n�bantur. Polyph�mus autem (s�c enim Cycl�ps appell�b�tur) pecus suum in sp�luncam compulit; deinde, cum sax� ingent� portam obstr�xisset, �gnem in medi� sp�lunc� f�cit. H�c fact�, ocul� omnia perl�str�bat, et cum s�nsisset homin�s in interi�re parte sp�luncae esse abdit�s, m�gn� v�ce excl�m�vit: "Qu� homin�s estis? Merc�t�r�s an latr�n�s?" Tum Ulix�s respondit s� neque merc�t�r�s esse neque praedand� caus� v�nisse; sed � Tr�i� redeunt�s v� tempest�tum � r�ct� curs� d�puls�s esse. �r�vit etiam ut sibi sine ini�ri� ab�re lic�ret. Tum Polyph�mus quaes�vit ubi esset n�vis qu� vect� essent; sed Ulix�s cum sibi m�xim� praecavendum esse bene intellegeret, respondit n�vem suam in r�p�s coniectam omn�n� fr�ctam esse. Polyph�mus autem n�ll� resp�ns� dat� duo � soci�s man� corripuit, et membr�s e�rum d�vuls�s carnem d�vor�re coepit.

86. A DESPERATE SITUATION

Dum haec geruntur, Graec�rum anim�s tantus terror occup�vit ut n� v�cem quidem �dere possent, sed omn� sp� sal�tis d�posit� mortem praesentem exspect�rent. Polyph�mus, postquam fam�s h�c tam horribil� c�n� d�pulsa est, hum� pr�str�tus somn� s� dedit. Quod cum v�disset Ulix�s, tantam occ�si�nem re� gerendae n�n omittendam arbitr�tus, in e� erat ut pectus m�nstr� gladi� tr�nsf�geret. Cum tamen nihil temer� agendum ex�stim�ret, c�nstituit expl�r�re, antequam h�c faceret, qu� rati�ne ex sp�lunc� �v�dere possent. At cum saxum animadvertisset qu� introitus obstr�ctus erat, nihil sibi pr�fut�rum intell�xit s� Polyph�mum interf�cisset. Tanta enim erat �ius sax� m�gnit�d� ut n� � decem quidem hominibus �mov�r� posset. Quae cum ita essent, Ulix�s h�c c�n�t� d�stitit et ad soci�s rediit; qu� cum intell�xissent qu� in loc� r�s essent, n�ll� sp� sal�tis obl�t� d� fort�n�s su�s d�sp�r�re coep�runt. Ille tamen n� anim�s d�mitterent vehementer hort�tus est; d�m�nstr�vit s� iam ante� � mult�s et m�gn�s per�cul�s �v�sisse, neque dubium esse qu�n in tant� discr�mine d� auxilium l�t�r� essent.

87. A PLAN FOR VENGEANCE

Ort� l�ce Polyph�mus iam � somn� excit�tus idem quod hestern� di� f�cit; corrept�s enim du�bus � reliqu�s vir�s carnem e�rum sine mor� d�vor�vit. Tum, cum saxum �m�visset, ipse cum pecore su� ex sp�lunc� pr�gressus est; quod cum Graec� vid�rent, m�gnam in spem s� post paulum �v�s�r�s v�n�runt. Mox tamen ab h�c sp� repuls� sunt; nam Polyph�mus, postquam omn�s ov�s exi�runt, saxum in locum restituit. Reliqu� omn� sp� sal�tis d�posit� l�ment�s lacrim�sque s� d�did�runt; Ulix�s v�r�, qu�, ut supr� d�m�nstr�vimus, vir m�gn� fuit c�nsil�, ets� intelleg�bat rem in discr�mine esse, n�ndum omn�n� d�sp�r�bat. Tandem, postquam di� haec t�t� anim� c�git�vit, h�c c�nsilium c�pit. � l�gn�s quae in sp�lunc� reposita erant p�lum m�gnum d�l�git. Hunc summ� cum d�ligenti� praeac�tum f�cit; tum, postquam soci�s quid fier� vellet ostendit, reditum Polyph�m� exspect�bat.

88. A GLASS TOO MUCH

Sub vesperum Polyph�mus ad sp�luncam rediit, et e�dem mod� qu� ante� c�n�vit. Tum Ulix�s �trem v�n� pr�mpsit, quem forte (id quod e� erat sal�t�) s�cum attulerat; et postquam m�gnum p�culum v�n� compl�vit, m�nstrum ad bibendum pr�voc�vit. Polyph�mus, qu� numquam ante� v�num gust�verat, t�tum p�culum statim exhausit; quod cum f�cisset, tantam volupt�tem perc�pit ut iterum et tertium p�culum repl�r� iusserit. Tum, cum quaes�visset qu� n�mine Ulix�s appell�r�tur, ille respondit s� N�minem appellar�; quod cum aud�visset, Polyph�mus ita loc�tus est: "Hanc, tibi gr�tiam pr� tant� benefici� referam; t� postr�mum omnium d�vor�b�." H�c cum d�xisset, cib� v�n�que gravis recubuit et brev� tempore somn� oppressus est. Tum Ulix�s soci�s convoc�t�s, "Hab�mus," inquit, "quam petiimus facult�tem; n� igitur tantam occ�si�nem re� gerendae omitt�mus."

89. THE BLINDING OF POLYPHEMUS

H�c �r�ti�ne habit�, postquam extr�mum p�lum �gn� calef�cit, oculum Polyph�m� dormientis fervent� l�gn� perf�dit; qu� fact� omn�s in d�vers�s sp�luncae part�s s� abdid�runt. At ille subit� ill� dol�re ocul� � somn� excit�tus cl�m�rem terribilem sustulit, et dum per sp�luncam errat, Ulixem man� prehendere c�n�b�tur; cum tamen iam omn�n� caecus esset, n�ll� mod� h�c efficere potuit. Intere� reliqu� Cycl�p�s cl�m�re aud�t� undique ad sp�luncam conv�n�runt, et ad introitum adstant�s quid Polyph�mus ageret quaes�v�runt, et quam ob causam tantum cl�m�rem sustulisset. Ille respondit s� graviter vulner�tum esse et m�gn� dol�re adfic�. Cum tamen poste� quaes�vissent quis e� vim intulisset, respondit ille N�minem id f�cisse; quibus r�bus aud�t�s �nus � Cycl�pibus: "At s� n�m�," inquit, "t� vulner�vit, haud dubium est qu�n c�nsili� de�rum, quibus resistere nec possumus nec volumus, h�c supplici� adfici�ris." H�c cum d�xisset, abi�runt Cycl�p�s eum in �ns�niam incidisse arbitr�t�.

90. THE ESCAPE

Polyph�mus ubi soci�s su�s abiisse s�nsit, fur�re atque �menti� impulsus Ulixem iterum quaerere coepit; tandem cum portam inv�nisset, saxum qu� obstr�cta erat �m�vit, ut pecus in agr�s ex�ret. Tum ipse in introit� c�ns�dit, et ut quaeque ovis ad hunc locum v�nerat, �ius tergum manibus tr�ct�bat, n� vir� inter ov�s ex�re possent. Quod cum animadvertisset Ulix�s, intell�xit omnem spem sal�tis in dol� magis quam in virt�te p�n�. Itaque h�c c�nsilium iniit. Pr�mum tr�s qu�s vidit pinguissim�s ex ovibus d�l�git, qu�s cum inter s� viminibus coni�nxisset, �num ex soci�s su�s ventribus e�rum ita subi�cit ut omn�n� lat�ret; deinde ov�s hominem s�cum ferent�s ad portam �git. Id accidit quod fore suspic�tus erat. Polyph�mus enim postquam terga ovium manibus tr�ct�vit, e�s praeter�re passus est. Ulix�s ubi rem tam f�l�citer �v�nisse v�dit, omn�s soci�s su�s ex �rdine e�dem mod� �m�sit; qu� fact� ipse novissimus �v�sit.

91. OUT OF DANGER

I�s r�bus ita c�nfect�s, Ulix�s veritus n� Polyph�mus fraudem sent�ret, cum soci�s quam celerrim� ad l�tus contendit; qu� cum v�nissent, ab i�s qu� n�v� praesidi� relict� erant m�gn� cum laetiti� except� sunt. H� enim cum �nxi�s anim�s iam tr�s di�s continu�s reditum e�rum exspect�vissent, e�s in aliquod per�culum m�gnum incidisse (id quidem quod erat) suspic�t�, ips� auxiliand� caus� �gred� par�bant. Tum Ulix�s n�n satis t�tum arbitr�tus in e� loc� man�re, quam celerrim� profis�sc� c�nstituit. Iussit igitur omn�s n�vem c�nscendere, et ancor�s subl�t�s paulum � l�tore in altum pr�vectus est. Tum m�gn� v�ce excl�m�vit: "T�, Polyph�me, qu� i�ra hospit� spernis, i�stam et d�bitam poenam imm�nit�tis tuae solvist�." H�c v�ce aud�t� Polyph�mus �r� vehementer comm�tus ad mare s� contulit, et ubi n�vem paulum � l�tore rem�tam esse intell�xit, saxum ing�ns man� correptum in eam partem coni�cit unde v�cem ven�re s�nsit. Graec� autem, ets� n�n multum �fuit qu�n submergerentur, n�ll� damn� accept� cursum tenu�runt.

92. THE COUNTRY OF THE WINDS

Pauca m�lia passuum ab e� loc� pr�gressus Ulix�s ad �nsulam Aeoliam n�vem appulit. Haec patria erat vent�rum,

"H�c v�st� r�x Aeolus antr� luctant�s vent�s tempest�t�sque son�r�s imperi� premit ac vincl�s et carcere fr�nat."

Ibi r�x ipse Graec�s hospiti� exc�pit, atque i�s persu�sit ut ad recuperand�s v�r�s pauc�s di�s in e� regi�ne commor�rentur. Septim� di� cum soci� � lab�ribus s� rec�pissent, Ulix�s, n� ann� tempore � n�vig�ti�ne excl�der�tur, sibi sine mor� profic�scendum statuit. Tum Aeolus, qu� sci�bat Ulixem cupidissimum esse patriae videndae, e� iam profect�r� m�gnum saccum � cori� c�nfectum dedit, in qu� vent�s omn�s praeter �num incl�serat. Zephyrum tantum solverat, quod ille ventus ab �nsul� Aeoli� ad Ithacam n�vigant� est secundus. Ulix�s h�c d�num libenter acc�pit, et gr�ti�s pr� tant� benefici� �ct�s saccum ad m�lum adlig�vit. Tum omnibus r�bus ad profecti�nem par�t�s mer�di�n� fer� tempore � port� solvit.

93. THE WIND-BAG

Novem di�s secundissim� vent� cursum tenu�runt, iamque in c�nspectum patriae suae v�nerant, cum Ulix�s lassit�dine c�nfectus (ipse enim gubern�bat) ad qui�tem capiendam recubuit. At soci�, qu� iam d�dum m�r�bantur quid in ill� sacc� incl�sum esset, cum ducem somn� oppressum vid�rent, tantam occ�si�nem n�n omittendam arbitr�t� sunt; cr�d�bant enim aurum et argentum ibi esse c�l�ta. Itaque sp� lucr� adduct� saccum sine mor� solv�runt, qu� fact� vent�

"velut �gmine fact� qu� data porta ruunt, et terr�s turbine perflant."

H�c tanta tempest�s subit� coorta est ut ill� cursum ten�re n�n possent sed in eandem partem unde erant profect� referrentur. Ulix�s � somn� excit�tus qu� in loc� r�s esset statim intell�xit; saccum sol�tum, Ithacam post tergum relictam v�dit. Tum v�r� �r� vehementer ex�rsit soci�sque obi�rg�bat quod cupidit�te pec�niae adduct� spem patriae videndae pr�i�cissent.

94. A DRAWING OF LOTS

Brev� spati� intermiss� Graec� �nsulae cuidam appropinqu�v�runt in qu� Circ�, f�lia S�lis, habit�bat. Qu� cum n�vem appulisset, Ulix�s in terram fr�mentand� caus� �grediendum esse statuit; nam c�gn�verat fr�mentum quod in n�v� hab�rent iam d�ficere. Soci�s igitur ad s� convoc�t�s qu� in loc� r�s esset et quid fier� vellet ostendit. Cum tamen omn�s memori� ten�rent quam cr�d�l� morte nec�t� essent i� qu� n�per � n�v� �gress� essent, n�m� repertus est qu� h�c neg�tium suscipere vellet. Quae cum ita essent, r�s ad contr�versiam d�ducta est. Tandem Ulix�s c�ns�ns� omnium soci�s in du�s part�s d�v�sit, qu�rum alter� Eurylochus, vir summae virt�tis, alter� ipse praeesse. Tum h� inter s� sort�t� sunt uter in terram �greder�tur. H�c fact�, Euryloch� sorte �v�nit ut cum du�bus et v�gint� soci�s rem susciperet.

95. THE HOUSE OF THE ENCHANTRESS

H�s r�bus ita c�nstit�tis i� qu� sort�t� erant in interi�rem partem �nsulae profect� sunt. Tantus tamen timor anim�s e�rum occup�verat ut nihil dubit�rent qu�n mort� obviam �rent. Vix quidem poterant i� qu� in n�v� relict� erant lacrim�s ten�re; cr�d�bant enim s� soci�s su�s numquam post h�c tempus v�s�r�s. Ill� autem aliquantum itineris pr�gress� ad v�llam quandam perv�n�runt summ� m�gnificenti� aedific�tam, c�ius ad �stium cum adiissent, cantum dulcissimum aud�v�runt. Tanta autem fuit �ius v�cis dulc�d� ut n�ll� mod� retin�r� possent qu�n i�nuam puls�rent. H�c fact� ipsa Circ� for�s exiit, et summ� cum ben�gnit�te omn�s in hospitium inv�t�vit. Eurylochus �nsidi�s sibi compar�r� suspic�tus for�s exspect�re c�nstituit, sed reliqu� re� novit�te adduct� intr�v�runt. C�nam m�gnificam omnibus r�bus �nstr�ctam inv�n�runt et i�ss� dominae libentissim� accubu�runt. At Circ� v�num quod serv� apposu�runt medic�ment� qu�dam miscuerat; quod cum Graec� bibissent, grav� somn� subit� oppress� sunt.

96. THE CHARM

Tum Circ�, quae artis magicae summam scientiam hab�bat, bacul� aure� quod ger�bat capita e�rum tetigit; qu� fact� omn�s in porc�s subit� convers� sunt. Intere� Eurylochus �gn�rus quid in aedibus ager�tur ad �stium sed�bat; postquam tamen ad s�lis occ�sum �nxi� anim� et sollicit� exspect�vit, s�lus ad n�vem regred� c�nstituit. E� cum v�nisset, sollicit�dine ac tim�re tam perturb�tus fuit ut quae v�disset vix d�l�cid� n�rr�re posset. Ulix�s autem satis intell�xit soci�s su�s in per�cul� vers�r�, et gladi� corrept� Euryloch� imper�vit ut sine mor� viam ad istam domum d�m�nstr�ret. Ille tamen mult�s cum lacrim�s Ulixem complexus obsecr�re coepit n� in tantum per�culum s� committeret; s� quid gravius e� accidisset, omnium sal�tem in summ� discr�mine fut�ram. Ulix�s autem respondit s� n�minem inv�tum s�cum adduct�rum; e� lic�re, s� m�llet, in n�v� man�re; s� ipsum sine �ll� praesidi� rem suscept�rum. H�c cum m�gn� v�ce d�xisset, � n�v� d�siluit et n�ll� sequente s�lus in viam s� dedit.

97. THE COUNTERCHARM

Aliquantum itineris pr�gressus ad v�llam m�gnificam perv�nit, quam cum ocul�s perl�str�sset, statim intr�re statuit; intell�xit enim hanc esse eandem domum d� qu� Eurylochus menti�nem f�cisset. At cum in e� esset ut l�men intr�ret, subit� e� obviam stetit adul�sc�ns f�rm� pulcherrim� aureum baculum ger�ns. H�c Ulixem iam domum intrantem man� corripuit et, "Qu� ruis?" inquit. "N�nne sc�s hanc esse Circ�s domum? H�c incl�s� sunt am�c� tu� ex h�m�n� speci� in porc�s convers�. Num v�s ipse in eandem calamit�tem ven�re?" Ulix�s simul ac v�cem aud�vit, deum Mercurium �gn�vit; n�ll�s tamen precibus ab �nstit�t� c�nsili� d�terr�r� potuit. Quod cum Mercurius s�nsisset, herbam quandam e� dedit, quam contr� carmina multum val�re d�c�bat. "Hanc cape," inquit, "et ubi Circ� t� bacul� tetigerit, t� strict� gladi� impetum in eam vid� ut faci�s." Mercurius postquam f�nem loquend� f�cit,

"mort�l�s v�s�s medi� serm�ne rel�quit, et procul in tenuem ex ocul�s �v�nuit auram."

98. THE ENCHANTRESS IS FOILED

Brev� intermiss� spati� Ulix�s ad omnia per�cula subeunda par�tus i�nuam puls�vit, et foribus patefact�s ab ips� Circ� ben�gn� exceptus est. Omnia e�dem mod� atque ante� facta sunt. C�nam m�gnific� �nstr�ctam v�dit et accumbere i�ssus est. Mox, ubi fam�s cib� d�pulsa est, Circ� p�culum aureum v�n� repl�tum Ulix� dedit. Ille ets� suspic�tus est ven�num sibi par�tum esse, p�culum exhausit; qu� fact� Circ� postquam caput �ius bacul� tetigit, ea verba loc�ta est quibus soci�s �ius ante� in porc�s converterat. R�s tamen omn�n� aliter �v�nit atque illa sp�r�verat. Tanta enim v�s erat �ius herbae quam Ulix� Mercurius dederat ut neque ven�num neque verba quicquam efficere possent. Ulix�s autem, ut e� praeceptum erat, gladi� strict� impetum in eam f�cit et mortem minit�b�tur. Circ� cum artem suam nihil val�re s�nsisset, mult�s cum lacrim�s eum obsecr�re coepit n� sibi v�tam adimeret.

99. MEN ONCE MORE

Ulix�s autem ubi s�nsit eam tim�re perterritam esse, postul�vit ut soci�s su�s sine mor� in h�m�nam speciem red�ceret (certior enim factus erat � de� Mercuri� e�s in porc�s convers�s esse); nisi id factum esset, s� d�bit�s poen�s s�mpt�rum ostendit. Circ� h�s r�bus graviter comm�ta e� ad ped�s s� pr�i�cit, et mult�s cum lacrim�s i�re i�rand� c�nf�rm�vit s� quae ille imper�sset omnia fact�ram. Tum porc�s in �trium immitt� iussit. Ill� dat� s�gn� inru�runt, et cum ducem suum �gn�vissent, m�gn� dol�re adfect� sunt quod n�ll� mod� eum d� r�bus su�s certi�rem facere poterant. Circ� tamen unguent� qu�dam corpora e�rum �nxit; qu� fact� sunt omn�s statim in h�m�nam speciem reduct�. M�gn� cum gaudi� Ulix�s su�s am�c�s �gn�vit, et n�ntium ad l�tus m�sit, qu� reliqu�s Graec�s soci�s recept�s esse d�ceret. Ill� autem h�s r�bus c�gnit�s statim ad domum Circaeam s� contul�runt; qu� cum v�nissent, �nivers� laetitiae s� d�did�runt.

[Illustration: ULYSSES AND CIRCE]

100. AFLOAT AGAIN

Postr�di� �ius di�� Ulix�s ex h�c �nsul� quam celerrim� disc�dere in anim� hab�bat. Circ� tamen cum haec c�gn�visset, ex odi� ad am�rem conversa omnibus precibus eum �r�re et obtest�r� coepit ut pauc�s di�s apud s� mor�r�tur; qu� r� tandem impetr�t� tanta beneficia in eum contulit ut facile e� persu�sum sit ut di�tius man�ret. Postquam tamen t�tum annum apud Circ�n c�ns�mpserat, Ulix�s m�gn� d�s�deri� patriae suae m�tus est. Soci�s igitur ad s� convoc�t�s quid in anim� hab�ret ostendit. Ubi tamen ad l�tus d�scendit, n�vem suam tempest�tibus tam adfl�ctam inv�nit ut ad n�vigandum paene in�tilis esset. H�c r� c�gnit� omnia quae ad n�v�s reficiend�s �su� essent compar�r� iussit, qu� in r� tantam d�ligentiam omn�s adhib�bant ut ante tertium diem opus perf�cerint. At Circ� ubi omnia ad profecti�nem par�ta esse v�dit, rem aegr� fer�bat et Ulixem vehementer obsecr�bat ut e� c�nsili� d�sisteret. Ille tamen, n� ann� tempore a n�vig�ti�ne excl�der�tur, m�t�randum sibi ex�stim�vit, et tempest�tem id�neam nactus n�vem solvit. Multa quidem per�cula Ulix� subeunda erant antequam in patriam suam perven�ret, quae tamen h�c loc� longum est perscr�bere.

NOTES

The numbers refer to the page of text and the line on the page respectively.

3.6. Dana�. Many proper names in this book are words borrowed by Latin from Greek, and have forms not given in the regular Latin declensions. It will not be necessary to learn the declension of such words.

7. enim. This word commonly stands second in its clause.

8. turb�bat. Notice that this verb and dormi�bat below are in the imperfect tense to denote a state of things existing at the past time indicated by territa est.

autem. This word has the same peculiarity of position as enim; so also igitur, which occurs in line 11.

12. Ser�phum. Notice that Latin says 'the island Seriphos,' but English more often 'the island of Seriphos.'

13. appulsa est. Postquam is regularly followed by the perfect or present indicative, but the English translation usually requires the pluperfect.

15. qu�dam. Qu�dam means 'certain' as applied to some person or thing not fully described, while certus means 'certain' in the sense of 'determined.' 'sure,'

ad domum. This means 'to the house'; 'to be brought home' would be domum add�c�, without the preposition.

16. Ille is often used, as here, when the subject is changed to a person mentioned in the preceding sentence. In this use it is to be translated 'he.'

18. benefici�. See the derivation of this word in the vocabulary.

20. mult�s ann�s. Duration of time is regularly expressed in the accusative case.

22. eam. Latin has no pronoun of the third person, and is often takes the place of one; it is then to be translated 'he,' 'she,' 'it,' 'they,' according to its form.

25. haec. The literal translation would be 'these things,' but we must say 'thus' or 'as follows.'

4. 1. es. With iam d�dum and similar expressions of duration, the present indicative is often used to denote an action or state begun in the past but continuing in the present. The English equivalent is the perfect.

h�c, is not the pronoun, but an adverb.

2. mihi. This dative may be translated 'for me.' How would 'to me' with a verb of motion be put?

3. refer. D�c�, d�c�, faci�, and fer� have the imperative forms d�c, d�c, fac, and fer, instead of d�ce, etc.

4. Perseus. When the subordinate and the principal clause of a Latin sentence have the same subject, this usually stands first, followed by the subordinate clause.

haec. Here a different rendering is required from that suggested in the note on 3, 25. What is it? Notice that it is necessary to know the literal significance of the Latin words, but that the translation must often be something quite different if it is to be acceptable English. The rule for translation is: Discover the exact meaning of the original; then express the same idea correctly and, if you can, elegantly in the language into which you are translating.

5. continentem. What is the derivation of this word?

v�nit. Is this present or perfect? How do you know?

8. Grae�s. The Graeae were three old women who had one eye and one tooth in common, and took turns in using them.

9. galeam. This belonged to Pluto, the god of the underworld of the dead, and whosoever wore it was invisible. The story is that Perseus compelled the Graeae to tell him how to obtain the helps to his enterprise by seizing their tooth and eye.

11. pedibus, 'on his feet,' dative of indirect object.

induit. See the note on 3, 13.

�era. ��r is borrowed from Greek, and keeps this Greek form for its accusative.

12. vol�bat. Distinguish between vol�, vol�re, and vol�, velle.

13. c�ter�s. C�ter� is used to denote all not already named ('the other'), while ali� denotes some of those who have not been already named ('other').

14. speci� horribil�, 'of terrible appearance.' ablative of description. A noun never stands alone in this construction,

e�rum. See the note on 3, 22.

15. cont�cta. This and factae below are used as predicate adjectives, not to form the pluperfect passive with erant. Translate, therefore, 'were covered.' not 'had been covered.'

18. vert�bantur. The imperfect here denotes customary action, one of its regular uses.

19. Ille. See the note on 3, 16.

20. h�c mod�, ablative of manner.

21. v�nit, dormi�bat. The perfect simply expresses an action which took place in past time, the imperfect tells of a state of things existing at that past time.

25. fugit. When dum means 'while,' 'as,' it is followed by the present indicative, even when used of past events.

26. f�cit. Like postquam, ubi has the present or perfect indicative, where English would use the pluperfect.

5. 2. ill� tempore, ablative of time.

r�gn�bat. Observe the force of the tense, and try to find the reason for each change of tense in this paragraph.

H�c. This must here be translated simply 'he.' Compare the use of Ille, 3, 16.

4. veni�bat. See the note on 4, 18.

6. omnium, 'of all men.' or 'of all.' The adjective is used as a noun, as in the second of the English expressions.

�r�culum. It was believed in antiquity that the will of the gods and a knowledge of future events might be learned at certain shrines, of which the most famous were those of Apollo at Delphi, of Zeus or Jupiter at Dodona, and of Hammon in Egypt. Hammon was really an Egyptian god, represented as having the horns of a ram, but he was identified by the Greeks with Zeus and by the Romans with Jupiter.

7. f�liam. Where there is no ambiguity, the possessive is often omitted in Latin.

8. autem, often, as here, simply introduces an explanation ('now'),

n�mine, 'by name.'

9. C�pheus. See the note on Perseus, 4, 4.

10. c�v�s su�s, 'his subjects.'

13. certam. See the note on qu�dam, 3, 15. Di�s is regularly masculine, but when used of an appointed day it is often feminine.

omnia, 'all things,' 'everything,' or 'all.' See the note on omnium, line 6.

16. d�pl�r�bant, ten�bant. Be careful to show the meaning of the tense by your translation.

18. quaerit. The present is often used of a past action instead of the perfect, to bring the action more vividly before us as if it were taking place now. This is called the historical present.

19. haec geruntur, 'this is going on.'

20. horribil�. Here the adjective is made emphatic by being put before its noun; in 4, 14 the same effect is gained by putting horribil� last in its clause.

22. omnibus, dative of indirect object after the compound verb (in+iaci�). Translate 'inspired in all,' but the literal meaning is 'threw into all.'

26. induit. See the note on 3, 13.

�era. See the note on 4, 11.

6. 2. su�, �ius. Distinguish carefully between these words. Suus is used of something belonging to the subject, �ius of something belonging to some other person or thing just mentioned.

5. volat. See the note on 4, 25.

7. sustulit. Notice that the perfect forms of toll� are the same as those of suffer� (sub + fer�), 'endure.'

8. neque, here to be translated 'and ... not.' Neque is thus used regularly for et n�n.

13. exanim�ta, used here as a predicate adjective.

16. rettulit. 'To give thanks' or 'thank' is usually gr�ti�s agere, as in 3, 19; gr�tiam referre means 'to show one's gratitude,' 'to recompense' or 'requite.'

18. d�xit. This word came to mean 'marry,' because the bridegroom 'led' his bride in a wedding procession to his own home. It will be seen, therefore, that it can be used only of the man.

Pauc�s ann�s. See the note on 3, 20.

20. omn�s. What does the quantity of the i tell you about the form?

7. 1. quod, not the relative pronoun, but a conjunction.

3. e�, the adverb.

in �trium. Although inr�pit means 'burst into,' the preposition is nevertheless required with the noun to express the place into which he burst.

6. ille. See the note on Perseus, 4, 4.

8. Acris�. In Nepos, Caesar, Cicero, and Vergil, the genitive singular of second-declension nouns in -ius and -ium ends in �, not i�; but the nominative plural ends in i�, and the dative and ablative plural in i�s.

10. istud. Remember that iste is commonly used of something connected with the person addressed. Here the meaning may be 'that oracle I told you of.' See 3, 4.

12. L�r�sam. See the note on 3, 12.

neque enim, 'for ... not,' as if simply n�n enim, but Latin uses neque to connect the clauses.

14. in omn�s part�s, 'in all directions' or 'in every direction.'

15. Mult�. See the note on omnium, 5, 6.

17. disc�rum. The discus was a round, flat piece of stone or metal, and the athletes tried to see who could throw it farthest.

18. c�s�. This is one of the ablatives of manner that do not take cum.

19. st�bat. Notice the tense.

9. 2. omnium hominum. This means 'all men' in the sense of 'all mankind.'

3. �derat. �d� is perfect in form, but present in meaning; and the pluperfect has in like manner the force of an imperfect. 5. medi� nocte, 'in the middle of the night,' 'in the dead of night.'

7. Nec tamen, 'not ... however.' See the note on neque enim, 7, 12.

8. mov�bant. Contrast this tense with appropinqu�verant and excit�t� sunt.

13. T�l� mod� = h�c mod�, 4, 20.

20. � puer�, 'from a boy,' 'from boyhood.'

exerc�bat, the imperfect of customary action, as is also c�ns�m�bat.

24. autem. See the note on 5, 8.

25. art�, dative of indirect object with the intransitive verb stud�bat.

10. 2. omnibus v�ribus, 'with all his might,' ablative of manner.

3. � v�t�. Notice that the preposition denoting separation appears both with the noun and in the verb. Compare in �trium inr�pit, 7, 3.

4. neque quisquam, 'and not any one,' i.e. 'and no one.' Quisquam is used chiefly in negative sentences.

5. voluit, 'was willing.'

7. facit. See the note on 4, 25.

8. n�mine. See the note on 5, 8.

9. vir cr�d�lissimus, not 'cruelest man,' but 'most cruel man.' The superlative is often thus used to denote simply a high degree of the quality.

c�nsu�verat. Inceptive verbs end in sc� and denote the beginning of an action or state. The perfect and pluperfect of such verbs often represent the state of things resulting from the completion of the action, and are then to be translated as present and imperfect respectively. So c�nsu�sc� = 'I am becoming accustomed,' c�nsu�v� = 'I have become accustomed' or 'am accustomed,' c�nsu�veram = 'I had become accustomed' or 'was accustomed.'

11. sacrifici�, 'for the sacrifice,' dative of purpose.

ea. Why is di�s feminine here? See the note on certam, 5, 13.

12. omnia. See the note on 5, 13.

15. capitibus, dative of indirect object after the compound verb (in + p�n�).

16. iam. The omission of the conjunction that would naturally join this clause with the preceding, and the repetition of iam, which thus in a way connects the two clauses, reflect the imminence of the danger and heighten our anxiety for the hero. Observe too how the tenses of the verbs contribute to the vividness of the picture. We see Hercules at the altar and the priest, knife in hand, about to give the fatal blow.

18. alter�. Supply �ct�.

19. Th�b�s, locative case. Notice that some names of towns are plural in form.

21. Th�b�n�s, dative with the adjective f�nitim�.

autem, 'now.'

22. Th�b�s. Names of towns are used without a preposition to express the place to which.

23. veni�bant, postul�bant, imperfect of customary action.

25. c�v�s su�s, 'his fellow-citizens.' Compare 5, 10.

h�c st�pendi�, ablative of separation.

27. atque. This conjunction adds an important statement by way of supplement. Here the meaning is something like 'and not only that, but.'

11. 11. conversa. Est and sunt are frequently not expressed with the perfect participle.

17. su�s ipse su�. Notice how the enormity of the crime is emphasized by the use of all these words repeating the same idea.

23. �r�culum Delphicum. See the note on 5, 6.

h�c �r�culum omnium = h�c omnium �r�cul�rum.

25. H�c in templ�. Monosyllabic prepositions often stand between the noun and an adjective modifying it.

12. 1. qu�. Remember that the relative pronoun agrees in gender, number, and person with its antecedent; that its case depends upon its use. How are the person and number of qu� shown?

2. hominibus. See the note on 9, 2.

4. neque. See the note on 6, 8.

7. T�ryntha. This is a Greek accusative form. See the note on �era, 4, 11.

10. Duodecim ann�s, accusative of duration of time.

11. Eurysthe�. The English verb 'serve' is transitive, but servi� ('be subject to') is intransitive and takes an indirect object.

14. quae. See the note on line 1. What is the case of quae?

16. Pr�mum is chiefly used in enumeration, pr�m� (line 6) in contrasting an action or state with one that follows it.

19. s�cum. The preposition cum follows and is joined to the reflexive and personal pronouns, usually also to the relative pronoun.

22. neque enim. See the note on 7, 12.

26. resp�rand�, the genitive of the gerund. It modifies facult�s. The gerund corresponds to the English verbal noun in -ing.

13. 5. H�c. We might expect haec referring to Hydram, but a demonstrative pronoun is commonly attracted into the gender of the predicate noun (here m�nstrum).

cui erant, 'which had,' literally 'to which there were.' This construction is found only with sum. It is called the dative of possession.

8. r�s. In rendering this word choose always with great freedom the most suitable English word.

13. 8. m�gn� per�cul�. We say 'one of great danger.'

9. �ius. What possessive would be used to modify sinistr�?

11. h�c c�n�t�, ablative of separation.

14. comprehend�runt. See the note on 3, 13.

unde = ex quibus.

16. auxili� Hydrae, 'to the aid of the Hydra,' but literally for aid (i.e. as aid) to the Hydra,' for Hydrae is dative. This is called the double dative construction, auxili� the dative of purpose, and Hydrae the dative of reference, i.e. the dative denoting the person interested.

17. absc�dit. See the note on 4, 25.

mord�bat, 'kept biting,' the imperfect of repeated action.

18. t�l� mod�. See the note on 9, 13.

interf�cit. We have now had several verbs meaning 'kill.' Interfici� is the most general of these; nec� (line 4) is used of killing by unusual or cruel means, as by poison; occ�d� (12, 23) is most commonly used of the 'cutting down' of an enemy in battle.

19. reddidit, as well as imbuit, has sagitt�s for its object, but we must translate as if we had e�s with reddidit.

22. ad s�. Compare this construction with the use of the dative in 4, 2. Notice that s� does not refer to Herculem, the subject of referre, but to Eurystheus, the subject of Iussit. When the reflexive thus refers to the subject of the principal verb rather than to the subject of the subordinate verb with which it s directly connected, it is called indirect.

23. tantae aud�ciae. The genitive of description, like the ablative of description, consists always of a noun with some modifying word. Compare speci� horribil�, 4, 14.

autem. Compare 5, 8 and 10, 21.

24. incr�dibil� celerit�te, ablative of description.

25. vest�gi�s, ablative of means.

26. ipsum, contrasts cervum with vest�gi�s.

27. omnibus v�ribus. See the note on 10, 2.

14. 1. curr�bat, 'he kept running.'

sibi, dative of reference. It need not be translated,

ad qui�tem, 'for rest.' Purpose is frequently thus expressed by ad.

3. cucurrerat. The pluperfect is sometimes used with postquam when the lapse of time is denoted.

4. curs�, ablative of cause.

exanim�tum = qu� exanim�tus erat. The participle is often equivalent to a relative clause.

5. rettulit. See the note on 13, 19.

8. rem. See the note on r�s, 13, 8.

10. apr�, dative of indirect object after the compound verb (ob + curr�).

11. t�m�re perterritus. It is not necessary to translate both words.

13. ini�cit, i.e. upon the boar.

summ� cum difficult�te. Compare this with omnibus v�ribus, 13, 27, and notice that cum may be omitted with the ablative of manner when there is an adjective. For the position of cum, see the note on 11, 25.

15. ad Eurystheum. We are told elsewhere that Eurystheus was so frightened when he saw the boar that he hid in a cask.

v�vus. Why have we the nominative here, but the accusative (v�vum) in line 5?

17. quart�. The capture of the Erymanthian boar is usually given as the third labor and the capture of the Cerynean stag as the fourth.

n�rr�vimus. The writer sometimes uses the first person plural in speaking of himself, instead of the first person singular. This is called the plural of modesty, and is the same as the English usage.

18. in Arcadiam. How does this differ in meaning from in Arcadi�?

20. appeteret. The subjunctive introduced by cum, 'since,' may express the reason for the action of the main verb.

23. Hercul�s. See the note on Perseus, 4, 4.

26. quod, conjunction, not pronoun.

reliqu�s centaur�s, 'the rest of the centaurs,' 'the other centaurs.' Compare medi� nocte, 9, 5. Notice that reliqu� means about the same as c�ter�, and see the note on 4, 13.

28. inquit, historical present. This verb is used parenthetically with direct quotations.

15. 1. dab�. Notice that Latin is more exact than English in the use of the future tense in subordinate clauses. In English we often use the present in the subordinate clause and leave it to the principal verb to show that the time is future.

7. perv�n�runt. See the note on 4, 26.

10. c�nstitit, from c�nsist�, not c�nst�.

16. fug�. Latin says 'by flight,' not 'in flight.'

17. ex sp�lunc�. See the note on 10, 3.

21. locum, the direct object of Adiit, which is here transitive. We might also have ad locum with ade� used intransitively.

16. 4. Hercul�. See the note on 10, 15.

lab�rem. This labor is usually given as the sixth, the destruction of the Stymphalian birds as the fifth.

6. tria m�lia boum, 'three thousand cattle,' literally 'three thousands of cattle.' The partitive genitive is the regular construction with the plural m�lia, but the singular m�lle is commonly used as an adjective, like English 'thousand.' Thus 'one thousand cattle' would be m�lle bov�s.

7. ingent�s m�gnit�dinis. See the note on tantae aud�ciae, 13, 23.

8. neque enim umquam, 'for ... never.' See the note on neque enim, 7, 12.

11. multae operae. See the note on m�gn� per�cul�, 13, 8.

12. duod�v�gint� pedum, i.e. in width.

d�xit. This word is used with reference to the progress of work on a wall or ditch from one end of it to the other.

15. opus. Compare this word with operae and lab�re, line 12. Labor is used of heavy or exhausting labor, opera of voluntary exertion or effort, opus of that upon which one labors or of the completed work.

17. imper�verat. This verb takes an indirect object to express the person ordered (e�). The action commanded is expressed by the subjunctive in a clause introduced by ut and used as the object of imper� (ut nec�ret). Notice that this may be translated 'that he should kill' or 'to kill.' Compare now the construction with iube�, 13, 22, with which the command is expressed by the accusative and infinitive (Herculem referre).

19. carne. V�scor is an intransitive verb and governs the ablative.

22. appropinquand�. See the note on 12, 26.

23. c�nstitit, from c�nst�. Compare 15, 10.

pedibus, 'on foot,' literally 'by his feet.'

25. cons�mpsisset. The imperfect and pluperfect tenses of the subjunctive are used with cum, 'when,' to describe the circumstances of the action of the main verb. Compare 14, 20, and the note.

26. h�c c�n�t�. See the note on 13, 11.

27. peteret. The subjunctive is used with ut to express purpose. The best translation is usually the infinitive ('to ask'), but the Latin infinitive is not used in model prose to express purpose.

17. 3. �vol�rent. This is not subjunctive of purpose, but of result, as is indicated by tam.

6. ex. Compare this with ab, 16, 21, and d�, 16, 13. We commonly translate all of these 'from,' but the real meanings are 'out of,' 'away from,' and 'down from' respectively.

Cr�t�. See the note on 3, 12.

7. esset. See the note on 14, 20.

8. �nsulae, dative with the compound verb (ad + propinqu�).

appropinqu�ret. See the note on 16, 25.

9. tanta ... ut. Notice how frequently the clause of result is connected with a demonstrative word in the main clause.

12. n�vigand� imper�tus, 'ignorant of navigation,' 'inexperienced in sailing.' See the note on 12, 26.

21. cum, the conjunction.

ingent� lab�re. See the note on summ� cum difficult�te, 14, 13.

25. ut red�ceret. See the note on 16, 27.

26. carne. See the note on 16, 19.

v�sc�bantur, imperfect of customary action.

18. 3. ut tr�derentur. Notice that postul�, like imper�, takes an object-clause introduced by ut and having its verb in the subjunctive.

sibi, the indirect reflexive. See the note on 13, 22.

4. �r� ... interf�cit, 'became furiously angry and killed the king,' literally 'moved by wrath killed the king.' The participle is frequently best rendered by a finite verb.

18. 4. cad�ver. The subject of an infinitive stands in the accusative case. We might translate here 'and gave orders that his body should be thrown.' See the note on 16, 17.

6. m�ra r�rum comm�t�ti�. When a noun has both an adjective and a genitive modifier, this order of the words is common.

7. cum cruci�t�, ablative of manner.

nec�verat. See the note on interf�cit, 13, 18.

10. refer�bant. See the note on 6, 16.

modo. This is the adverb, not a case of modus, the dative and ablative singular of which would be mod�. Make a practice of carefully observing the quantity of vowels.

11. �r�bant. Notice that this verb, like imper� and postul�, takes ut and the subjunctive.

14. ad n�vigandum. See the note on ad qui�tem, 14, 1.

16. post, here an adverb of time.

18. d�citur. Notice that the Latin construction is personal ('the nation is said to have consisted'), while English commonly has the impersonal construction ('it is said that the nation consisted').

19. re� m�lit�ris, 'the art of war.'

25. mand�vit. See the note on 16, 17.

26. Am�zonibus, dative after the compound verb.

19. 1. persu�sit. Notice that this verb governs the same construction that we have already found used with imper� and mand�.

2. s�cum. See the note on 12, 19.

5. appulit. Supply n�vem.

6. doc�ret. A clause of purpose is frequently introduced by a relative. Translate like the ut-clause of purpose, here 'to make known,' literally 'who was to make known.'

14. m�gn� interv�ll�, ablative of degree of difference.

16. n�n m�gna. The effect of the position of these words may be reproduced by translating 'but not a large one.'

neutr�. The plural is used because the reference is to two parties, each composed of several individuals. 'Neither' of two individuals would be neuter.

17. vol�bant, dedit. Consider the tenses. Each army waited for some time for the other to cross; finally Hercules gave the signal.

22. occ�derint. The perfect subjunctive is sometimes used in result clauses after a past tense in the principal clause. This is contrary to the general principle of the sequence of tenses, which requires the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive after a past tense, the present or perfect subjunctive after a present or future tense.

23. Vir�. Compare this with hominibus, 12, 2.

24. praest�bant. Compare the tense with praestit�runt, line 21.

27. neu. As neque or nec is used for 'and not,' so n�ve or neu for 'and that not' in an object-clause or a clause of purpose.

20. 1. quibus, 'and by these,' The relative is much used in Latin to connect a new sentence with the one preceding. When so used, it is generally best rendered by 'and' or 'but' and a demonstrative or personal pronoun.

ita ... ut. See the note on 17, 9.

2. essent, most easily explained as the subjunctive of attraction. By this is meant that the verb is attracted into the mood of the clause upon which it depends.

4. p�gn�tum est, 'the battle raged' or 'they fought,' literally 'it was fought,' Intransitive verbs are often thus used impersonally in the passive, with the subject implied in the verb itself, as p�gn�tum est = p�gna p�gn�ta est.

11. aest�tis, partitive genitive. Notice that multum is used as a noun.

13. nactus. The perfect active participle is wanting in Latin, but the perfect participle of deponent verbs is active in meaning.

24. speci� horribil�. See the note on 4, 14.

26. tim�re perterrit�. See the note on 14, 11.

contin�bantur, 'kept themselves shut up.' This is the so-called reflexive use of the passive, in which the subject is represented as acting upon itself.

pecora. This word is used of herds of cattle, pecud�s (line 25) of single animals, especially sheep.

28. comm�tus c�nsuluit. See the note on 18, 4.

21. 3. l�ber�ret. See the note on 16, 27.

�r�cul�. Notice that p�r�re is intransitive and has the dative of indirect object, while 'obey' is transitive. It may help to understand the Latin construction if you translate such verbs as p�re� by intransitives, here 'to submit to.'

4. sacrifici�. See the note on 10, 11.

5. ips� temporis punct� qu�, 'at the very moment when.'

8. �gressus. See the note on 20, 13.

d� r�bus ... factus est, 'was informed of the state of things,' literally 'was made more certain about the things which were being done.' In what gender, number, person, and case is quae? Give a reason for each.

11. posset. The subjunctive is used because the words of the king are quoted indirectly. He said s� potes, 'if you can.'

19. Ipse. Notice the use of this word in contrasts, frequently, as here, of a person with that which belongs to him or with his subordinates.

20. inter s�, 'to one another.'

22. esset, subjunctive in an indirect question. The direct form would be Quantum per�culum est? ('How great is the danger?'). mult�s terr�s, just as we say 'many lands,'

23. Eur�pae. Compare Th�b�n�s, 10, 21.

24. in utr�que l�tore, 'on each shore,' 'on both shores.'

25. column�s. The ancients believed that the Rock of Gibraltar was the pillar set up by Hercules on the European side.

22. 4. tantum, an adverb.

5. dederit. See the note on 19, 22.

9. qu� in loc�. See the note on 11, 25. essent. See the note on 21, 22.

10. sibi, the indirect reflexive.

12. et ... et, 'both ... and.'

18. pr�gred�, 'from proceeding.'

19. prohib�bant, 'attempted to prevent,' imperfect of attempted action. Notice that the use of the imperfect to express customary, repeated, or attempted action follows naturally from its use to denote action going on in past time. The present, the tense which denotes action going on in present time, has the same special uses.

20. barbar�. This word was used by the Greeks of all other peoples; by the Romans it was used of all but the Greeks and themselves.

24. cecid�runt. Let the quantity of the i tell you whether this comes from cad� or caed�. Is occ�derint a compound of cad� or caed�?

25. in t�libus r�bus, i.e. when a god intervenes in behalf of his favorite.

26. nihil incommod�, 'no harm,' literally 'nothing of harm'; incommod� is partitive genitive.

23. 2. quam celerrim�, 'as rapidly as possible.' Quam with the superlative expresses the highest possible degree.

3. Necesse, predicate adjective with erat, the subject being h�s tr�ns�re.

5. citeri�re. The Romans called upper Italy Gallia Citerior, 'Hither Gaul,' because it was occupied by Gallic tribes.

6. perenn�. Learn the derivation of this word. The meaning of a word may often be seen most easily and remembered most surely by noticing its derivation,

t�ct�, used as predicate adjective.

9. c�piam. Notice carefully the meaning of this word. In what sense have we found the plural c�piae used?

10. r�bus, 'preparations.' See the note on r�s, 13, 8.

c�ns�mpserat. See the note on 14, 3.

11. omnium op�ni�nem. Hitherto we have had op�ni�nem omnium, but here omnium is made emphatic by being placed first.

15. itinere, ablative of cause.

fessus, 'since he was weary.' Notice that a Latin adjective or participle must often be expanded into a clause in the translation.

16. Haud = n�n. It modifies a single word, usually an adjective or adverb.

19. modo. See the note on 18, 10.

ingent� m�gnit�dine. Compare ingentis m�gnit�dinis, 16, 7.

23. boum. Learn the declension of this word from the vocabulary.

24. n�. A negative clause of purpose is introduced by n�.

24. 2. omnibus loc�s. Locus modified by an adjective is often used without in in the ablative of place.

3. n�squam. We say 'could not find anywhere,' but Latin prefers to combine the negative with another word.

6. reliqu�s. See the note on reliqu�s centaur�s, 14, 26.

7. � b�bus. Compare boum, 23, 23. With �nus the ablative with ex or d� is commonly used instead of the partitive genitive.

16. neque quicquam. See the note on 10, 4.

21. m�re su�, 'according to his custom.'

turb�tus, 'was confused ... and.' See the note on �ra ... interf�cit, 18, 4.

22. in. See the note on in �trium, 7, 3.

25. resp�rand�. See the note on 12, 26.

25. 2. quam qu�s, for quam e�s qu�s.

11. cui. See the note on cui erant, 13, 5.

12. Hercul� imper�verat, 'had enjoined upon Hercules.'

17. Eurysthe�. See the note on �r�cul�, 21, 3.

19. quaes�verat. With this verb the person of whom the question is asked is expressed in the ablative with ab, d�, or ex.

23. orbis terr�rum, 'of the world,' literally 'of the circle of lands.'

26. umer�s su�s, ablative of means, but we say 'on his shoulders.'

n�. See the note on 23, 24.

d�cideret. Notice the force of the prefix d�.

27. m�r�tus, 'wondering at.' The perfect participle of deponent verbs is often best rendered into English by a present participle.

26. 3. Hercul�, dative with pr�desse.

ille. See the note on Perseus, 4, 4.

4. cert�, the adverb.

6. v�nisset. What would the form be in the direct question?

inquit. See the note on 14, 28.

7. f�li�bus. To avoid confusion with the corresponding forms of deus and f�lius, the dative and ablative plural of dea and f�lia sometimes end in �bus.

sponte. This noun is practically confined to the ablative singular, in prose usually with me�, tu�, or su�, 'of my, your, his own accord.'

9. posset, subjunctive because indirect. The thought of Hercules was s� potest.

11. abesset. This also is indirect, quoting absum.

12. umer�s. See the note on 25, 26.

17. pauca m�lia. Extent of space, like duration of time, is expressed by the accusative,

passuum. See the note on 16, 6.

21. ita ut, 'as'

acc�pissent. Hitherto we have found the indicative in causal clauses introduced by quod. The subjunctive indicates that the reason is quoted; the Hesperides said quod acc�pimus.

28. gr�ti�s �git. See the note on 6, 16.

27. 2. � lab�ribus. See the note on 24, 7.

3. Hercul� praec�perat = Hercul� imper�verat, 25, 12.

5. posset, subjunctive because it quotes the thought of Eurystheus, poterit.

6. ut ... traheret. This clause is not itself the object of dedit, but in apposition with the object (Neg�tium).

7. omnium, partitive genitive.

11. n�rr�mus. The present is sometimes used with antequam to express future action, as in English with 'before.' See the note on 15, 1.

ali�num, predicate adjective, the subject of vid�tur being pauca ... pr�p�nere. In the passive vide� may mean 'be seen,' but it usually means 'seem.'

13. qui �dem, 'which also,' literally 'which the same.'

14. Ut, 'when.'

15. d�d�c�bantur, customary action.

19. Stygis fl�minis. We say 'river Styx,' but 'Mississippi River.'

qu�, ablative of means.

20. necesse. See the note on 23, 3.

possent. The subjunctive is used with antequam to denote that the action is expected or intended.

21. in. We say 'over.'

25. prius. Notice that Latin is here more exact than English, using the comparative because only two actions are spoken of.

dedisset, subjunctive because indirect. Charon said nisi dederis (future perfect), n�n tr�nsveham, 'unless you first give (shall have given), I will not carry you across.'

28. 1. mortu�, used as a noun, 'of the dead man.'

e� c�nsili�, 'with this purpose,' 'to this end.' The clause ut ... posset is in apposition with c�nsili�.

6. Ut. Compare 27, 14.

8. quod cum f�cissent, 'and when they had done this.' See the note on quibus, 20, 1.

13. St�bant, 'there stood.' What is its subject?

15. mortu�s, dative of indirect object.

et. Notice that ambiguity is avoided by a change of conjunctions, et connecting the clauses and -que connecting praemia and poen�s. Of these connectives, et connects two ideas that are independent of each other and of equal importance; -que denotes a close connection, often of two words that together express a single idea; while ac or atque (see line 18) adds something of greater importance.

18. et. Mult� is often joined by et to another adjective modifying the same noun.

24. ex. Compare 25, 18.

27. s� soci�s, direct object and predicate accusative respectively.

29. 3. n�. After verbs of fearing n� must be rendered 'that,' ut, 'that not.' Notice, however, that the negative idea is as clearly present here as in the other clauses introduced by n� that we have met, for Charon wishes that the thing may not happen.

13. f�cisset, indirect for f�ceris.

18. ref�gerit. See the note on 19, 22.

23. quae cum ita essent, 'and this being the case,' 'and so,' literally 'since which things were so.'

24. l�ber�tus. See the note on �r� ... interf�cit, 18, 4.

25. quae, object of perscr�bere, which is the subject of est; longum is predicate adjective.

26. est. We say 'would be.'

aet�te, ablative of specification. Translate 'when he was now advanced in age' (i.e. 'late in life'), and see the note on fessus, 23, 15.

30. 1. accidit. This is one of several impersonal verbs which take for their subject a clause of result (ut ... occ�derit).

3. ut ... �ret, a clause of result; used as the subject of esset, m�s being predicate.

quis. After s�, nisi, n�, and num, this is not the interrogative, but an indefinite pronoun ('any one'),

occ�disset, indirect for occ�derit, which would be the form used in the laws; or it may be explained as subjunctive by attraction to �ret.

7. tr�nseant, not 'they are crossing,' but 'they are to cross.' The direct form would be tr�nse�mus ('How in the world are we to get across?'), subjunctive because the question expresses doubt. This is called the deliberative subjunctive.

10. pr�gressus, 'after advancing.'

11. revert�b�tur. This verb is deponent in the present, imperfect, and future.

16. hum�, locative, 'on the ground.'

su� ulc�scend�, 'of avenging himself.' This is called the gerundive construction. It is regularly used instead of the gerund when the gerund would have an accusative object (s� ulc�scend�). Notice that the gerund is a verbal noun; the gerundive a verbal adjective, agreeing with its noun like any other adjective.

17. morientis, 'of a dying man.' Compare mortu�, 28, 1.

18. v�s, from vol�.

20. s� ... v�nerit, 'if you ever suspect him.' What is the literal meaning? Notice that we use the present, while Latin by the use of the future perfect indicates that the action is to precede that of the main clause.

21. infici�s. The future indicative is sometimes used, as in English, for the imperative.

22. nihil mal�. See the note on 22, 26.

suspic�ta. See the note on 25, 27.

25. Iol�n, f�liam, capt�vam, direct object, appositive, and predicate accusative respectively.

26. domum. See the note on ad domum, 3, 15.

31. 1. referret. See the note on 19, 6.

2. facerent, subjunctive by attraction. The verb of a clause dependent upon an infinitive is put in the subjunctive when the two clauses are closely connected in thought. We have already met this construction in the case of dependence upon a subjunctive; see the note on 20, 2.

gerere. Compare 30, 3. Such phrases as m�s est may have as subject either an infinitive or a clause of result.

3. verita. This participle is regularly rendered as present,

n�. See the note on 29, 3.

4. vestem. Notice that the position of this word helps to make it clear that it is the object of �nf�cit as well as of dedit.

5. suspic�ns. This does not differ appreciably in force from suspic�ta, 30, 22.

8. exanim�tus, 'beside himself.'

14. succenderent. Notice the force of the prefix sub in this word and in subdidit below.

15. inductus, 'moved.'

33. 1. alter ... alter, 'one ... the other.' Remember that this word is used to denote one of two given persons or things. We have in this passage an instance of the chiastic order, in which variety and emphasis are gained by reversing the position of the words in the second of two similar expressions. Here the two names are brought together by this device.

3. r�gn�, objective genitive, i.e. a genitive used to denote the object of the feeling cupidit�te.

6. ex am�c�s. Qu�dam, like �nus, commonly has ex or d� and the ablative, instead of the partitive genitive.

10. puerum mortuum esse, 'that the boy was dead,' literally 'the boy to be dead.' This is indirect for Puer mortuus est, 'The boy is dead.' Notice carefully what changes Latin makes in quoting such a statement indirectly, and what the changes are in English. We have already met two constructions of indirect discourse, the subjunctive in indirect questions, and the subjunctive in informal indirect discourse. By the latter is meant a subordinate clause which, though not forming part of a formal quotation, has the subjunctive to show that not the speaker or writer but some other person is responsible for the idea it expresses (see the notes on dedisset, 27, 25, and occ�disset. 30, 3). In indirect discourse, then, a statement depending upon a verb of saying, thinking, knowing, perceiving, or the like has its verb in the infinitive with the subject in the accusative; a command or question has its verb in the subjunctive; and any clause modifying such a statement, command, or question has its verb in the subjunctive.

33. 13. intellegerent. See the note on 14, 20.

14. nesci� quam f�bulam, 'some story or other.' Notice that nesci� with the interrogative pronoun is equivalent to an indefinite pronoun.

19. �r�culum. Read again the description beginning at the bottom of page 11.

21. quis. See the note on 30, 3.

Post pauc�s ann�s, 'a few years later,' literally 'later by a few years.' Post is here an adverb, and pauc�s ann�s ablative of degree of difference. The expression is equivalent to post pauc�s ann�s.

22. accidit. See the note on 30, 1.

fact�rus, 'intending to make.' The future participle with a form of sum is used to express an intended or future action. This is called the active periphrastic conjugation.

23. certam. See the note on 5, 13.

24. Di� c�nstit�t�, ablative of time.

26. � pueriti�. Compare � puer�, 9, 20.

34. 2. tr�nseund� fl�mine. See the note on su� ulc�scend�, 30, 16.

nesci� qu�. See the note on 33. 14.

4. �n� pede n�d�, 'with one foot bare,' the ablative absolute. This construction consists of two parts, a noun, or pronoun corresponding to the subject of a clause, and a participle corresponding to the verb of a clause. A predicate noun or adjective may take the place of the participle. In the latter case the use of the participle 'being' will show the two parts in the relation of subject and predicate, 'one foot being bare.'

34.6. d�m�nstr�visset, subjunctive because subordinate in indirect discourse. See the note on 33, 10. Pelias thought, H�c est hom� quem �r�culum d�m�nstr�vit.

9. vellus aureum. Phrixus and his sister Helle were about to be put to death, when they were rescued by a ram with fleece of gold, who carried them off through the air. Helle fell from the ram's back into the strait that separates Europe and Asia, called after her the Hellespont, 'Helle's sea,' and known to us as the Dardanelles. Phrixus came safely to Colchis, and here he sacrificed the ram and gave the fleece to Aeetes. Read Mr. D.O.S. Lowell's Jason's Quest.

11. ut ... pot�r�tur. See the note on 27, 6.

h�c vellere. Potior takes the same construction as v�scor, for which see the note on 16, 19.

16. iter, accusative of extent.

20. �su�, dative of purpose. We say 'of use' or 'useful.'

24. oper� dative after the compound with prae. Notice that not all verbs compounded with prepositions govern the dative. Many compounds of ad, ante, com (for cum), in, inter, ob, post, prae, pr�, sub, and super do have the dative, and some compounds of circum. You will find it profitable to keep a list of all such compound verbs governing the dative that you meet in your reading.

25. n� ... quidem, 'not ... even.' The word emphasized must stand between n� and quidem.

ad lab�rem. See the note on ad qui�tem, 14, 1.

26. Ad multit�dinem tr�nsportandam, used like ad lab�rem. The gerundive in this use is very common.

27. quibus. The antecedent eae is not expressed. Notice that �tor governs the same case as v�scor and potior. Two other deponent verbs, not found in this book, take this construction, namely fruor, 'enjoy,' and fungor, 'perform.'

nostr� mar�, i.e. the Mediterranean.

c�nsu�vimus. See the note on c�nsu�verat, 10, 9.

35. 8. citharoedum. It was said that Orpheus made such sweet music on his golden harp that wild beasts, trees, and rocks followed him as he moved. By his playing he even prevailed upon Pluto to give back his dead wife Eurydice.

Th�seum, a mythical hero, whose exploits resemble and rival those of Hercules. The most famous of them was the killing of the Minotaur. Theseus was the national hero of Athens.

Castorem, the famous tamer of horses and brother of Pollux, the boxer. Read Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome, The Battle of the Lake Regillus.

10. qu�s, the subject of esse. Its antecedent is e�s, line 11. The relative frequently precedes in Latin, but the antecedent must be translated first.

16. Argonautae. Notice the composition of this word.

24. d�icerentur, part of the result clause.

26. arbitr�t�. See the note on 25, 27.

�gred�. See the note on 22, 18.

27. p�gn�tum est. See the note on 20 4.

36. 5. Postr�di� �ius di��, 'the next day,' more literally 'on the day following that day.' This idea may be expressed by postr�di� alone, and the fuller expression is simply more formal.

9. in ancor�s, 'at anchor.'

10. hab�rent. See the note on 34, 6.

11. ex Argonaut�s. See the note on 33, 6.

13. Qu�, 'he.' See the note on quibus, 20, 1.

dum quaerit, 'while looking for.' The present indicative with dum is often to be translated by a present participle.

15. v�dissent. We say 'saw,' but Latin makes it plain that the seeing (and falling in love) came before the attempt to persuade.

e�. Keep a list of all intransitive verbs which are used with the dative.

16. neg�ret. This verb is commonly used instead of d�c� when a negative statement follows; when thus used, it should be translated by 'say' with the appropriate negative, here 'said that he would not.'

37. 1. praebuisset, subjunctive in a subordinate clause of indirect discourse.

2. supplic�. See the note on 7, 8.

6. accubuerat. The Romans reclined at table, supporting themselves on the left arm and taking the food with the right hand. They naturally represented others as eating in the same way.

appositum, 'that had been placed before him.' See the note on exanim�tum, 14, 4.

7. Qu� ... morer�tur, 'and so it came to pass that Phineus was nearly dying of starvation,' literally 'that not much was wanting but that Phineus would die.' Ut ... abesset is a clause of result, the subject of factum est; quin ... morer�tur is a form of subordinate clause with subjunctive verb used after certain negative expressions; fam� is ablative of cause. Notice that fam�s has a fifth-declension ablative, but is otherwise of the third declension.

9. R�s male s� hab�bat, 'the situation was desperate.' What is the literal meaning?

12. op�ni�nem virt�tis, 'reputation for bravery.'

13. qu�n ferrent. Negative expressions of doubt are regularly followed by qu�n and the subjunctive.

16. quant� in per�cul�. See the note on 11, 25.

suae r�s, 'his affairs.' See the note on r�s, 13, 8.

17. repperissent. Phineus used the future perfect indicative.

22. nihil, used adverbially.

23. �era. See the note on 4, 11.

27. H�c fact�, 'when this had been accomplished.' See the note on 34, 4. The ablative absolute is often used instead of a subordinate clause of time, cause, condition, or the like.

38. 1. referret. See the note on 6, 16.

3. e� c�nsili�. See the note on 28, 1.

4. n� quis, 'that no one.' 'Negative clauses of purpose and negative clauses of result may be distinguished by the negative: n�, n� qu�s, etc., for purpose; ut n�n, ut n�m�, etc., for result.

parv� interv�ll�, 'a short distance apart,' ablative absolute. See the note on 34, 1.

5. in medium spatium, 'between them.'

7. quid faciendum esset, 'what was to be done.' The gerundive is used with sum to denote necessary action. This is called the passive periphrastic conjugation.

8. subl�t�s ... solvit, 'weighed anchor and put to sea.' What is the literal translation? The ablative absolute is often best translated by a co�rdinate verb, and this requires a change of voice, for the lack of a perfect active participle in Latin is the reason for the use of the ablative absolute in such cases. If there were a perfect active participle, it would stand in the nominative, modifying the subject, as we have found the perfect participle of deponent verbs doing.

11. r�ct� ... spatium, 'straight between them.'

12. caud� tantum �miss�, 'having lost only its tail-feathers.' Notice that we change the voice, as in line 8, and that the use of the ablative absolute is resorted to here for the same reason as in that passage. Make sure at this point that you know three ways in which the ablative absolute may be translated, as in this passage, as in line 8, and as suggested in the note on 37, 27.

14. concurrerent, 'could rush together.' See the note on possent, 27, 20.

intellegent�s, equivalent to cum intellegerent.

17. d�s, the usual form of the dative and ablative plural of deus, as d� of the nominative plural.

qu�rum, equivalent to cum e�rum. A relative clause of cause, like a cum-clause of cause, has its verb in the subjunctive.

27. neg�bat. See the note on 36, 16.

39. 1. tr�dit�rum. In infinitives formed with participles esse is often omitted,

prius. See the note on 27, 25.

3. Pr�mum. See the note on 12, 16.

4. iungend� erant. See the note on 38, 7.

8. re� bene gerendae, 'of accomplishing his mission.' What is the literal meaning?

10. rem aegr� fer�bat, 'she was greatly distressed.' What is the literal meaning?

12. Quae ... essent. See the note on 29, 23.

13. medic�nae, objective genitive.

14. Medi� nocte. See the note on 9, 5.

�nsciente patre, 'without the knowledge of her father,' ablative absolute.

15. v�nit. See the note on 3, 13.

17. quod ... c�nf�rm�ret, a relative clause of purpose.

19. essent, subjunctive in informal indirect discourse, or by attraction to oblineret.

20. hominibus. See the note on 34, 24.

21. m�gnit�dine et v�ribus, ablative of specification.

40. 2. nihil val�re, 'prevailed not.'

5. qu� in r�. See the note on 11, 25.

6. c�nf�cerit. See the note on 19, 22.

8. qu�s. See the note on qu�bus, 20, 1.

9. autem. See the note on 5, 8.

10. essent, subjunctive by attraction.

11. qu�dam, 'some.'

16. g�gnerentur, 'should be born.' With dum, 'until,' the subjunctive is used of action anticipated, as with antequam (see the note on possent, 27, 20).

19. omnibus agr� partibus. See the note on 18, 6.

20. m�rum in modum = m�r� mod�.

25. nesci� c�r, 'for some reason.' See the note on 33, 14.

28. n�ll� neg�ti�, 'with no trouble,' 'without difficulty.'

41. 3. qu�n tulisset. See the note on 37, 13.

15. quam pr�mum, 'as soon as possible.' See the note on 23, 2.

16. �vect�rum. See the note on tr�dit�rum, 39, 1.

17. Postr�di� �ius di��. See the note on 36, 5.

19. loc�. The antecedent is frequently thus repeated in the relative clause.

21. qu� ... essent, 'to guard the ship.' See the note on 13, 16.

22. ipse. See the note on 21, 19.

27. qu�dam. This word may sometimes be rendered by the indefinite article.

28. d�m�nstr�vimus. See the note on n�rr�vimus, 14, 17.

42. 5. dormit. See the note on fugit, 4, 25.

12. aliqu�. Learn from the vocabulary the difference between aliqu�s and aliqu�.

m�t�randum sibi, 'they ought to hasten,' more literally 'haste ought to be made by them'; m�t�randum (esse) is the impersonal passive, and sibi the so-called dative of the agent. With the gerundive the person who has the thing to do is regularly expressed in the dative.

16. m�r�t�. See the note on 25, 27.

20. d�s. See the note on 38, 17.

21. �v�nisset. See the note on acc�pissent, 26, 21.

23. vigili�. The Romans divided the day from sunrise to sunset into twelve hours (h�rae), the night from sunset to sunrise into four watches (vigiliae).

24. neque enim. See the note on 7, 12.

25. inim�c� anim�, ablative of description.

43. 2. h�c dol�re, 'this anger,' i.e. 'anger at this.'

N�vem longam, 'war-galley,' 'man-of-war.' The adjective contrasts the shape of the man-of-war with that of the merchantman.

4. fugient�s, used as a noun, 'the fugitives.'

6. qu�, ablative of means.

7. qu�, 'as,' but in the same construction as e�dem celerit�te.

8. Quo ... caperentur. See the note on 37, 7.

9. neque ... posset, 'for the distance between them was not greater than a javelin could be thrown.' What is the literal translation? The clause qu� ... posset denotes result; the distance was not so great that a javelin could not be thrown from one ship to the other.

11. v�disset. See the note on 36, 15.

15. fugi�ns, 'when she fled.' See the note on fessus, 23, 15.

18. f�l�. See the note on 7, 8.

19. Neque ... fefellit, 'and Medea was not mistaken.' What is the literal meaning?

20. ubi pr�mum, 'as soon as,' literally 'when first.'

24. prius, not to be rendered until quam is reached. The two words together mean 'before,' more literally 'earlier than,' 'sooner than,' They are sometimes written together (priusquam).

25. nihil ... esse, 'that it would be of no advantage to him.'

44. 5. pollicitus erat. Verbs of promising do not usually take in Latin the simple present infinitive, as in English, but the construction of indirect discourse.

10. mihi. The dative of reference is often used in Latin where we should use a possessive in English. Translate here as if the word were meus, modifying di�s.

11. Liceat mihi, 'permit me,' literally 'let it be permitted to me.' Commands and entreaties in the third person are regularly expressed in the subjunctive.

dum v�vam, 'so long as I live.' The verb with dum 'so long as' is not restricted to the present, as with dum 'while,' but any tense of the indicative may be used. We have here the future indicative, or the present subjunctive by attraction.

12. t�. The nominative of the personal pronouns is commonly expressed only when emphatic. Here the use of the pronoun makes the promise more positive.

15. rem aegr� tulit, 'was vexed.' Compare 39, 10.

20. Vultisne, the verb vultis and the enclitic -ne, which is used to introduce a question, and is incapable of translation. Num (line 21) introduces a question to which a negative answer is expected, and is likewise not to be translated, except in so far as its effect is reproduced by the form of the question or the tone of incredulity with which the words are spoken.

28. efferv�sceret. See the note on 40, 16.

45. 3. stupent�s, 'in amazement.'

5. V�s. See the note on 44, 12. V�s and ego in the next sentence are contrasted.

7. Quod ubi. See the note on 28, 8.

10. nec�v�runt. See the note on interf�cit, 13, 18.

13. qu�bus. For the case see the note on qu�bus, 34, 27.

15. r� v�r�, 'really.'

18. aegr� tul�runt, 'were indignant at.' Compare 39, 10, and 44, 15.

23. Creont�. See the note on cui erant, 13, 5.

25. n�ntium, 'a notice of divorce.'

26. d�ceret. See the note on d�xit, 6, 18.

28. ult�ram. See the note on 39, 1.

46. 1. Vestem. Compare the story of the death of Hercules, pp. 30, 31.

3. quis. See the note on 30, 3.

induisset, subjunctive by attraction.

5. nihil mal�. See the note on 22, 26.

16. itaque, not the adverb itaque, but the adverb ita and the enclitic conjunction -que.

21. in eam partem, 'to that side.'

49. 4. �nsidi�s. This refers to the story of the wooden horse.

9. quem, subject of exc�git�sse. The English idiom is 'who, some say, devised.' Notice that exc�git�sse is contracted from exc�git�visse.

10. qu�, ablative of means.

19. aliae ... part�s, 'some in one direction and some in another,' but Latin compresses this into the one clause 'others in other directions.'

20. qu�. See the note on 43, 6.

26. quibusdam, dative with obviam fact�, 'having fallen in with,' 'having met.'

27. Accidit. See the note on 30, 1.

50. 2. gust�ssent, contracted from gust�vissent.

patriae et soci�rum. Verbs of remembering and forgetting take the genitive or the accusative, but obl�v�scor prefers the former.

4. cib�. See the note on 16, 19.

5. h�r� septim�. See the note on 42, 23.

11. docu�runt. See the note on 4, 26.

51. 6. tantum, the adverb.

23. s�, 'they,' i.e. himself and his companions.

praedand� caus�, 'to steal.' Purpose is frequently thus expressed by caus� with the genitive of the gerund or gerundive. What other ways of expressing purpose have you met in your reading?

24. � Tr�i�. The preposition is sometimes used with names of towns, with the meaning 'from the direction of' or 'from the neighborhood of.'

25. esse. It will help you to understand indirect discourse if you will try to discover what words would be used to express the idea in the direct form. Here, for instance, the exact words of Ulysses would have been in Latin: Neque merc�t�r�s sumus neque praedand� caus� v�nimus; sed � Tr�i� redeunt�s v� tempest�tum � r�ct� curs� d�puls� sumus.

27. ubi ... essent. The question of Polyphemus was Ubi est n�vis qu� vect� estis?

sibi ... esse, 'that he must be exceedingly careful.' See the note on m�t�randum sibi, 42, 12.

29. in ... esse, 'had been driven on the rocks and entirely dashed to pieces.' See the note on �r� ... interf�cit, 18, 4.

52. 1. membr�s e�rum d�vuls�s, 'tearing them limb from limb.'

4. n� ... quidem. See the note on 34, 25.

6. tam. Notice that the force of a second demonstrative word is lost in the English rendering. So h�c tantus vir, 'this great man,' etc.

7. hum�. See the note on 30, 16.

pr�str�tus, 'throwing himself down.' See the note on contin�bantur, 20, 26.

8. re� gerendae, 'for action.' Compare 39, 8.

9. in e� ... tr�nsf�geret, 'was on the point of transfixing.' The clause of result ut ... tr�nsf�geret is explanatory of in e�.

13. nihil sibi pr�fut�rum. See the note on 43, 25.

17. h�c c�n�t�. See the note on 13, 11.

18. n�ll� ... obl�t�, 'since no hope of safety presented itself.' See the note on contin�bantur, 20, 26.

21. et. See the note on 28, 18.

23. l�t�ri essent, 'would bring,' more literally 'were going to bring.' Notice that in subjunctive constructions the periphrastic form is necessary to express future action clearly, since the subjunctive has no future.

25. quod, object of the implied f�cerat.

53. 14. qu�. See the note on 43, 7.

15. id ... sal�t�, 'and this was his salvation,' literally 'that which was for safety to him.' For the datives see the note on 13, 16.

20. tertium, the adverb.

22. N�minem. Why is the accusative used?

27. inquit. See the note on 14, 28.

28. quam facult�tem, for facult�tem quam. The antecedent is often thus attracted into the relative clause,

n� omitt�mus, 'let us not neglect,' the hortatory subjunctive.

29. re� gerendae. See the note on 52, 8.

54. 1. extr�mum p�lum, 'the end of the stake.' Other adjectives denoting a part of the object named by the noun they modify are medius, 'the middle of'; c�terus, 'the rest of'; reliquus, 'the rest of'; pr�mus, 'the first of'; summus, 'the top of'; �mus, 'the bottom of.'

5. dum errat, 'wandering.'

23. pecus. Is this pecus, pecoris, or pecus, pecudis? See the note on pecora, 20, 26.

24. v�nerat. We say 'came,' but the Latin by the use of the pluperfect denotes that this action preceded that of tr�ct�bat.

55. 1. qu�s. See the note on quibus, 20, 1.

inter s�. Compare 21, 20.

5. fore, 'would happen.'

15. aliquod. Compare 42, 12, and the note.

16. id ... erat, 'as was indeed the case.'

17. auxiliand� caus�. See the note on 51, 23.

26. correptum coni�cit, 'seized and threw.'

27. n�n ... submergerentur. See the note on 37, 7.

56. 4-6. These verses and those on p. 57 and p. 59 are quoted from Vergil's Aeneid.

6. vincl�s, for vincul�s.

8. v�r�s. Let the quantity of the first i tell you from what nominative this word comes.

11. sibi profic�scendum. See the note on m�t�randum sibi, 42, 12.

13. iam profect�r�, 'as he was now about to set out.'

16. n�vigant�, 'to one sailing.'

25. m�r�bantur, 'had been wondering.' With iam d�dum and similar expressions the imperfect denotes action begun some time before and still going on at the given past time. This is similar to the use of the present already commented on (see the note on es, 4, 1).

28. c�l�ta, plural because of the plural expression aurum et argentum.

57. 1. vent�, subject of ruunt and perflant.

2. velut �gmine fact�, 'as if formed in column.'

3. data. Est is omitted.

10. pr�i�cissent. See the note on acc�pissent, 26, 21.

13. in terram �grediendum esse, 'that a landing must be made.'

18. quam, an adverb modifying cr�d�l�.

19. essent, informal indirect discourse or subjunctive by attraction.

20. vellet, subjunctive of characteristic. This name is given to the subjunctive when used in relative clauses to define or restrict an indefinite or general antecedent. So here it is not 'no one was found,' but 'no one willing to undertake this task was found.'

21. d�ducta est, 'came.'

23. praeesset, subjunctive of purpose.

25. �v�nit. This verb takes the same construction as accidit, 30, 1.

58. 1. nihil. See the note on 37, 22.

2. mort�. Compare 49, 26.

5. aliquantum itineris, 'some distance on the journey.' The two words are accusative of extent of space and partitive genitive respectively.

11. sibi, 'for them,' dative of reference.

12. for�s. This is translated like for�s above, but the former was originally locative and is therefore used with verbs of rest; the latter, accusative of place whither and therefore used with verbs of motion.

15. accubu�runt. See the note on 37, 6.

25. perturb�tus, used as a predicate adjective, 'agitated.'

27. corrept�. See the note on 38, 8.

59. 1. quid. See the note on quis, 30, 3.

gravius, 'serious.'

e�. The direct form of these two speeches would be: S� quid gravius tibi acciderit, omnium sal�s in summ� discr�mine erit; and N�minem inv�tum m�cum add�cam; tibi licet, s� m�v�s, in n�v� man�re; ego ipse sine �ll� praesidi� rem suscipiam. Notice that ego is not used to represent s� of line 2, but is used for s� of line 4 for the sake of the contrast with tibi.

6. n�ll�. Instead of the genitive and ablative of n�m�, n�ll�us and n�ll� are regularly used.

7. Al�quantum itiner�s. See the note on 58, 5.

10. in e� ... intr�ret. See the note on 52, 9.

11. e�. Compare 49, 26, and 58, 2.

14. Circ�s, a Greek form of the genitive.

16. Num. See the note on 44, 20. N�nne (line 14) is used to introduce a question to which an affirmative answer is expected.

18. n�ll�s. See the note on 24, 3.

22. tetigerit. See the note on 30, 20.

t� ... faci�s, 'see that you draw your sword and make an attack upon her.'

24. v�s�s, 'sight,' The use of the plural is poetic.

25. tenuem ... auram. The order of the words here is poetic.

60. 1. atque, 'as.' After adjectives and adverbs denoting likeness and unlikeness, this use of atque is regular.

3. d�pulsa est. See the note on 4, 26.

4. sibi. See the note on 58, 11.

11. ut ... erat, 'as he had been instructed,' more literally 'as had been enjoined upon him.' An intransitive verb must be used impersonally in the passive, for it is the direct object of the active voice that becomes the subject of the passive. If the intransitive verb takes a dative in the active, this dative is kept in the passive. Notice that the corresponding English verbs are transitive, and that the dative may therefore be rendered as the object in the active construction and as the subject in the passive.

13. s�nsisset. See the note on v�dissent, 36, 15.

14. sibi v�tam adimeret, 'take her life.' The dative of reference is thus used after some compound verbs to name the person from whom a thing is taken. This construction is sometimes called the dative of separation.

15. tim�re perterritam. See the note on 14, 11.

20. e� ped�s, 'his feet.' See the note on 44, 10.

21. imper�sset, contracted from imper�visset.

22. in �trium. See the note on 7, 3.

26. sunt, goes with reduct�.

29. reliqu�s Graec�s, indirect object of d�ceret.

30. Circaeam. Notice that this use of the adjective instead of the genitive often cannot be imitated in the English rendering, but must be translated by the possessive case or a prepositional phrase.

61. 8. e� persu�sum sit, 'he was persuaded.' See the note on 60, 11. The clause ut ... man�ret is the subject of persu�sum sit; if the latter were active, the clause would be its object. For the tense of persu�sum sit see the note on 19, 22.

10. c�ns�mpserat. See the note on 14, 3.

patriae, objective genitive, to be rendered, as often, with 'for.'

15. �su�. See the note on 34, 20.

23. antequam perven�ret. We say 'before he could come.' See the note on possent, 27, 20.

24. h�c loc�. See the note on 24, 2.

longum est. We say 'would be tedious' or 'would take too long.'

VOCABULARY

ABBREVIATIONS

abl. = ablative. acc. = accusative. act. = active. adj. = adjective. adv. = adverb. comp. = comparative. conj. = conjunction. dat. = dative. dem. = demonstrative. f. = feminine. freq. = frequentative. gen. = genitive. ger. = gerundive. impers. = impersonal. indecl. = indeclinable. indef. = indefinite. infin. = infinitive. interrog. = interrogative. loc. = locative. m. = masculine. n. = neuter. part. = participle. pass. = passive. perf. = perfect. pers. = personal. plur. = plural. prep. = preposition. pron. = pronoun or pronominal. rel. = relative. sing. = singular. superl. = superlative.

The hyphen in initial words indicates the composition of the words.

A

� or ab (the former never used before words beginning with a vowel or h), prep. with abl., away from, from; of; by. abditus, -a, -um [part of abd�], hidden, concealed. ab-d�, -dere, -did�, -ditus, put away, hide. ab-d�c�, -d�cere, -d�x�, -ductus, lead or take away. ab-e�, -�re, -i�, -it�rus, go away, depart. abici�, -icere, -i�c�, -iectus [ab + iaci�], throw away. abripi�, -ripere, -ripu�, -reptus [ab + rapi�], snatch away, carry off. absc�d�, -c�dere, -c�d�, -c�sus [abs = ab + caed�], cut away or off. ab-scind�, -scindere, -scid�, -scissus, tear away or off. ab-sum, abesse, �fu�, �fut�rus, be away, be absent, be distant; be wanting. ab-s�m�, -s�mere, -s�mps�, -s�mptus, take away, consume, destroy. Absyrtus, -�, m., Absyrtus. ac, see atque. Acastus, -�, m., Acastus. accend�, -cendere, -cend�, -c�nsus, kindle, light. accid�, -cidere, -cid� [ad + cad�], fall to or upon; befall, happen. accipi�, -cipere, -c�p�, -ceptus [ad + capi�], take to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer. accumb�, -cumbere, -cubu�, -cubitus, lie down (at table). accurr�, -currere, -curr�, -cursus [ad + curr�], run to, come up. �cer, �cris, �cre, sharp, shrill. aci�s, -��, f., line of battle. Acrisius, -�, m., Acrisius. �criter [�cer], adv., sharply, fiercely. ad, prep. with acc., to, toward; at, near; for. ad-am�, -am�re, -am�v�, -am�tus, feel love for, fall in love with. ad-d�c�, -d�cere, -d�x�, -ductus, lead to, bring, take; induce, influence. ad-e�, -�re, -i�, -itus, go to, approach. ad-fer�, adferre, attul�, adl�tus, bear to, bring. adfici�, -ficere, -f�c�, -fectus [ad + faci�], do to, move, affect; visit, afflict. ad-fl�g�, -fl�gere, -fl�xi, -fl�ctus, dash to, shatter. adhibe�, -hib�re, -hibu�, -hibitus [ad + habe�], hold to, employ, show. ad-h�c, adv., to this point, up to this time, yet, still. adici�, -icere, -i�c�, -iectus [ad + iaci�], throw to, throw, hurl. adim�, -imere, -�m�, -�mptus [ad + em�], take to oneself, take away. aditus, -�s [ade�], m., approach, entrance. ad-iungo, -iungere, -i�nx�, -i�nctus, join to, join. ad-lig�, -lig�re, -lig�v�, -lig�tus, bind to, bind. Adm�ta, -ae, f., Admeta. ad-m�ror, -m�r�r�, -m�r�tus, wonder at, admire. ad-mitt�, -mittere, -m�s�, -missus, send to, admit; allow. ad-st�, -st�re, -stit�, stand at or near. adul�sc�ns, -entis, m., youth, young man. adul�scentia, -ae [adul�sc�ns], f., youth. ad-�r�, -�rere, -�ss�, -�stus, set fire to, burn, scorch, sear. ad-veni�, -ven�re, -v�n�, -ventus, come to or toward, approach, arrive. adventus, -�s [adveni�], m., approach, arrival. Aeacus, -�, m., Aeacus. aedific�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [aedis + faci�], make a building, build. aedis, -is, f., sing. temple, plur. house. Ae�t�s, -ae, m., Aeetes. aegr� [aeger, sick], adv., ill, with difficulty. Aegypti�,-�rum, m. pl., Egyptians. a�neus, -a, -um [aes], of copper or bronze. Aeolia, -ae [Aeolus], f., Aeolia. Aeolus, -�, m., Aeolus. ��r, �eris, m., air. aes, aeris, n., copper, bronze. Aeson, -onis, m., Aeson. aest�s, -t�tis, f., summer. aet�s, -t�tis, f., age. Aethiop�s, -um, m. plur., Ethiopians. Aetna, -ae, f., Etna. ager, agri, m., field, land. �gmen, -minis [ago], n., band, column. �gn�sc�, -gn�scere, -gn�v�, -gnitus [ad + (g)n�sc�, come to know], recognize. ag�, agere, �g�, �ctus, drive; do; pass, lead; gr�ti�s agere, see gr�tia. ala, -ae, f., wing. albus, -a, -um, white. Alcm�na, -ae, f., Alcmena. ali�nus, -a, -um [alius], belonging to another, out of place. ali-quand�, adv., at some time or other; finally, at length. ali-quantum, -quant�, n., somewhat. ali-qu�, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj., some, any. ali-quis, -quid, indef. pron., someone, any one, something, anything, some, any. aliter [alius], adv., in another way, otherwise, differently. alius, -a, -ud, another, other; ali� ... ali�, some ... others. al�, -ere, -u�, -tus, nourish. Alp�s, -ium, f. plur., Alps. alter, -era, -erum, one or the other (of two); another, second. altus, -a, -um [part, of al�], high, deep; altum, -�, n., the deep. Am�zon�s,-um, f. plur.,Amazons. �mentia, -ae [� + m�ns, mind], f., madness. am�cus, -�, m., friend. �-mitt�, -mittere, -m�s�, -missus, send away, lose. am�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, love. amor, -�ris [am�], m., love. �-move�, -mov�re, -m�v�, -m�tus, move away. amphora, -ae, f., jar, bottle. an, conj., or (in questions). ancora, -ae, f., anchor; in ancor�s, at anchor. Andromeda, -ae, f., Andromeda. anguis, -is, m. and f., serpent, snake. anima, -ae, f., breath, soul, life. animadvert�, -vertere, -vert�, -versus [animus + ad-vert�], turn the mind to, observe. animus, -�, m., mind; heart; spirit, courage. annus, -�, m., year. ante, prep, with acc. and adv., before. ante� [ante], adv., before. antecell�, -cellere, surpass, excel. ante-quam, conj., before than, sooner than, before. ant�quus, -a, -um, ancient. antrum, -�, n., cave. �nxius, -a, -um, anxious. aper, apr�, m., wild boar. aperi�, -�re, -u�, -tus, open. apertus, -a, -um [part, of aperi�], open. Apollo, -inis, m., Apollo. appell�, -pell�re, -pell�v�, -pell�tus, call, name. appell�, -pellere, -pul�, -pulsus [ad + pell�], drive to, bring to; with or without n�vem, put in. appet�, -petere, -pet�v�, -pet�tus [ad + pet�], draw near. app�n�, -p�nere, -posu�, -positus [ad + p�n�], put to or near, set before, serve. appropinqu�, -propinqu�re, -propinqu�v�, -propinqu�tus [ad + propinqu�], approach to, approach. apud, prep, with acc., among, with. aqua, -ae, f., water. �ra, -ae, f., altar. arbitror, -�r�, -�tus, consider, think, judge. arbor, -oris, f., tree. arca, -ae, f., chest, box, ark. Arcadia,-ae, f., Arcadia. arcess�, -ere, -�v�, -�tus, call, summon, fetch. arcus, -�s, m., bow. �rde�, �rd�re, �rs�, �rsus, be on fire, burn. argentum, -�, n., silver. Arg�, Argus, f., the Argo. Argolicus, -a, -um, of Argolis (the district of Greece in which Tiryns was situated), Argolic. Argonautae, -�rum [Arg� + nauta], m. plur., Argonauts. Argus, -�, m., Argus. ari�s, -etis, m., ram. arma, -�rum, n. plur., arms, weapons. arm�tus, -a, -um [part, of arm�], armed. arm�, -�re, -�vi, -�tus [arma], arm, equip. ar�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, plow. ars, artis, f., art. ascend�, -scendere, -scend�, -sc�nsus [ad + scand�], climb to, ascend, mount. aspici�, -spicere, -sp�x�, -spectus [ad + speci�], look at or on, behold. at, conj., but. Ath�nae, -�rum, f. plur., Athens. Atl�s, -antis, m., Atlas. atque or ac (the latter never used before words beginning with a vowel or h), conj., and; after words of comparison, as, than. �trium, -�, n., hall. atting�, -tingere, -tig�, -t�ctus [ad + tango], touch at. aud�cia, -ae [aud�x, bold], f., boldness, audacity. aude�, aud�re, ausus sum, dare. audi�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, hear; listen or attend to. aufer�, auferre, abstul�, abl�tus [ab + fer�], bear away, carry off. aufugi�, -fugere, -f�g� [ab + fugi�], flee or run away. Aug��s, -ae, m., Augeas. aura, -ae, f., air, breeze. aureus, -a, -um [aurum], of gold, golden. auris, -is, f., ear. aurum, -�, n., gold. aut, conj., or; aut ... aut, either ... or. autem, conj., moreover; but, however; now. auxilior, -�ri, -�tus [auxilium], help. auxilium, -�, n., help, aid. �-veh�, -vehere, -vex�, -vectus, carry away. avis, -is, f., bird. �-vol�, -vol�re, -vol�v�, -vol�t�rus, fly away. avus, -�, m., grandfather.

B

baculum, -�, n., stick, wand. balteus, -�, m.., belt, girdle. barbarus, -a, -um, barbarian. be�tus, -a, -um, happy, blessed. bellic�sus, -a, -um [bellum], war-like. bellum, -�, n., war. b�lua, -ae, f., beast, monster. bene [bonus], adv., well; successfully. beneficium, -� [bene + faci�], n., well-doing, kindness, service, benefit. ben�gn� [ben�gnus, kind], adv., kindly. ben�gnit�s, -t�tis [ben�gnus, kind], f., kindness. bib�, bibere, bib�, drink. biceps, -cipitis [bi- + caput], adj., two-headed. bonus, -a, -um, good. b�s, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. b�bus, m. and f., ox, bull, cow. bracchium, -�, n., arm. brevis, -e, short. B�s�ris, -idis, m., Busiris.

C

C�cus, -�, m., Cacus. cad�ver, -eris, n., dead body, corpse, carcass. cad�, cadere, cecid�, c�s�rus, fall. caecus, -a, -um, blind. caed�s, -is [caed�, cut], f., cutting down, killing, slaughter. caelum, -�, n., heaven, sky. Calais, -is, m., Calais. calamit�s, -t�tis, f., misfortune, calamity, disaster. calceus, -�, m., shoe. calefaci�, -facere, -f�c�, -factus [cale�, be hot + faci�], make hot. calor, -�ris [cale�, be hot], m., heat. campus, -�, m., plain, field. cancer, cancr�, m., crab. canis, -is, m. and f., dog. cant�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [freq. of can�, sing], sing. cantus, -�s [can�, sing], m., singing, song. capi�, capere, c�p�, captus, take, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt. capt�vus, -a, -um [capi�], captive. caput, capitis, n., head. carcer, -eris, m., prison. carmen, -minis [can�, sing], n., song, charm. car�, carnis, f., flesh. carp�, -ere, -s�, -tus, pluck. Castor, -oris, m., Castor. castra, -�rum, n. plur., camp. c�s� [abl. of c�sus], adv., by chance, accidentally. c�sus, -�s [cad�], m., fall; chance, accident. cat�na, -ae, f., chain. cauda, -ae, f., tail. causa, -ae, f., cause, reason; abl. caus�, for the sake of. cave�, cav�re, c�v�, cautus, beware, take care; be on one's guard against, beware of. celeber, celebris, celebre, frequented; renowned, celebrated. celerit�s, -t�tis [celer, swift], f., swiftness, quickness, speed. celeriter [celer, swift], adv., swiftly, quickly. c�l�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, hide, conceal. c�na, -ae, f., dinner. c�n�culum, -� [c�na], n., dining-room. C�naeum, -�, n., Cenaeum (a promontory of Euboea). c�n�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [c�na], dine. c�nse�, c�ns�re, c�nsu�, c�nsus, think, believe, consider. centaurus, -�, m., centaur. centum, indecl. adj., one hundred. C�pheus, -�, m., Cepheus. Cerberus, -�, m., Cerberus. Ceres, Cereris, f., Ceres. cern�, cernere, cr�v�, certus or cr�tus, discern, perceive, make out. cert�men, -minis [cert�, strive], n., struggle, contest. cert� [abl. of certus], adv., with certainty, for certain, certainly. certus, -a, -um [part. of cern�], determined, fixed, certain; certi�rem facere, to make more certain, inform. cervus, -�, m., stag. c�ter�, -ae, -a, plur. adj., the other, the remaining, the rest of. Char�n, -ontis, m., Charon. cibus, -�, m., food. cing�, cingere, cinx�, cinctus, surround, gird. Circ�, -�s, f., Circe. Circaeus, -a, -um [Circ�], of Circe. circiter, prep. with acc. and adv., about. circum, prep. with acc., around. circum-d�, -dare, -ded�, -datus, put around, surround. circum-st�, -st�re, -stet�, stand around. citerior, -ius [comp. from citr�, on this side of], adj., on this side, hither. cithara, -ae, f., cithara, lute, lyre. citharoedus, -� [cithara], m., citharoedus (one who sings to the accompaniment of the cithara). c�vis, -is, m. and f., citizen, fellow-citizen, subject. c�vit�s, -t�tis [c�vis], f., state. cl�mit�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [freq. of cl�m�, call out], call out. clamor, -�ris [cl�m�, call out], m., shout, cry. cl�va, -ae, f., club. cl�mentia, -ae [cl�m�ns, merciful], f., mercy, kindness. coep�, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action), have begun, began. c�git�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, consider, think over. c�gn�sc�, -gn�scere, -gn�v�, -gnitus [com- + (g)n�sc�, come to know], find out, learn; in tenses of completed action, have found out, know. c�g�, c�gere, co�g�, co�ctus [co- + ag�], drive together, collect; compel. co-hortor, -hort�r�, -hort�tus, encourage, exhort. Colch�, -�rum, m. plur., Colchians. Colchis, -idis, f., Colchis. collum, -�, n., neck. col�, colere, colu�, cultus, till, cultivate; inhabit; worship. color, -�ris, m., color. columba, -ae, f., pigeon, dove. columna, -ae, f., column, pillar. comes, -itis [com- + e�], m. and f., companion. comme�tus, -�s, m., supplies, provisions. com-mitt�, -mittere, -m�s�, -missus, send together; commit, intrust; expose; proelium committere, to join battle. com-moror, -mor�r�, -mor�tus, tarry, linger, delay, stay. com-move�, -mov�re, -m�v�, -m�tus, move, rouse; disturb. com-m�t�ti�, -ti�nis, f., change. com-par�, -par�re, -par�v�, -par�tus, prepare, collect. com-pell�, -pellere, -pul�, -pulsus, drive together, drive. complector, -plect�, -plexus, embrace. com-ple�, -pl�re, -pl�v�, -pl�tus, fill full, fill up. com-pl�r�s, -pl�ra, plur. adj., several, many. com-port�, -port�re, -port�v�, -port�tus, carry or bring together, collect. com-prehend�, -prehendere, -prehend�, -preh�nsus, seize, catch. comprim�, -primere, -press�, -pressus [com- + prem�], press together, squeeze, compress. c�n�tus, -�s [c�nor], m., attempt, effort. con-c�d�, -c�dere, -cess�, -cessus, grant, yield. con-curr�, -currere, -curr�, -cursus, run, rush, or dash together. con-d�, -dere, -did�, -ditus, put together, found; store away. c�n-fer�, c�nferre, contul�, conl�tus, bring together; grant, confer; s� c�nferre, to betake oneself, make one's way. c�nfici�, -ficere, -f�c�, -fectus [com- + faci�], make or do completely, complete, finish, accomplish, make; wear out. c�n-f�rm�, -f�rm�re, -f�rm�v�, -f�rm�tus, strengthen, establish; declare, assert. c�n-fl�g�, -fl�gere, -fl�x�, -fl�ctus, dash together. conici�, -icere, -i�c�, -iectus [com- + iaci�], throw together; throw, cast, hurl. con-iung�, -iungere, -i�nx�, -i�nctus, join together, join. coni�nx, coniugis [coniung�], m. and f., spouse, husband, wife. conlig�, -ligere, -l�g�, -l�ctus [com- + leg�], gather together, collect. con-loc�, -loc�re, -loc�v�, -loc�tus, place together, put, place. conloquium, -� [conloquor, talk together], n., conversation. c�nor, -�r�, -�tus, try, attempt. c�nscend�, -scendere, -scend�, -sc�nsus [com- + scand�, climb], climb; n�vem c�nscendere, to climb the ship, go on board, embark. c�ns�nsus, -�s [c�nsenti�, agree], m., agreement, consent. c�n-sequor, -sequ�, -sec�tus, follow up, follow; overtake. c�n-serv�, -serv�re, -serv�v�, -serv�tus, preserve, keep. c�n-s�d�, -s�dere, -s�d�, -sessus, sit down. c�nsilium, -� [c�nsul�], n., advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence. c�n-sist�, -sistere, -stit�, -stitus, station oneself, take one's stand; consist. c�nspectus, -�s [c�nspici�], m., sight. c�nspici�, -spicere, -sp�x�, -spectus [com- + speci�, look], behold, perceive, see. c�nstitu�, -stituere, -stitu�, -stit�tus [com- + statu�], set together or up; appoint; determine. c�n-st�, -st�re, -stit�, -st�t�rus, stand together, agree; consist; c�nstat, it is agreed, is well known. c�n-su�sc�, -su�scere, -su�v�, -su�tus, become accustomed; in tenses of completed action, have become accustomed, be accustomed or wont. c�nsul�, -ere, -u�, -tus, consult. c�n-s�m�, -s�mere, -s�mps�, -s�mptus, take completely, use up, consume, spend. con-teg�, -tegere, -t�x�, -t�ctus, cover. con-tend�, -tendere, -tend�, -tentus, stretch, hasten. contin�ns, -entis [contine�], f., 'mainland, continent. contine�, -tin�re, -tinu�, -tentus [com- + tene�], hold together, keep within, shut up in; bound. continuus, -a, -um [contine�], continuous, successive. contr�, prep, with acc., against, contrary to. contr�versia, -ae, f., quarrel, dispute, debate. con-veni�, -ven�re, -v�n�, -ventus, come together, assemble. con-vert�, -vertere, -vert�, -versus, turn round, turn, change; in fugam convertere, to put to flight. con-voc�, -voc�re, -voc�v�, -voc�tus, call together, summon, assemble. co-orior, -or�r�, -ortus, arise. c�pia, -ae, f., supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops. Corinthus, -�, m., Corinth. corium, -�, n., hide, leather. corn�, -�s, n., horn. corpus, corporis, n., body. corripi�, -ripere, -ripu�, -reptus [com- + rapi�], seize, snatch, snatch up. cott�di�, adv., daily, every day. cr�dibilis, -e [cr�d�], credible. cr�d�, -dere, -did�, -ditus, believe. cre�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, elect, appoint. Cre�n, -ontis, m., Creon. crep�tus, -�s [crep�, rattle], m., rattle, clatter. crepundia, -�rum [crep�, rattle], n. plur., rattle. Cr�ta, -ae, f., Crete. cruci�tus, -�s [cruci�, torture], m., torture. cr�d�lis, -e, cruel. cr�s, cr�ris, n., leg. cubiculum, -� [cub�], n., bedroom. cub�, -�re, -u�, lie down, lie, recline. culter, cultr�, m., knife. cum, prep, with abl., with. cum, conj., when, while, after; since; although. c�nae, -arum, f. plur., cradle. cupidit�s, -t�tis [cupidus], f., desire, longing, eagerness. cupidus, -a, -um [cupi�], desirous, eager. cupi�, -ere, -�v�, -�tus, desire, long for, wish. c�r, adv., why. curr�, currere, cucurr�, cursus, run. cursus, -�s, m., chariot. cursus, -�s [curr�], m., running, course. cust�di�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [cust�s, guard], guard. Cycl�ps, -is, m., Cyclops Cyzicus, -�, f., Cyzicus.

D

damnum, -�, n., harm, injury. Dana�, -�s, f., Danae. d�, prep, with abl., down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of. d�be�, -�re, -u�, -itus [d�+ habe�], owe; with infin., ought. d�bitus, -a, -um [part, of d�be�], owed, due. d�-c�d�, -c�dere, -cess�, -cessus, go away, depart. decem, indecl. adj., ten. d�cid�, -cidere, -cid� [d� + cad�], fall down. decimus, -a, -um [decem], tenth. d�cipi�, -cipere, -c�p�, -ceptus [d� + capi�], catch, deceive. decor�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [decus, adornment], adorn, distinguish. d�-curr�, -currere, -cucurr�, -cursus, run down. d�-decus, -decoris, n., dishonor, disgrace. d�-d�, -dere, -did�, -ditus, give away or up. d�-d�c�, -d�cere, -d�x�, -ductus, lead down or away, bring; n�vem d�d�cere, to draw down or launch a ship. d�-fend�, -fendere, -fend�, -f�nsus, ward off; defend. d�-fer�, -ferre, -tul�, -l�tus, bear or carry away or off. d�-fessus, -a, -um, worn out, exhausted. d�fici�, -ficere, -f�c�, -fectus [d� + faci�], fail. D�ian�ra, -ae, f., Dejanira. d�ici�, -icere, -i�c�, -iectus [d� + iaci�], throw down, cast, drive out of one's course. deinde, adv., then, next. d�-l�bor, -l�b�, -lapsus, slip or fall down. d�lig�, -ligere, -l�g�, -l�ctus [d� + leg�], choose out, choose, select. Delph�, -�rum, m. plur., Delphi. Delphicus, -a, -um [Delph�], of Delphi, Delphic, Delphian. d�missus, -a, -um [part. of d�mitt�], downcast, dejected. d�-mitt�, -mittere, -m�s�, -missus, send down, let fall; anim�s d�mittere, to lose courage. d�-m�nstr�, -m�nstr�re, -m�nstr�v�, -m�nstr�tus, point out, show; make known. d�mum, adv., at last. d�nique, adv., lastly, finally. d�ns, dentis, m., tooth. d�nsus, -a, -um, thick. d�-pell�, -pellere, -pul�, -pulsus, drive off or away, drive. d�-pl�r�, -pl�r�re, -pl�r�v�, -pl�r�tus, lament. d�-p�n�, -p�nere, -posu�, -positus, put down, deposit; lay aside, give up; � memori� d�p�nere, to forget. d�ripi�, -ripere, -ripu�, -reptus [d� + rapi�], snatch away, tear off, pull down. d�scend�, -scendere, -scend�, -sc�nsus [d� + scand�], climb down, descend. d�-ser�, -serere, -seru�, -sertus, desert. d�sertus, -a, -um [part, of d�ser�], deserted. d�s�derium, -� [d�s�der�, desire], n., desire, longing. d�sili�, -sil�re, -silu�, -sultus [d� + sali�], leap down. d�-sist�, -sistere, -stit�, -stitus, set down; leave off, desist, cease, stop. d�-sp�r�, -sp�r�re, -sp�r�v�, -sp�r�tus, despair. d�-super, adv., down from above. d�-terre�, -terr�re, -terru�, -territus, frighten off, deter. d�-trah�, -trahere, -tr�x�, -tr�ctus, draw or pull off. deus, -�, m., god. d�-vert�, -vertere, -vert�, turn away or aside. d�-vor�, -vor�re, -vor�v�, -vor�tus, swallow down, swallow, devour. dexter, -tra, -trum, right. dextra, -ae [dexter], f., right hand (manus understood). Di�na, -ae, f., Diana. d�c�, d�cere, d�x�, dictus, say, speak; diem d�cere, to appoint or set a day. di�s, -��, m. and f., day. difficilis, -e [dis- + facilis], not easy, difficult. difficultas, -t�tis [difficilis], f., difficulty. diffund�, -fundere, -f�d�, -f�sus [dis- + fund�], pour forth, spread or shed abroad, diffuse. d�ligenter [d�lig�ns, careful], adv., carefully, diligently. d�ligentia, -ae [d�lig�ns, careful], f., care, diligence, industry. d�-l�c�sc�, -l�c�scere, -l�x�, grow light, dawn. d�l�cid� [d�l�cidus, distinct], adv., distinctly, plainly. d�-mitt�, -mittere, -m�s�, -missus, send different ways, send forth or away, despatch; let slip, lose. Diom�d�s, -is, m., Diomedes. d�rus, -a, -um, dreadful. dis-c�d�, -c�dere, -cess�, -cessus, go apart, withdraw, depart. disc�, discere, didic�, learn. discr�men, -cr�minis, n., crisis, peril, danger. discus, -�, m., discus, quoit. disici�, -icere, -i�c�, -iectus [dis- + iaci�], throw apart, scatter. di�, adv., for a long time, a long time or while, long; comp. di�tius, longer. d�-vell�, -vellere, -vell�, -vulsus, tear apart, rend asunder, tear in pieces. d�versus, -a, -um [part. of d�verto], turned different ways, opposite, contrary, different. d�vid�, -videre, -v�s�, -v�sus, divide, separate. d�, dare, ded�, datus, give. doceo, -�re, -u�, -tus, teach, explain. dolor, -�ris [dole�, be in pain], m., pain, grief; anger. dolus, -�, m., trick, craft. domina, -ae, f., mistress. domus, -�s, f., house, home. d�num, -� [do], n., gift. dormi�, -�re, -�v�, sleep. drac�, -�nis, m., dragon, serpent. dubit�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [dubius], doubt, hesitate. dubius, -a, -um, doubtful, uncertain. d�c�, d�cere, d�x�, ductus [dux], lead; make, dig; with or without in m�trim�nium, marry. d�dum, adv., formerly, of old; iam d�dum, this long time. dulc�d�, -inis [dulcis], f., sweetness. dulcis, -e, sweet. dum, conj., while, as; as long as; until. duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj., two. duodecim [duo + decem], indecl. adj., twelve. duo-d�-v�gint�, indecl. adj., eighteen. dux, ducis, m. and f., leader, commander.

E

�, see ex. �brius, -a, -um, drunk. �-d�c�, -d�cere, -d�x�, -dictus, declare, proclaim, appoint. �-d�, -dere, -did�, -ditus, put forth, give out, utter. �-d�c�, -d�cere, -d�x�, -ductus, lead out, draw. efferv�sc�, -ferv�scere, -ferbu� [ex + ferv�sc�], boil up or over, boil. effici�, -ficere, -f�c�, -fectus [ex + faci�], make or work out, accomplish, effect. effl�, -fl�re, -fl�v�, -fl�tus [ex + fl�], breathe out. effugio, -fugere, -f�g� [ex + fugi�], flee out or away, escape. effund�, -fundere, -f�d�, -f�sus [ex + fund�], pour out. ego, me�, pers. pron., I. �gredior, -gred�, -gressus [� + gradior], go out or forth, go ashore, disembark. �gregi� [�gregius, excellent], adv., excellently, splendidly, admirably. �lis, -idis, f., Elis. Elysius, -a, -um, Elysian. �-mitt�, -mittere, -m�s�, -missus, send out or forth. enim, conj., for. �-n�nti�, -n�nti�re, -n�nti�v�, -n�nti�tus, speak out, announce, make known. e�, �re, i�, itus, go. e� [is], adv., to that place, thither. equus, -�, m., horse. �r�ctus, -a, -um [part, of �rig�], upright, erect. erg�, prep, with acc., toward, for. Erg�nus, -�, m., Erginus. �ridanus, -�, m., Eridanus. �rig�, -rigere, -r�x�, -r�ctus [� + reg�], raise or set up, raise, lift; cheer, encourage. �ripi�, -ripere, -ripu�, -reptus [� + rapi�], snatch out or away, rescue. err�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, wander, stray; be mistaken. �rudi�, -rud�re, -rud�v�, -rud�tus, instruct. Erymanthius, -a, -um, of Erymanthus, Erymanthian. Eryth�a, -ae, f., Erythia. et, conj., and; et ... et, both ... and. etiam [et + iam], adv., and now, also, too, even. et-s�, conj., even if, although. Eunomus, -�, m., Eunomus. Eur�pa, -ae, f., Europe. Eurylochus, -�, m., Eurylochus. Eurystheus, -�, m., Eurystheus. Euryti�n, -�nis, m., Eurytion. Eurytus, -�, m., Eurytus. �-v�d�, -v�dere, -v�s�, -v�sus, go forth, get away, escape. �-v�n�sc�, -v�n�scere, -v�nu�, vanish away. �-veni�, -ven�re, -v�n�, -ventus, come out; turn out, happen, befall. �-voc�, -voc�re, -voc�v�, -voc�tus, call out, challenge. �-vom�, -vomere, -vomu�, -vomitus, vomit forth. ex or � (the latter never used before words beginning with a vowel or h), prep. with abl., out of, from; of. ex-anim�, -anim�re, -anim�v�, -anim�tus, put out of breath, fatigue, tire, exhaust; stupefy; kill. ex-�rd�sc�, -�rd�scere, -�rs�, -�rsus, blaze out, be inflamed, rage. ex-c�d�, -c�dere, -cess�, -cessus, go out or forth, depart. excipi�, -cipere, -c�p�, -ceptus [ex + capi�], take out or up, receive, welcome, entertain. ex-cit�, -cit�re, -cit�v�, -cit�tus, call out, arouse. ex-cl�m�, -cl�m�re, -cl�m�v�, -cl�m�tus, cry out, exclaim. excl�d�, -cl�dere, -cl�s�, -cl�sus [ex + claud�], shut out, hinder, prevent. ex-c�git�, -c�git�re, -c�git�v�, -c�git�tus, think out, contrive, devise, invent. ex-cruci�, -cruci�re, -cruci�v�, cruci�tus, torture. ex-e�, -�re, -i�, -itus, go out. exerce�, -erc�re, -ercu�, -ercitus, exercise. exercit�ti�, -�nis [exerce�], f., exercise. exercitus, -�s, m., army. ex-haurio, -haur�re, -haus�, -haustus, drink up or off, drain. ex�stim�, -�stim�re, -�stim�v�, -�stim�tus [ex + aestimo, value], consider, believe, think. ex-orior, -or�r�, -ortus, arise from, spring up, rise. ex-pell�, -pellere, -pul�, -pulsus, drive out, expel. ex-pi�, -pi�re, -pi�v�, -pi�tus, expiate. expl�r�tor, -�ris [expl�r�], m., explorer, scout, spy. ex-pl�r�, -pl�r�re, -pl�r�v�, -pl�r�tus, search out, explore. ex-p�n�, -p�nere, -posu�, -positus, put out, set forth; put on shore, land; explain. exprim�, -primere, -press�, -pressus [ex + prem�], press out. exsili�, -sil�re, -silu� [ex + sali�], leap out or forth. exsilium, -� [exsul, exile], n., exile. ex-spect�, -spect�re, -spect�v�, -spect�tus, look out for, wait for, await, expect; wait. ex-sp�r�, -sp�r�re, -sp�r�v�, -sp�r�tus, breathe out. ex-stru�, -struere, -str�x�, -str�ctus, pile or heap up, build, erect. extempl�, adv., immediately, straightway, at once. ex-trah�, -trahere, -tr�x�, -tr�ctus, draw or drag out, release, rescue. extr�mus, -a, -um, last, extreme, furthest. exu�, -uere, -u�, -�tus, put or take off.

F

faber, fabr�, m., smith. fabricor, -�r�, -�tus [faber], make, fashion. f�bula, -ae [for, speak], f., story. facile [facilis, easy], adv., easily. facinus, facinoris [faci�], n., deed, crime. faci�, facere, f�c�, factus, make, do; iter facere, see iter. facult�s, -t�tis [facilis, easy], f., possibility, opportunity, chance, means. fall�, fallere, fefell�, falsus, deceive. falsus, -a, -um [part. of fall�], feigned, pretended, false. falx, falcis, f., sickle; curved sword, falchion. f�ma, -ae [for, speak], f., report, rumor. fam�s, -is, abl. fam�, f., hunger. f�r, farris, n., grain; meal. f�tum, -� [part. of for, speak], n., destiny, fate. fauc�s, -ium, f. plur., throat. fax, facis, f., torch, firebrand. f�l�citer [f�l�x, happy], adv., happily, fortunately, successfully. f�mina, -ae, f., woman. fera, -ae [ferus, wild], f., wild animal, beast. fer�, adv., nearly, about, almost, for the most part. fer�, ferre, tul�, l�tus, bear, bring. fer�x, -�cis [ferus, wild], adj., fierce, savage. ferreus, -a, -um [ferrum, iron], of iron, iron. ferve�, -�re, boil; glow, burn. fessus, -a, -um, exhausted, worn out, weary. fig�ra, -ae, f., form, shape, figure. f�lia, -ae, f., daughter. f�lius, -�, m., son. fing�, fingere, finx�, fictus, invent, make up. f�nis, -is, m., end, boundary; plur., borders, territory, country. f�nitimus, -a, -um [f�nis], neighboring, adjoining. f��, fier�, factus sum, be done or made, become, happen. flamma, -ae, f., flame. fl�men, -minis [flu�, flow], n., river. f�ns, fontis, m., fountain, spring. for�s [foris], adv., out of doors, forth, out. for�s [foris], adv., out of doors, without. foris, -is, f., door. f�rma, -ae, f., form, appearance; beauty. f�rm�sus, -a, -um [f�rma], beautiful. forte [fors, chance], adv., by chance, accidentally. fortis, -e, brave. fortiter [fortis], adv., bravely. fort�na, -ae [fors, chance], f., fortune. fossa, -ae [part. of fodi�, dig], f., ditch, trench. frang�, frangere, fr�g�, fr�ctus, break; dash to pieces, wreck. fr�ter, fr�tris, m., brother. fraus, fraudis, f., deception, fraud. fremitus, -�s [frem�, roar], m., roaring, roar. fr�n�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [fr�num, bridle], bridle, restrain. fretum, -�, n., strait. fr�ns, frontis, f., forehead. fr�ctus, -�s [fruor, enjoy], m., enjoyment; fruit. fr�mentor, -�r�, -�tus [fr�mentum], fetch grain, forage. fr�mentum, -� [fruor, enjoy], n., grain. fr�str�, adv., in vain. fuga, -ae, f., flight. fugi�, fugere, f�g�, fugit�rus [fuga], flee, run away. f�mus, -�, m., smoke. furor, -�ris [fur�, rage], m., rage, fury, frenzy, madness. f�rtum, -� [f�r, thief], n., theft.

G

galea, -ae, f., helmet. Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul. gaude�, gaud�re, g�v�sus, be glad, rejoice. gaudium, -� [gaude�], n., gladness, joy. g�ns, gentis, f., race, nation. genus, generis, n., kind, nature. ger�, gerere, gess�, gestus, carry, wear; carry on, do. G�ry�n, -onis, m., Geryon. g�gn�, g�gnere, genu�, genitus, produce, bring forth. gladius, -�, m., sword. Glauc�, -�s, f., Glauce. gl�ria, -ae, f., glory. Gorg�, -onis, f., Gorgon. Graeae, -�rum, f. plur., the Graeae. Graecia, -ae [Graecus], f., Greece. Graecus, -a, -um, Greek. gr�tia, -ae [gr�tus], f., favor; gratitude, thanks; plur., thanks; gr�ti�s agere, to give thanks, thank; gr�tiam referre, to return a favor, show gratitude, requite. gr�tus, -a, -um, pleasing, grateful. gravis, -e, heavy; severe, grievous, serious. graviter [gravis], adv., severely, seriously. gubern�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, steer. gust�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, taste.

H

habe�, -�re, -u�, -itus, have, hold; consider. habit�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [freq. of habe�], dwell, inhabit. H�d�s, -ae, m., Hades. haere�, haer�re, haes�, haes�rus, stick; hesitate. haesit�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [freq. of haere�], hesitate. Hamm�n, -�nis, m., Hammon. har�na, -ae, f., sand; shore. Harp�iae, -�rum, f. plur., Harpies. haud, adv., not at all, by no means, not. haudqu�quam [haud + quisquam], adv., in no wise, not at all. hauri�, haur�re, haus�, haustus, draw. herba, -ae, f., herb, plant. Hercul�s, -is, m., Hercules. H�sion�, -�s, f., Hesione. Hesperid�s, -um, f. plur., the Hesperides. hesternus, -a, -um [her�, yesterday], of yesterday, yesterday's, hesternus di�s, yesterday. h�c [h�c], adv., here; hereupon. h�c, haec, h�c, dem. pron., this; ille ... h�c, that ... this, the former ... the latter. hinc [h�c], adv., from this place, hence. Hippolyt�, -�s, f., Hippolyte. Hisp�nia, -ae, f., Spain. Hom�rus, �-, m., Homer. hom�, hominis, m., man. honor, -�ris, m., honor. h�ra, -ae, f., hour. horribilis, -e [horre�, shudder], dreadful, terrible, horrible. hortor, -�r�, -�tus, exhort, encourage, urge. hortus, -�, m., garden. hospitium, -� [hospes, host], n., hospitality. hostis, -is, m. and f., enemy, foe. h�c [h�c], adv., to this place, hither. h�m�nus, -a, -um [hom�], of man, human. hum� [loc. of humus, ground], adv., on the ground. Hydra, -ae, f., Hydra. Hyl�s, -ae, m., Hylas.

I

iace�, -�re, -u�, lie, be prostrate. iaci�, iacere, i�c�, iactus, throw, cast, hurl. iam, adv., now, already. i�nua, -ae, f., door. I�s�n, -onis, m., Jason. ibi [is], adv., in that place, there. �ctus, -�s [�c�, strike], m., blow. �dem, eadem, idem [is], dem. pron., the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also. id�neus, -a, -um, suitable, fit; favorable. igitur, conj., therefore. �gn�rus, -a, -um [in-, not + gn�rus, knowing], ignorant. �gn�vus, -a, -um [in-, not + gn�vus, active], lazy, cowardly. �gnis, -is, m., fire. �gn�r�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, be ignorant of. �gn�tus, -a, -um [in-, not + n�tus], unknown. �lias, -adis, f., the Iliad. ille, illa, illud, dem. pron., that; he, she, it, they; ille ... h�c, see h�c. imber, imbris, m., rain, shower. imbu�, -buere, -bu�, -b�tus, wet, soak, dip. imm�nit�s, -t�tis [imm�nis, cruel], f., cruelty, barbarity. immitt�, -mittere, -m�s�, -missus, send or let in. immol�, -mol�re, -mol�v�, -mol�tus [in + mola], sacrifice (the victim was sprinkled with consecrated meal). impedi�, -ped�re, -ped�v�, -ped�tus [in + p�s], hinder, prevent, impede. impell�, -pellere, -pul�, -pulsus [in + pell�], drive or urge on, incite, urge. imper�tor, -�ris [imper�], m., commander, general. imper�tum, -� [part, of imper�], n., command, order. imper�tus, -a, -um [in-, not + per�tus], inexperienced, unskilled, ignorant. imperium, -� [imper�], n., command; sway, rule. imper�, -per�re, -per�v�, -per�tus, command, order, enjoin. impetr�, -petr�re, -petr�v�, -petr�tus, gain one's end, obtain (a request). impetus, -�s [in + pet�], m., attack; impetum facere, to charge. imp�n�, -p�nere, -posu�, -positus [in + p�n�], place or lay upon, impose; embark. improbus, -a, -um [in-, not + probus, upright], wicked. in, prep, with acc., into, in, to, upon; with abl., in, on. incid�, -cidere, -cid� [in + cad�], fall into or upon. incl�d�, -cl�dere, -cl�s�, -cl�sus [in + claud�, shut], shut up in, inclose, imprison. incola, -ae [incol�], m. and f., inhabitant. in-col�, -colere, -colu�, inhabit. incolumis, -e, unhurt, safe. in-commodum, -�, n., inconvenience. in-cr�dibilis, e, incredible. in-d�c�, -d�cere, d�x�, -ductus, lead in or on, move, excite. indu�, induere, indu�, ind�tus, put on; clothe. in-e�, -�re, -i�, -itus, go into, enter; adopt. �nfandus, -a, -um [in-, not + ger. of for, speak], unspeakable, monstrous. �nf�ns, -fantis [in-, not + part. of for, speak], m. and f., infant, babe. �nfectus, -a, -um [in-, not + part. of faci�], not done, undone, unaccomplished. �n-f�l�x, -f�l�cis, adj., unhappy, unfortunate. �nfer�, -�rum [�nferus, below], m. plur., inhabitants of the underworld, the dead, the shades. �nfer�, �nferre, intul�, inl�tus, bring in or against, wage against; inflict. �nf�stus, -a, -um, unsafe, dangerous. �nfici�, -ficere, -f�c�, -fectus [in + faci�], stain, dye. �n-fund�, -fundere, -f�d�, -f�sus, pour in or upon. ing�ns, -gentis, adj., huge, vast. inici�, -icere, -i�c�, -iectus [in +iaci�], throw in or upon; cause, inspire. inim�cus, -a, -um [in-, not + am�cus], unfriendly, hostile. initium, -� [ine�], n., beginning. ini�ria, -ae [in-, not + i�s], f., injury, wrong, hurt, harm. inluvi�s, -��, f., dirt, filth. inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verb, I say, you say, he says. in-r�de�, -r�d�re, -r�s�, -r�sus, laugh at, mock. in-rump�, -rumpere, -r�p�, -ruptus, burst into or in. in-ru�, -ruere, -ru�, rush in. �ns�nia, -ae [�ns�nus, mad], f., madness, insanity. �nsci�ns, -scientis [in-, not + part. of sci�], adj., unknowing, unaware. �n-sequor, -sequ�, -sec�tus, follow upon or up, pursue. �nsidiae, -�rum, f. plur., ambush; plot, stratagem. �nsperg�, -spergere, -spers�, -spersus [in + sparg�], sprinkle on or over. �nspici�, -spicere, -sp�x�, -spectus [in + speci�], look into or upon. �nstitu�, -stituere, -stitu�, -stit�tus [in + statu�], decide upon, determine. �n-struo, -struere, -str�x�, -str�ctus, build in or into; draw up; equip, furnish, �nsula, -ae, f., island. intelleg�, -legere, -l�x�, -l�ctus, perceive, understand. in-tend�, -tendere, -tend�, -tentus, stretch out; stretch, draw, aim. inter, prep, with acc., among, between. intere� [inter], adv., in the meantime, meanwhile. interfici�, -ficere, -f�c�, -fectus [inter + faci�], put out of the way, kill. interior, -ius [comp. from inter], adj., interior, inner. inter-mitt�, -mittere, -m�s�, -m�ssus, leave off, interrupt; let pass; pass., be left between, intervene, elapse. inter-sum, -esse, -fu�, -fut�rus, be or lie between. interv�llum, -�, n., interval, space, distance. intr� [inter], prep. with acc., within. intr�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [intr�], go within or into, enter. introitus, -�s [introe�, go within], m., entrance. in-tueor, -tu�r�, -tuitus, look upon, behold. in-�sit�tus, -a, -um, unusual, extraordinary. in-�tilis, -e, not useful, useless. in-veni�, -ven�re, -v�n�, -ventus, come upon, find. inv�t�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, invite. inv�tus, -a, -um, unwilling. Iol�us, -�, m., Iolaus. Iol�, -�s, f., Iole. Iovis, gen. of Iuppiter. �phicl�s, -is, m., Iphicles. ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron., self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very. �ra, -ae, f., anger, wrath. �r�scor, �r�sc�, �r�tus [�ra], be angry. �r�tus, -a, -um [part, of �r�scor], angered, enraged, angry, furious. is, ea, id, dem. pron., this, that; he, she, it, they. iste, ista, istud, dem. pron., that of yours, that. ita [is], adv., in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as. �talia, -ae, f., Italy. ita-que, adv., and so, accordingly, therefore. iter, itineris [e�], n., a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march. iterum, adv., again, a second time. Ithaca, -ae, f., Ithaca. iube�, iub�re, iuss�, i�ssus, bid, order, command. i�cundus, -a, -um, sweet, pleasant. i�dex, i�dicis [i�s + d�c�], m., judge. iugum, -� [iung�], n., yoke. iung�, iungere, i�nx�, i�nctus, join; yoke, harness. I�n�, -�nis, f., Juno. Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter or Jove. i�s, i�ris, n., right, justice, law; i�s d�cere, to pronounce judgment; i�s i�randum, i�ris i�rand� [ger. of i�r�, swear], oath. i�ssum, -� [part, of iube�], n., order, command. i�ssus, -�s [iube�], m., bidding, command. i�stus, -a, -um [i�s], just. iuvenis, -is, m., young man, youth.

L

l�bor, l�b�, lapsus, slip, glide, fall. labor, -�ris, m., labor, toil. lab�r�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [labor], labor, toil. l�c, lactis, n., milk. Lac�nia, -ae, f., Laconia. lacrima, -ae, f., tear. lacus, -�s, m., lake. laetitia, -ae [laetus, joyful], f., joy. l�menta, -�rum, n. plur., lamentation. L�omed�n, -ontis, m., Laomedon. lapis, -idis, m., stone. laqueus, -�, m., noose. L�r�sa, -ae, f., Larisa. lassit�d�, -inis [lassus, weary], f., weariness. late�, -�re, -u�, lie hid, be concealed. latr�, -�nis, m., robber. l�tus, -a, -um, broad, wide. l�g�tus, -� [part. of l�g�, depute], m., ambassador. l�nis, -e, gentle. le�, -�nis, m., lion. Lernaeus, -a, -um, of Lerna, Lernean. L�th�, -�s, f., Lethe. levis, -e, light, slight. leviter [levis], adv., slightly. libenter [lib�ns, willing], adv., willingly, gladly. l�ber�, -�rum [l�ber, free], m. plur., children. l�ber�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [l�ber, free], set free, free, liberate, release. l�bert�s, -t�tis [l�ber, free], f., freedom, liberty. Libya, -ae, f., Libya, Africa. licet, -�re, -uit or -itum est, impers., is lawful or permitted. Lich�s, -ae, m., Lichas. l�gneus, -a, -um [l�gnum], of wood, wooden. l�gnum, -�, n., wood. Ligur�s, -um, m. plur., Ligurians. Liguria, -ae [Ligur�s], f., Liguria. l�men, -minis, n., threshold; door. l�mus, -�, m., mud. linter, lintris, f., boat, skiff. Linus, -�, m., Linus. l�tus, l�toris, n., shore. locus, -�, m., plur. loca, -orum, n., place, situation. long� [longus], adv., far. longinquus, -a, -um [longus], distant, remote. longus, -a, -um, long; tedious. loquor, loqu�, loc�tus, speak. l�tus, -�, f., lotus. lucrum, -�, n., gain. luctor, -�r�, -�tus, wrestle, struggle. l�dus, -�, m., game, sport. l�men, -minis, n., light. l�x, l�cis, f., light.

M

magicus, -a, -um, magic. magis, comp. adv., more, rather. magister, -tr� [magis], m., master. m�gnific� [m�gnificus], adv., splendidly. m�gnificentia, -ae [m�gnificus], f., splendor, magnificence. m�gnificus, -a, -um [m�gnus + faci�], splendid, magnificent. m�gnit�d�, -t�dinis [m�gnus], f., greatness, size. m�gnopere [abl. of m�gnum opus], adv., greatly, very much, exceedingly; earnestly. m�gnus, -a, -um, large, big, great, mighty; loud. m�ior, m�ius, comp. of m�gnus. male [malus], adv., badly, ill. m�l�, m�lle, m�lu� [magis + vol�], wish rather, prefer. malum, -� [malus], n., evil, mischief. malus, -a, -um, bad. m�lus, -�, m., mast. mand�, -d�re, -d�v�, -d�tus [manus + -d�, put], put in hand, intrust, commit; charge, command. m�ne, adv., in the morning, early in the morning. mane�, man�re, m�ns�, m�nsus, remain. m�n�s, -ium, m. plur., spirit, shade. manus, -�s, f., hand. mare, maris, n., sea. mar�tus, -�, m., husband. M�rs, M�rtis, m., Mars. m�ter, m�tris, f., mother. m�trim�nium, -� [m�ter], n., marriage; in m�trim�nium d�cere, marry. m�t�r�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [m�t�rus, ripe], ripen; hasten. m�xim� [m�ximus], adv., very greatly, exceedingly, especially. m�ximus, -a, -um, superl. of m�gnus. M�d�a, -ae, f., Medea. medic�mentum, -� [medic�, heal], n., drug; poison, potion. medic�na, -ae [medicus, physician], f., art of healing, medicine. medius, -a, -um, mid, middle. Med�sa, -ae, f., Medusa. membrum, -�, n., limb, member. memoria, -ae [memor, remembering], f., memory. memor�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [memor, remembering], remind of, mention. menti�, -�nis, f., mention. merc�tor, -�ris [mercor, trade], m., trader, merchant. merc�s, merc�dis, f., pay, reward, wages. Mercurius, -�, m., Mercury. merg�, mergere, mers�, mersus, dip, plunge, sink. mer�di�nus, -a, -um [mer�di�s], midday, noonday; mer�di�num tempus, midday, noon. mer�di�s, -�� [medius + di�s], m., midday, noon; south. meritus, -a, -um [part. of mere�], deserved, due, just. meus, -a, -um [ego, me�], my, mine. m�les, m�litis, m., soldier. m�lit�ris, -e [m�les], military, warlike; r�s m�lit�ris, art of war, warfare. m�lle, indecl. adj., a thousand; m�lia, -ium, n. plur., thousands; m�lia passuum, thousands of paces, miles. minae, -�rum, f. plur., threats. Minerva, -ae, f., Minerva. minim� [minimus, least], adv., least, very little; by no means, not at all. minimum [minimus, least], adv., very little, slightly. minitor, -�r�, -�tus [minae], threaten. M�n�s, M�n�is, m., Minos. minus, comp. adv., less. Minyae, -�rum, m. plur., Minyae. m�r�culum, -� [m�ror], n., wonder, marvel, miracle. m�ror, -�r�, -�tus [m�rus], wonder, wonder at. m�rus, -a, -um, wonderful, strange. misce�, misc�re, miscu�, m�xtus, mix, mingle. misericordia, -ae [misericors, pitiful], f;, pity, compassion. mitt�, mittere, m�s�, missus, send. modo [modus], adv., only. modus, -�, m., way, manner. moenia, -ium, n. plur., walls. mola, -ae, f., meal. molestia, -ae [molestus, annoying], f., annoyance. mone�, -�re, -u�, -itus, warn. m�ns, montis, m., mountain. m�nstr�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [m�nstrum], point out, show. m�nstrum, -�, n., wonder, monster. mora, -ae, f., delay. morde�, mord�re, momord�, morsus, bite. morior, mor�, mortuus, die. moror, -�r�, -�tus [mora], delay, linger, stay. mors, mort�s [morior], f., death. mort�lis, -e [mors], mortal. mortifer, -fera, -ferum [mors + fer�], death-bringing, deadly. mortuus, -a, -um [part. of morior], dead. m�s, m�ris, m., way, manner, habit, custom. move�, mov�re, m�v�, m�tus, move. mox, adv., soon. m�gi�, -�re, -�v�, low, bellow. m�g�tus, -�s [m�gi�], m., lowing, bellowing. mulier, mulieris, f., woman. multit�d�, -t�dinis [multus], f., multitude. mult� [multus], adv., by much or far, much, far. multum, -� [multus], n., much. multum [multus], adv., much, greatly, far. multus, -a, -um, much, great; plur., many. m�ni�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [moenia], fortify. m�nus, m�neris, n., service, office, duty; present, gift. m�rus, -�, m., wall. m�sica, -ae, f., music. m�t�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [freq. of move�], change. M�sia, -ae, f., Mysia.

N

nactus, part. of nanc�scor. nam, conj., for. nam-que, conj., for. nanc�scor, nanc�sc�, nactus, get, obtain, find. n�rr�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, tell, relate, narrate. nat�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [freq. of n�, swim], swim, float. n�t�ra, -ae [n�scor, be born], f., nature, character. nauta, -ae [n�vis], m., sailor. nauticus, -a, -um [nauta], naval, nautical. n�vig�ti�, -�nis [n�vig�], f., sailing, navigation, voyage. n�vig�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [n�vis + ag�], sail. n�vis, -is, f., ship. -ne, enclitic introducing a question, untranslatable. n�, adv., not; n� ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest. nec, see neque. necesse, indecl. adj., necessary. nec�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, put to death, slay, kill. negleg�, -legere, -l�x�, -l�ctus [nec + leg�, gather], disregard, neglect. neg�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, say no or not, deny, refuse. neg�tium, -� [nec + �tium, leisure], n., business, matter; task, trouble, difficulty. Nemeaeus, -a, -um, of Nemea, Nemean. n�m�, n�minis [ne-, not + hom�], m. and f., no one, nobody. nep�s, nep�tis, m., grandson. Nept�nus, -�, m., Neptune. neque or nec [ne-, not + -que], conj., and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not. nervus, -�, m., sinew, muscle. ne-sci�, -sc�re, -sc�v�, not know, be ignorant; nesci� quis, I know not who, some one or other (nesci� is thus used with other interrogative words also). Nessus, -�, m., Nessus. neu, see n�ve. neuter, neutra, neutrum [ne-, not + uter], neither. n�ve or neu [n� + -ve, or], conj., and that not, and not, nor. niger, nigra, nigrum, black. nihil, n., indecl., nothing. nisi [ne-, not + s�], conj., if not, unless. nix, nivis, f., snow. noct� [nox], adv., at or by night. nocturnus, -a, -um [nox], of night, nocturnal; nocturnum tempus, night-time. n�l�, n�lle, n�lu� [ne-, not + vol�], not wish, be unwilling. n�men, -minis [n�sc�, come to know], n., name (that by which one is known). n�n, adv., not. n�n-dum, adv., not yet. n�n-ne, adv., introducing a question to which an affirmative answer is expected, not? n�n-n�llus, -a, -um, not none, some, several. n�s, plur. of ego. noster, -tra, -trum [n�s], our. n�tus, -a, -um [part. of n�sc�, come to know], known, well-known, famous. novem, indecl. adj., nine. novit�s, -t�tis [novus], f., newness, novelty. novus, -a, -um, new; novissimus, last. nox, noctis, f., night. n�b�s, -is, f., cloud. n�dus, -a, -um, naked, bare. n�llus, -a, -um [ne-, not + �llus], not any, none, no. num, adv., introducing a question to which a negative answer is expected, untranslatable. numerus, -�, m., number. nummus, -�, m., coin. numquam [ne-, not + umquam, ever], adv., never. nunc, adv., now. n�nti�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [n�ntius], report, announce. n�ntius, -� [novus], m., messenger; message. n�per [novus], adv., newly, lately, recently. n�squam [ne-, not + �squam, anywhere], adv., nowhere. nympha, -ae, f., nymph.

O

ob, prep. with acc., on account of, for; in compounds, to, against. obici�, -icere, -i�c�, -iectus [ob + iaci�], throw in the way or to. ob-i�rg�, -i�rg�re, -i�rg�v�, -i�rg�tus, chide, scold, reproach. ob-lin�, -linere, -l�v�, -litus, daub over, smear. obl�tus, -a, -um [part. of obl�v�scor], forgetful, unmindful. obl�v�scor, -l�v�sc�, -l�tus, forget. obsc�r�, -sc�r�re, -sc�r�v�, -sc�r�tus [obsc�rus], darken, hide, conceal. obsc�rus, -a, -um, dark. obsecr�, -secr�re, -secr�v�, -secr�tus, beseech, entreat. ob-ser�, -serere, -s�v�, -situs, sow, plant; cover, fill. obside�, -sid�re, -s�d�, -sessus [ob + sede�], beset, besiege. ob-stru�, -struere, -str�x�, -str�ctus, build against, block up. ob-testor, -test�r�, -test�tus, call to witness; beseech, implore. obtine�, -tin�re, -tinu�, -tentus [ob + tene�], hold. obviam [ob + via], adv., in the way, opposite, face to face; obviam fier�, to meet; obviam �re, to go to meet. occ�si�, -�nis [occid�, fall], f., chance, opportunity. occ�sus, -�s [occid�, fall], m. setting. occ�d�, -c�dere, -c�d�, -c�sus [ob + caed�, cut], cut down, kill. occup�, -cup�re, -cup�v�, -cup�tus [ob + capi�], seize; fill. occurr�, -currere, -curr�, -cursus [ob + curr�], run against, meet. Oceanus, -�, m., Oceanus, the ocean. oculus, -�, m., eye. �d�, �disse, used only in tenses of completed action with the force of tenses of incomplete action, hate. odium, -� [�d�], n., hatred. odor, -�ris, m., smell, odor. Oechalia, -ae, f., Oechalia. Oeneus, -�, m., Oeneus. Oeta, -ae, f., Oeta. offend�, -fendere, -fend�, -f�nsus, offend. offer�, offerre, obtul�, obl�tus [ob + fer�], bear to, proffer, offer. offic�na, -ae, f., workshop, smithy. officium, -�, n., service; duty. �lim, adv., once upon a time, once, formerly, of old. Olympus, -�, m., Olympus. omitt�, -mittere, -m�s�, -missus [ob + mitt�], let go, neglect, disregard, throw away, lose. omn�n� [omnis], adv., altogether, wholly, entirely. omnis, -e, all, every. oner�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [onus, load], load, burden. opera, -ae [opus], f., effort, work, labor. op�ni�, -�nis [op�nor, think], f., opinion, expectation; reputation. oppidum, -�, n., town. opport�nus, -a, -um, suitable, seasonable, convenient, opportune. opprim�, -primere, -press�, -pressus [ob + prem�], press against, overpower, crush. optimus, -a, -um, superl. of bonus. opus, operis, n., work, task. �r�culum, -� [�r�], n., oracle. �r�ti�, -�nis [�r�], f., speech; �r�ti�nem hab�re, to deliver an oration, speak. orbis, -is, m., circle; orbis terrae or terr�rum, circle of the earth or lands, earth, world. Orcus, -�, m., Orcus, under-world. �rd�, �rdinis, m., arrangement, order, rank; ex �rdine, in order. orior, -�r�, -tus, arise, come forth, spring up; ort� l�ce, at dawn. �rn�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, equip, adorn. �r�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [�s], speak; beg, pray. Orpheus, -�, m., Orpheus. �s, �ris, n., mouth. ostend�, -tendere, -tend�, -tentus [ob + tend�], stretch out before, show, explain. �stium, -� [�s], n., mouth, doorway, door. ovis, -is, f., sheep.

P

p�bulum, -� [p�sc�], n., food, fodder. paene, adv., almost, nearly. palaestra, -ae, f., wrestling-place, gymnasium. p�lus, -�, m., stake. pal�s, -�dis, f., swamp, marsh. par�tus, -a, -um [part. of par�], prepared, equipped, ready. p�re�, -�re, -u�, obey. par�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, make ready, prepare. pars, partis, f., part, side, direction. parvus, -a, -um, little, small. p�sc�, p�scere, p�v�, p�stus, feed. passus, -�s [pand�, stretch], m., pace; m�lia passuum, see m�lle. p�stor, -t�ris [p�sc�], m., shepherd. patefaci�, -facere, -f�c�, -factus [pate�, be open + faci�], throw, or lay open, open. pater, patris, m., father. patior, pat�, passus, bear, suffer, allow. patria, -ae [pater], f., fatherland, country. pauc�, -ae, -a, plur. adj., few. paul� [paulus, little], adv., by a little, a little, somewhat. paulum [paulus, little], adv., a little, somewhat. pavor, -�ris [paye�, be terrified], m., terror, panic. pectus, pectoris, n., breast. pec�nia, -ae [pecus], f., money (the possession of cattle constituting wealth in early times). pecus, pecoris, n., herd, flock, cattle. pecus, pecudis, f., head of cattle, beast, sheep, goat. Peli�s, -ae, m., Pelias. pellis, -is, f., hide, skin, pelt. pell�, pellere, pepul�, pulsus, drive, drive away, beat, rout. pend�, pendere, pepend�, p�nsus, weigh out, pay. P�nelop�, -�s, f., Penelope. per, prep, with ace., through, by means of. percipi�, -cipere, -c�p�, -ceptus [per + capi�], feel. percuti�, -cutere, -cuss�, -cussus [per + quati�], strike through, strike. per-d�c�, -d�cere, -d�x�, -ductus, lead or bring through, lead, bring. peregr�nus, -�, m., stranger, foreigner. perennis, -e [per + annus], lasting throughout the year, perennial, perpetual. per-e�, -�re, -ii, -it�rus, pass away, perish. per-fer�, -ferre, -tul�, -l�tus, bear through, bear, endure; weather. perfici�, -ficere, -f�c�, -fectus [per + faci�], do or make through, accomplish. per-fl�, -fl�re, blow through or over. per-fodi�, -fodere, -f�d�, -fossus, dig or pierce through, transfix. per�culum, -�, n., danger, peril, risk. per-l�str�, -l�str�re, -l�str�vi, -l�str�tus, look over, examine, survey. per-mane�, -man�re, -m�nsi, -m�nsus, remain. perpetuus, -a, -um [per + pet�], continuous, perpetual; in perpetuum, for all time, forever. per-rump�, -rumpere, -r�p�, -ruptus, break or burst through, break. per-scr�b�, -scr�bere, -scr�ps�, scr�ptus, write through or in full, describe fully, recount. per-sequor, -sequ�, -sec�tus, follow up, pursue. Perseus, -�, m., Perseus. per-solv�, -solvere, -solv�, -sol�tus, pay completely, pay. per-su�de�, -su�d�re, -su�si, -su�sus, persuade, prevail upon, induce. per-terre�, -terr�re, -terrui, -territus, thoroughly frighten, terrify. per-turb�, -turb�re, -turb�vi, -turb�tus, greatly disturb, disturb, agitate, throw into confusion. per-veni�, -ven�re, -v�n�, -ventus, come through, come, arrive, reach. p�s, pedis, m., foot. pet�, -ere, -�v� or -i�, -�tus, seek, ask; attack. Ph�sis, -idis, m., Phasis. Ph�neus, -�, m., Phineus. Pholus, -�, m., Pholus. Phrixus, -�, m., Phrixus. pinguis, -e, fat. pisc�tor, -t�ris [piscor, fish], m., fisherman. plausus, -�s [plaud�, clap], m., applause. pl�r�s, -a [comp. of multus], plur. adj., more, many, several. pl�rimus, -a, -um, superl. of multus. Pl�t�, -�nis, m., Pluto. p�culum, -� [p�t�, drink], n., cup. poena, -ae, f., penalty, punishment. po�ta, -ae, m., poet. polliceor, -lic�r�, -licitus, promise. Polydect�s, -is, m., Polydectes. Polyph�mus, -�, m., Polyphemus. p�mum, -�, n., fruit, apple. pondus, ponderis [pend�], n., weight. p�n�, p�nere, posu�, positus, place, put; p�n� with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on. p�ns, pontis, m., bridge. porcus, -�, m., pig, hog, swine. porta, -ae, f., gate; door. portus, -�s, m., harbor, haven, port. p�sc�, p�scere, pop�sc�, ask, demand. posside�, -sid�re, -s�d�, -sessus, hold, possess. possum, posse, potu� [potis, able + sum], be able, have power, can. post, adv., after, later; prep. with acc., after, behind. poste� [post], adv., after this, afterwards. posterus, -a, -um [post], following, next. post-quam, conj., later than, after, when. postr�mus, -a, -um [superl. of posterus], last. postr�di� [posterus + di�s], adv., the day after, the next day. postul�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, ask, request, demand. potior, -�r�, -�tus [potis, able], become master of, get possession of. prae-ac�tus, -a, -um, sharp at the end, pointed, sharp. praebe�, -�re, -u�, -itus [prae, before + habe�], hold forth, supply, furnish, give; show, present, exhibit. prae-cave�, -cav�re, -c�v�, -cautus, beware beforehand, beware, be on one's guard. praecipi�, -cipere, -c�p�, -ceptus [prae, before + capi�], take beforehand, anticipate; order, charge. praecipu� [praecipuus, especial], adv., especially. prae-cl�rus, -cl�ra, -cl�rum, very bright; splendid, remarkable, famous. praeda, -ae, f., booty, spoil, plunder. prae-d�c�, -d�cere, -d�x�, -dictus, say beforehand, foretell, predict. praedor, -�r�, -�tus [praeda], plunder. praemium, -�, n., reward. praes�ns, -sentis [part. of praesum], adj., present, immediate, imminent. praesentia, -ae [praes�ns], f., the present. praeses, praesidis, m., protector. praesidium, -� [praeses], n., protection; guard, escort. praest�ns, -stantis [part. of praest�], adj., pre�minent, remarkable. prae-st�, -st�re, -stit�, -stitus, stand in front; show. prae-sum, -esse, -fu�, be before, preside over, have charge of, command. praeter [prae, before], prep. with acc., before, past, by; besides, except. praetere� [praeter], adv., besides this, besides, moreover. praeter-e�, -�re, -i�, -itus, pass by. prec�s, -um, f. plur., prayer, entreaty. prehend�, -hendere, -hend�, -h�nsus, seize. prem�, premere, press�, pressus, press, check, restrain. pretium, -�, n., price, charge. pr�m� [pr�mus], adv., at first. pr�mum [pr�mus], adv., first, in the first place. pr�mus, -a, -um [superl. from pr�], first, foremost. pr�stinus, -a, -um [prius], former. prius [prior, former], adv., before, first. prius-quam, conj., before than, sooner than, before. pr�, prep. with abl., before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for. procul, adv., at or from a distance, far. proelium, -�, n., battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle. profecti�, -�nis [profic�scor], f., departure, start. profic�scor, -fic�sc�, -fectus [pr�fici�, make progress], set out, depart, start, march. pr�gredior, -gred�, -gressus [pr� + gradior], go forward, advance. prohibe�, -hib�re, -hibu�, -hibitus [pr� + habe�], hold back, prevent, hinder. pr�ici�, -icere, -i�c�, -iectus [pr� + iaci�], throw forth or down, cast away, throw. pr�-mitt�, -mittere, -m�s�, -missus, send or put forth, promise. pr�m�, pr�mere, pr�mps�, pr�mptus [pr� + em�], take or bring out, produce. pr�munturium, -�, n., headland, promontory. proper�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, hasten. pr�-p�n�, -p�nere, -posu�, -positus, put or set before, offer, propose; set forth, say. propter, prep. with acc., on account of, because of. pr�ra, -ae, f., prow, bow. pr�-sequor, -sequ�, -sec�tus, follow forward, follow. Pr�serpina, -ae, f., Proserpina, Proserpine. pr�-stern�, -sternere, -str�v�, -str�tus, strew or spread before, throw or knock down. pr�-sum, pr�desse, pr�fu�, be of advantage, profit, avail, assist. pr�-veh�, -vehere, -vex�, -vectus, carry forward. pr�-voc�, -voc�re, -voc�v�, -voc�tus, call forth or out, challenge. proximus, -a, -um [superl. from prope, near], nearest, next. pr�dentia, -ae [pr�d�ns, prudent], f., prudence. puella, -ae [puer], f., girl, maiden. puer, puer�, m., boy. pueritia, -ae [puer], f., boyhood. p�gna, -ae, f., fighting, battle, combat. p�gn�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [p�gna], fight. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful. puls�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [freq. of pell�], push or strike against, knock, knock at. punctum, -� [pung�, prick], n., point, instant, moment. p�rg�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [p�rus, clean + ag�], make clean, clean, cleanse. put�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, think. P�thia, -ae, f., Pythia.

Q

qu� [qu�], adv., in which place, where. quaer�, quaerere, quaes�v�, quaes�tus, seek; ask, inquire. qu�lis, -e, of what sort? what kind of? quam [quis and qu�], adv., how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible. quam-quam, conj., however much, although. quantum [quantus], adv., how much? how? quantus, -a, -um, how great or much? quartus, -a, -um [quattuor], fourth. quasi [qu� + s�], conj., as if. quattuor, indecl. adj., four. -que, enclitic conj., and. qu�, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, which. qu�, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj., what? qu�dam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron., a certain, certain. quidem, adv., in fact, indeed, certainly; n� ... quidem, not ... even. qui�s, qui�tis, f., rest, repose. qu�n, conj., so that ... not, but that, but. qu�nqu�gint� [qu�nque, five], indecl. adj., fifty. qu�ntus, -a, -um [qu�nque, five], fifth. quis, quid, interrog. pron., who? which? what? quis, qua, quid, indef. pron., any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something. quis-nam, quaenam, quidnam, interrog. pron., who, which, or what, pray? who? which? what? quis-quam, quicquam, indef. pron., any one, anything. quis-que, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron., each. qu� [quis and qu�], adv., to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; qu� �sque, till when? how long? quod [qu�], conj., that, in that, because. quoniam [cum + iam], conj., since now, since. quoque [qu� + -que], adv., also. quotann�s [quot, how many + annus], adv., every year, yearly, annually. quoti�ns [quot, how many, adv., as often as.

R

r�mus, -�, m., branch, bough. rapi�, -ere, -u�, -tus, seize, snatch. rati�, -�nis [reor, think], f., plan, means, method, manner. recipi�, -cipere, -c�p�, -ceptus [re- + capi�], take or get back, recover; s� recipere, to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect oneself, recover. re-cre�, -cre�re, -cre�v�, -cre�tus, make anew, renew, refresh. r�ctus, -a, -um [part. of reg�, direct], direct, straight. re-cumb�, -cumbere, -cubu�, lie back or down. recuper�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, recover. rec�s�, -c�s�re, -c�s�v�, -c�s�tus [re- + causa], give a reason against, refuse. redd�, -dere, -did�, -ditus [re- + d�], give back, return, restore; render. rede�, -�re, -i�, -itus [re- + e�], go back, return. redintegr�, -integr�re, -integr�v�, -integr�tus [re- + integr�, make whole], make whole again, renew. reditus, -�s [rede�], m., return. re-d�c�, -d�cere, -d�x�, -ductus, lead or bring back; restore. re-fer�, referre, rettul�, rel�tus, bring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; gr�tiam referre, see gr�tia. refici�, -ficere, -f�c�, -fectus [re- + faci�], make anew, renew, repair. re-fugi�, -fugere, -f�g�, flee back, run away, retreat. re-fulge�, -fulg�re, -fuls�, flash back, shine. r�gia, -ae [r�gius, royal], f., palace. r�g�na, -ae [r�x], f., queen. regi�, -�nis [reg�, direct], f., direction; country, region. r�gn�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [r�gnum], reign, rule. r�gnum, -� [r�x], n., royal power, rule, throne; kingdom, realm. regredior, -gred�, -gressus [re- + gradior], go back, return. re-linqu�, -linquere, -l�qu�, -lictus, leave behind, leave. reliquus, -a, -um [relinqu�], left, the remaining, the other, the rest of. remedium, -� [re- + medeor, heal], n., remedy. r�mig�, -�re [r�mex, rower], row. re-move�, -mov�re, -m�v�, -m�tus, move back, remove. r�mus, -�, m., oar. re-n�nti�, -n�nti�re, -n�nti�v�, -n�nti�tus, bring back word, report, announce. re-pell�, repellere, reppul�, repulsus, drive back or away, repulse, repel. reperi�, reper�re, repper�, repertus, find, discover. repertor, -�ris [reperi�], m., discoverer, inventor. re-ple�, -pl�re, -pl�v�, -pl�tus, fill again or up, fill. re-p�n�, -p�nere, -posu�, -positus, put or set back; store up or away. re-port�, -port�re, -port�v�, -port�tus, carry or bring back. re-p�gn�, -p�gn�re, -p�gn�v�, -p�gn�tus, fight against, struggle, resist. r�s, re�, f., thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; r� v�r�, in truth, in fact, really. re-sist�, -sistere, -stit�, stand back, resist. re-sp�r�, -sp�r�re, -sp�r�v�, -sp�r�tus, breathe back or out, breathe. re-sponde�, -spond�re, -spond�, -sp�nsus, reply, answer. resp�nsum, -� [part. of responde�], n., reply, answer, response. restitu�, -stituere, -stitu�, -stit�tus [re- + statu�], set up again, put back, restore. retine�, -tin�re, -tinu�, -tentus [re- + tene�], hold or keep back, keep, restrain; hold fast. revertor, -vert�, -versus, perf. act. -vert� [re- + vert�], turn back, return. r�x, r�gis [reg�, direct], m., king. Rhadamanthus, -�, m., Rhadamanthus. r�de�, r�d�re, r�s�, r�sus, laugh. r�pa, -ae, f., bank. r�te [r�tus, rite], adv., duly, fitly. r�bur, r�boris, n., oak. rog�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, ask. rogus, -�, m., funeral pile, pyre. R�ma, -ae, f., Rome. r�strum, -� [r�d�, gnaw], n., beak. ru�, -ere, -�, -it�rus, rush. r�p�s, -is, f., rock, cliff; reef. r�rsus [for reversus, part, of revertor], adv., again.

S

saccus, -�, m., bag, sack. sacerd�s, -d�tis [sacer, holy + d�], m. and f., priest, priestess. sacrificium, -� [sacrifice], n., sacrifice. sacrific�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [sacer, holy + faci�], sacrifice. saepe, adv., often, frequently. saevus, -a, -um, fierce, savage. sagitta, -ae, f., arrow. s�l, salis, m., salt. Salmyd�ssus, -�, m., Salmydessus. salsus, -a, -um [s�l], salted, salt. sal�s, sal�tis [salvus, safe], f., safety, deliverance, escape. s�nctus, -a, -um [part, of sanci�, make sacred], consecrated, sacred. sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood. s�nit�s, -t�tis [s�nus, sound], f., soundness; right reason, sanity. satis, adv., enough, sufficiently. saxum, -�, n., rock, stone. scapha, -ae, f., boat, skiff. scelus, sceleris, n., wickedness, crime. scientia, -ae [sci�], f., knowledge, skill. sci�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, know. scr�b�, scr�bere, scr�ps�, scr�ptus, write. sc�tum, -�, n., shield. s�-c�d�, -c�dere, -cess�, -cessus, go apart, withdraw. secundus, -a, -um [sequor], following, favorable. sed, conj., but. sede�, sed�re, s�d�, sessus, sit. s�d�s, -is [sede�], f., seat, abode. s�mentis, -is [semen, seed], f., seeding, sowing. semper, adv., always. senex, senis, m., old man. sententia, -ae [senti�], f., opinion; purpose. senti�, sent�re, s�ns�, s�nsus, perceive, feel. sepeli�, sepel�re, sepel�v�, sepultus, bury. septimus, -a, -um [septem, seven],seventh. sepult�ra, -ae [sepeli�], f., burial. sequor, sequ�, sec�tus, follow. Ser�phus, -�, f., Seriphos. serm�, -�nis [ser�, interweave], m., conversation, talk, speech. ser�, serere, s�v�, satus, sow, plant. serp�ns, -entis [part, of serp�, crawl], f., serpent. servi�, -ire, -�v�, -�tus [servus], be subject to, serve. servit�s, -t�tis [servus], f., slavery, servitude. serv�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, save, preserve. servus, -�, m., slave, servant. s�, conj., if. s�c, adv., so, thus. Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily. s�gnum, -�, n., sign, signal. silva, -ae, f., wood, forest. simul, adv., at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as. sine, prep. with abl., without. sinister, -tra, -trum, left. sinistra, -ae [sinister], f., left hand (manus understood). sinus, -�s, m., bosom, lap. situs, -a, -um [part. of sin�], placed, situated. s�-ve or seu, conj., or if; s�ve ... s�ve, whether ... or. socius, -� [sequor], m., companion, comrade, ally. s�l, s�lis, m., sun. solium, -� [sede�], n., seat, throne. sollicit�d�, -t�dinis [sollicitus], f., anxiety, care, apprehension. sollicitus, -a, -um, troubled, anxious. s�lus, -a, -um, alone. solv�, solvere, solv�, sol�tus, loosen, unbind, release; pay; with or without n�vem, cast off, set sail, put to sea. somnus, -�, m., sleep, drowsiness. sonitus, -�s [son�, sound], m. sound, noise. son�rus, -a, -um [son�, sound], sounding, loud, noisy. soror, -�ris, f., sister. sors, sortis, f., lot. sortior, -�r�, -�tus [sors], cast or draw lots. sparg�, spargere, spars�, sparsus, scatter, sprinkle. spatium, -�, n., space, interval; space of time, time. speci�s, -�� [speci�, look], f., sight, appearance, shape. spect�tor, -�ris [spect�], m., looker-on, spectator. spect�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [freq. of speci�, look], look at or on. speculum, -� [speci�, look], n., looking-glass, mirror. sp�lunca, -ae, f., cave, cavern. spern�, spernere, spr�v�, spr�tus, despise, scorn. sp�r�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [sp�s], hope. sp�s, spe�, f., hope. sponte, f. abl. sing., modified by me�, tu�, su�, of one's own accord, voluntarily. squ�lor, -�ris [squ�le�, be dirty], m., dirt, filth. stabulum, -� [st�], n., standing-place, stall, stable, inclosure. statim [st�], adv., on the spot, forthwith, at once, immediately. statu�, statuere, statu�, stat�tus [st�], cause to stand; decide, resolve. st�pendium, -�, n., tax, tribute. st�, st�re, stet�, status, stand. string�, stringere, strinx�, strictus, draw, unsheathe. stude�, -�re, -u�, be eager, give attention, apply oneself. studi�sus, -a, -um [studium], eager, diligent, studious. studium, -� [stude�], n., eagerness, zeal; study, pursuit. stupe�, -�re, -u�, be stunned, astounded, or amazed. Stymph�lus, -�, m., Stymphalus. Stymph�lis, -idis [Stymph�lus], adj., of Stymphalus, Stymphalian. Styx, Stygis, f., Styx. su�vis, -e, sweet, pleasant. sub, prep. with acc. and abl., under; sub vesperum, towards evening. sub-d�, -dere, -did�, -ditus, put under, apply. sub-d�c�, -d�cere, -d�x�, -ductus, draw up, beach. sub-e�, -�re, -i�, -itus, go under; undergo, submit to, sustain, bear, endure. subici�, -icere, -i�c�, -iectus [sub + iaci�], throw or place under. subit� [subitus, unexpected], adv., unexpectedly, suddenly. sub-lev�, -lev�re, -lev�v�, -lev�tus, lift from beneath, lift, raise. sub-merg�, -mergere, -mers�, -mersus, plunge under, sink, overwhelm. subsidium, -� [sub + sede�], n., reserve, reinforcement, support, help. succ�d�, -c�dere, -cess�, -cessus [sub + c�d�], go or come under, follow after, succeed. succend�, -cendere, -cend�, -c�nsus, kindle beneath, set on fire. succ�d�, -c�dere, -c�d�, -c�sus [sub + caed�], cut below or down. s�cus, -�, m., juice. su�, sibi, s� or s�s�, reflexive pron., himself, herself, itself, themselves. sum, esse, fu�, fut�rus, be. summus, -a, -um [superl. of superus, upper], uppermost, highest, greatest. s�m�, s�mere, s�mps�, s�mptus [sub + em�], take under or up, take; poenam s�mere, to exact or inflict punishment. superior, -ius [comp. of superus, upper], adj., higher; former, previous, preceding. super�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [superus, upper], overcome, defeat, conquer. super-sum, -esse, -fu�, be over or left, remain. supplicium, -� [supplex, kneeling], n., punishment, torture. supp�n�, -p�nere, -posu�, -positus [sub + p�n�], place or put under. supr� [superus, upper], adv. and prep. with acc., above, before. supr�mus, -a, -um [superl. of superus, upper], highest, last. suscipi�, -cipere, -c�p�, -ceptus [sub + capi�], undertake. suspend�, -pendere, -pend�, -p�nsus [sub + pend�], hang up, hang. susp�ci�, -�nis [suspici�, look askance at], f., suspicion. suspicor, -spic�r�, -spic�tus [suspici�, look askance at], suspect. sustine�, -tin�re, -tinu�, -tentus [sub + tene�], hold or bear up, sustain, withstand. suus, -a, -um [su�], his, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their. Sympl�gad�s, -um, f. plur., the Symplegades.

T

tace�, -�re, -u�, -itus, be silent. tacitus, -a, -um [part. of tace�], silent. Taenarus, -�, m., Taenarus. t�l�ria, -ium [t�lus, ankle], n. plur., winged shoes. t�lis, -e, such. tam, adv., so. tamen, adv., however, yet, nevertheless. tandem, adv., at length or last, finally. tang�, tangere, tetig�, t�ctus, touch. tantum [tantus], adv., so much or far, only. tantus, -a, -um, so great or much. Tartarus, -�, m., Tartarus. taurus, -�, m., bull. teg�, tegere, t�x�, t�ctus, cover. t�lum, -�, n., missile, spear, weapon. temer�, adv., rashly. tempest�s, -t�tis [tempus], f., weather; storm, tempest. templum, -�, n., sanctuary, temple. tempt�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, try, attempt. tempus, temporis, n., time, season. tene�, -�re, -u�, -tus, hold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop. tenuis, -e, thin. tergum, -�, n., back. terra, -ae, f., land, earth. terre�, -�re, -u�, -itus, frighten, terrify. terribilis, -e [terre�], dreadful, terrible. terror, -�ris [terre�], m., terror, fright. tertium [tertius], adv., the or a third time. tertius, -a, -um [tr�s], third. tex�, -ere, -u�, -tus, weave. Th�bae, -�rum, f. plur., Thebes. Th�b�n�, -�rum [Th�bae], m. plur., Thebans. Therm�d�n, -ontis, m., Thermodon. Th�seus, -�, m., Theseus. Thessalia, -ae, f., Thessaly. Thr�cia, -ae, f., Thrace. Tiberis, -is, m., Tiber. time�, -�re, -u�, fear. timor, -�ris [time�], m., fear. ting�, tingere, tinx�, tinctus, wet, soak, dye. T�ryns, T�rynthis, f., Tiryns. toll�, tollere, sustul�, subl�tus, lift, raise; take away, remove; ancor�s tollere, to weigh anchor. torque�, torqu�re, tors�, tortus, turn. t�tus, -a, -um, all the, the whole or entire. tr�ct�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [freq. of trah�], handle, touch, feel. tr�d�, -dere, -did�, -ditus [trans + do], give across, over, or up, deliver; hand down, relate, report. tr�d�c�, -d�cere, -d�x�, -ductus [tr�ns + d�c�], lead across. trah�, trahere, tr�x�, tr�ctus, draw, drag. tr�ici�, -icere, -i�c�, -iectus [tr�ns + iaci�], throw across, strike through, pierce. tr�iectus, -�s [tr�ici�], m., crossing over, passage. tr�n�, -n�re, -n�v� [tr�ns + n�, swim], swim across or over. tranquillit�s, -t�tis [tranquillus], f., calm. tranquillus, -a, -um, calm. tr�ns, prep. with acc., across, over. tr�ns-e�, -�re, -i�, -itus, go across or over, cross. tr�ns-f�g�, -f�gere, -f�x�, -f�xus, thrust or pierce through, transfix. tr�ns-port�, -port�re, -port�v�, -port�tus, carry across or over, transport. tr�ns-veh�, -vehere, -vex�, -vectus, carry across or over. tr�s, tria, plur. adj., three. trib�tum, -� [part. of tribu�, contribute], n., contribution, tribute. tr�stitia, -ae [tr�stis, sad], f., sadness. Tr�ia, -ae, f., Troy. Tr�i�n�, -�rum [Tr�ia], m. plur., Trojans. t�, tu�, pers. pron., thou, you. tum, adv., then, at that time. turb�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [turba, confusion], confuse, throw into disorder, disturb, trouble. turb�, turbinis [turb�], m., whirlwind, hurricane. turpis, -e, disgraceful. t�tus, -a, -um [part. of tueor, watch over], safe. tuus, -a, -um [t�], thy, thine, your.

U

ubi, adv., where; conj., when. ulc�scor, ulc�sc�, ultus, avenge. �llus, -a, -um, any. �lterior, -ius [comp. from �ltr�, beyond], adj., farther. Ulix�s, -is, m., Ulysses. umbra, -ae, f., shadow, shade. umerus, -�, m., shoulder. umquam, adv., ever. unda, -ae, f., wave. unde, adv., whence. �ndecimus, -a, -um [�ndecim, eleven], eleventh. undique [unde + -que], adv., from or on all sides. ung�, ungere, �nx�, �nctus, smear, anoint. unguentum, -� [ung�], n., ointment. �niversus, -a, -um [�nus + vert�], all together, whole, entire, all. �nus, -a, -um, one; only, alone. urbs, urbis, f., city. �r�, �rere, �ss�, �stus, burn. �sque, adv., all the time; �sque ad, as far as, until; qu� �sque, see qu�. �sus, -�s [�tor], m., use; experience. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as. uter, utra, utrum, which? of two. �ter, �tris, m., wine-skin. uter-que, utraque, utrumque, each, either, both. �tor, �t�, �sus, use. utrimque [uterque], adv., on either side or both sides. uxor, -�ris, f., wife.

V

vacuus, -a, -um [vac�, be empty], empty. vale�, -�re, -u�, -it�rus, be strong or effectual, have effect, prevail. validus, -a, -um [vale�], strong. vallis, -is, f., valley. varius, -a, -um, various. v�s, v�sis, n., plur. v�sa, -�rum, vessel. v�st�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [v�stus], lay waste. v�stus, -a, -um, waste, huge, enormous, vast. vehementer [vehem�ns, violent], adv., violently, vehemently; earnestly; exceedingly, greatly. veh�, vehere, vex�, vectus, carry. vellus, velleris, n., fleece. v�l�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [v�lum, veil], veil, cover. vel-ut, even or just as, as. v�n�ti�, -�nis [v�nor, hunt], f., hunting. ven�num, -�, n., poison. veni�, ven�re, v�n�, ventus, come. venter, ventris, m., belly. ventus, -�, m., wind. verbum, -�, n., word. vereor, -�r�, -itus, fear. v�r� [v�rus], adv., in truth, indeed; however. versor, -�r�, -�tus [freq. of vert�], keep turning, be busy or employed, be. vert�, vertere, vert�, versus, turn. v�rus, -a, -um, true; r� v�r�, in truth, in fact. v�scor, -�, feed on, eat. vesper, vesper�, m., evening. vester, -tra, -trum [v�s], your. vest�gium, -� [vest�g�, track], n., track, foot-print. vestis, -is, f., clothing, dress, robe. vest�tus, -�s [vesti�, clothe], m., clothing. via, -ae, f., road, way. vi�tor, -t�ris [via], m., wayfarer, traveler. victima, -ae [vinc�, overcome], f., victim. vict�ria, -ae [vinc�, overcome], f., victory. v�ctus, -�s [v�v�], m., sustenance, food. v�cus, -�, m., village. vide�, vid�re, v�d�, v�sus, see; pass., seem. vigilia, -ae [vigil, awake], f., watch. v�gint�, indecl. adj., twenty. v�lla, -ae, f., country-house, villa. v�men, -minis, n., osier. vinci�, vinc�re, vinx�, vinctus, bind. vinculum, -� [vinci�], n., bond, chain. v�num, -�, n., wine. vir, vir�, m., man. virg�, virginis, f., maiden. virt�s, -t�tis [vir], f., manliness, courage, bravery. v�s, v�s, f., violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. v�r�s, -ium, strength; omnibus v�ribus, with all one's strength, with might and main. v�sus, -�s [vide�], m., sight. v�ta, -ae [v�v�], f., life. v�t�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, avoid, escape. v�v�, v�vere, v�x�, v�ctus, live. v�vus, -a, -um [v�v�], alive, living. vix, adv., with difficulty, scarcely, hardly, barely. voc�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [v�x], call, summon. Volc�nus, -�, m., Vulcan. vol�, -�re, -�v�, -�t�rus, fly. vol�, velle, volu�, wish. volucris, -is [vol�], f., bird. volunt�s, -t�tis [vol�], f., wish, will. volupt�s, -t�tis [vol�], f., pleasure. v�s, plur. of t�. vor�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus, swallow whole, devour. v�x, v�cis, f., voice; word. vulner�, -�re, -�v�, -�tus [vulnus], wound. vulnus, vulneris, n., wound.

Z

Zephyrus, -�, m., Zephyrus, the west wind. Z�t�s, -ae, m., Zetes.

END OF VOL. I

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